Lecture 8

1) (MCQ, marks-01, expected completion time 01min.)

dy
In the Bernoulli equation: x dx + y = y 2 log x, the p(x); q(x) and n are — —
— –respectively.
x; 1 and 2
1
x ; log x and 2
1 log x
x ; x and 2 (correct)
x; log x and 2

Solution:
dy
Given that x dx + y = y 2 log x
dy
=) dx + x1 y = logx x y 2
Comparing this with the general form of Bernoulli equation:
dy n
dx + p(x)y = q(x)y
=) p(x) = x ; q(x) = logx x and n = 2:
1

2) (Descriptive, marks-02, expected completion time 04min.)

Using a suitable substitution, reduce the Bernoulli di¤erential equation:
dy
sec2 y dx + x tan y = x3 into linear 1st order di¤erential equation.

Solution:
dy
sec2 y dx + x tan y = x3
d d
Put v = tan y =) dx v = dx tan y
dv 2 dy
=) dx = sec y dx
)the given di¤erential equation becomes;
dv 3
dx + xv = x
Comparing this with standard form 1st order linear di¤erential equation in
dependent variable v;
dv 3
dx + p(x)v = q(x); where p(x) = x and q(x) = x :

3) (Descriptive, marks-03, expected completion time 06min.)

Using a suitable substitution, reduce the Bernoulli di¤erential equation:
dy
x dx + y = y 2 log x into linear 1st order di¤erential equation.

Solution:
*the general form of Bernoulli equation is: dy
dx + p(x)y = q(x)y n
dy
For the given DE: x dx + y = y 2 log x;
2
dividing by xy on both sides;
dy
=) xy1 2 x dx + y = xy1 2 y 2 log x
1 dy 1 1
=) y 2 dx + xy = x log x
dy
=) y 2 dx + x1 y 1 = x1 log x (1)
1
Put v = y

1
 d d 1 1 d
=) dx v = dx x = y 2 dx y
1 dy dv
=) y2 dx = dx
) (1) =) dx dv
+ x1 v =log x 1
x
dv 1 1
=) dx + x v = log x
x
Comparing this with standard form of 1st order linear di¤erential equation
in dependent variable v;
dv 1 1
dx + p(x)v = q(x); where p(x) = x and q(x) = x log x:

4) (Descriptive, marks-05, expected completion time 10 min.)

dy
Solve the di¤erential equation: dx + x sin 2y = x3 cos2 y:
Solution:
dy 3 2
dx + x sin 2y = x cos y
Dividing both sides by cos2 y;
dy
=) cos12 y dx + x sin 2y = cos12 y x3 cos2 y
1 dy 1 3
=) cos2 y dx + cos2 y x sin 2y = x
2 dy 1
=) sec y dx + cos2 y x (2 sin y cos y) = x3 * sin 2 = 2 sin cos
dy sin y
=) sec2 y dx + 2x cos y =x
3

dy
=) sec2 y dx + 2x tan y = x3 (1)
d d dv dy
Put v = tan y =) dx v = dx tan y =) dx = sec2 y dx
) