Lecture 5

Exact Di¤erential Equations

dy
Firstly we express any given …rst order di¤erential equation say dx = f (x; y) in the form as below;
M (x; y)dx + N (x; y)dy = 0 (1)
Now this equation would be exact if its LHS is an exact di¤erential of any function say F (x; y )_ i.e.
M (x; y)dx + N (x; y)dy = d (F (x; y)) = @F @F
@x dx + @y dy: So the given di¤erential equation becomes;
d (F (x; y)) = 0
R R _
On integrating, d (F (x; y)) = 0dx =)F (x; y ) = C , which is the solution of given di¤erential equation.
Working Rule of solution:
i) Integrate M with respect to x treating y as a constant.
ii) In N; choose those terms which do not involve x and integrate these with respect to y:
iii) Sum the above two cases and equate this to a constant.
Symbolically the …nal solution has the formulation;
Z
R
M (x; y)dx + (terms of N not containing x) dy = C
| {z }
y constant

Example 1
Solve 3x2 y + 2 dx + x3 + y dy = 0:
Solution:
Here M (x; y) = 3x2 y + 2 and N (x; y) = x3 + y
=) @M @ 2 @ 2 @ 2 @
@y = @y 3x y + 2 = @y 3x y + @y 2 = 3x @y (y) + 0 = 3x and
2

@N @ 3 @ 3 @ 2 2
@x = @x x + y = @x x + @x y = 3x + 0 = 3x
) @y = 3x = @x
@M 2 @N

=)the
Z given di¤erential equation is exact and its solution is given by;
R
M (x; y)dx + (terms of N not containing x) dy = C
| {z }
y constant
Z
R
=) 3x2 y + 2 dx + ydy = C
| {z }
Z y constantZ
R
=) 3x2 ydx + 2dx + ydy = C
| {z }
y constant
R 2
R y2
=) y 3x dx + 2 dx + 2 =C
3 y2
=) y 3 x3 + 2x + 2 =C
3 y2
=)x y + 2x + 2 = C is the required solution.

Example 2
Solve the initial value problem 2y sin x cos x + y 2 sin x dx + sin2 x 2y cos x dy = 0; y(0) = 3:

Solution:
Here M (x; y) = 2y sin x cos x + y 2 sin x and N (x; y) = sin2 x 2y cos x
=) @M @ 2 @ @
@y = @y 2y sin x cos x + y sin x = @y 2y sin x cos x + @y y sin x
2

@ @
= sin x cos x @y (2y) + sin x @y y 2 = sin x cos x (2) + sin x (2y)
= 2 sin x cos x + 2y sin x
2
and @N @
@x = @x sin x 2y cos x = @x @
sin2 x @x @
(2y cos x)
@
= 2 cos x sin x 2y @x (cos x)
= 2 cos x sin x 2y ( sin x) = 2 sin x cos x + 2y sin x
) @M
@y = 2 sin x cos x + 2y sin x = @N
@x
=) the given di¤erential equation is exact and its solution is given by;

1
 Z
R
M (x; y)dx + (terms of N not containing x) dy = C
| {z }
y constant
Z
R
=) 2y sin x cos x + y 2 sin x dx + (0) dy = C
| {z }
R y constant R
2
=) 2y R sin x cos xdx + 2yR sin xdx + k = C
=)( 2y cos x sin xdx + y sin xdx = C k
R 0 2

* f (x)f (x)dx = f (x)2 and 0

R here f (x) = sin x and f (x) = cos x
and sin xdx = cos x
2
=) 2y sin2 x + y 2 ( cos x) = C k = K ,where C k = K say!
=) y sin2 x y 2 cos x = K (1)
To …nd the value of K, we use the initial value condition in (1) i.e. put x = 0 and y = 3.
) (1) =) 3 sin2 (0) 32 cos(0) = K
=) 0 9(1)2 = K =)K = 9, put this in (1)
2 2
) (1) =) y sin2 x y 2 cos x = 9 =)y cos x y sin x = 9, is the required solution of given initial value
problem.

Example 3
Solve the DE e2y y cos xy dx + 2xe2y x cos xy + 2y dy = 0:

Solution:
Here M (x; y) = e2y y cos xy and N = 2xe2y x cos xy + 2y
=) @M @
@y = @y e
2y @ 2y
y cos xy = @y e @
@y y cos xy = 2e
2y @
y @y @
cos xy + cos xy @y y
= 2e2y (y ( x sin xy) + cos xy (1))
= 2e2y cos xy + xy sin xy
@N @ @ @ @
and @x = @x 2xe2y x cos xy + 2y = @x 2xe2y @x x cos xy + @x 2y
2y @ @ @ @
= 2e @x x x @x cos xy + cos xy @x x + @x 2y
= 2e2y :1 (x ( y sin xy) + cos xy:1) + 0
= 2e2y xy sin xy + cos xy
= 2e2y cos xy + xy sin xy
) @M@y = 2e
2y
cos xy + xy sin xy = @N @x =) the given di¤erential equation is exact and its solution is
given
Z by;
R
M (x; y)dx + (terms of N not containing x) dy = C
| {z }
y constant
Z
R
=) e2y y cos xy dx + 2ydy = C
| {z }
R 2y yR constant R
=) e dxR y cos
R xydx + 2 ydy = C
=) e2y dx (y cos xy) dx + 2 12 Ry 2 = C
=) e x sin xy + y 2 = C
2y
* f 0 (x) cos (f (x)) dx = sin(f (x))
2y 2
=)xe sin xy + y = C , is the required solution of given di¤erential equation.

Example 4
Solve 2xydx + x2 1 dy = 0:

Solution
Here M (x; y) = 2xy and N (x; y) = x2 1
=) @M @ @N @
@y = @y (2xy) = 2x and @x = @x x
2
1 = 2x
) @y = 2x = @x =) the given di¤erential equation is exact and its solution is given by;
@M @N

2
 Z
R
M (x; y)dx + (terms of N not containing x) dy = C
| {z }
y constant
Z
R
=) 2xydx + ( 1) dy = C
| {z }
y constant
R R
=) 2y xdx + ( 1) dy = C
y = (x2C 1)
=) 2y 12 x2 +( 1) y = C =) y x2 1 = C =) , is the required solution of given di¤erential
equation.

Example 5
Solve the initial value problem cos x sin x xy 2 dx + y 1 x2 dy = 0; y(0) = 2:

Solution:
Here M (x; y) = cos x sin x xy 2 and N (x; y) = y 1 x2 = y x2 y
=) @M @
@y = @y cos x sin x xy 2
@ @
= @y (cos x sin x) @y xy 2
@ 2
= 0 x @y y = 2xy
@N @ @
and @x = @x y 1 x2 = y @x 1 x2
@ @ 2
= y @x 1 @x x = y (0 2x) = 2xy
) @M = 2xy = @N @x =) the given di¤erential equation is exact and its solution is now given by;
Z @y
R
M (x; y)dx + (terms of N not containing x) dy = C
| {z }
y constant
Z
R
=) cos x sin x xy 2 dx + ydy = C
| {z }
y constant
R R 2
=)nR cos x sin xdx xy dx + 12 y 2 = C
2
* f 0 (x)f (x)dx = f (x)2 and here f (x) = sin x and f 0 (x) = cos x
2 R
=) sin2 x y 2 xdx + 12 y 2 = C
2
=) sin2 x y 2 12 x2 + 12 y 2 = C (1)
Now put the initial condition y(0) = 2 (put x = 0 and y = 2 in (1))
2
) (1) =) sin2 0 22 12 02 + 12 22 = C
=) 0 0 + 2 = C =) C = 2, put this in (1)
2
) (1) =) sin2 x y 2 12 x2 + 12 y 2 = 2
2 2 2 2
=) sin x x2 y +y = 2 =) sin2 x x2 y 2 + y 2 = 4
=) 1 cos2 x x2 y 2 + y 2 = 4
=) x2 y 2 + y 2 cos2 x = 4 1
2 2 2
=)y (1 x ) cos x = 3,is the required solution of the given di¤erential equation.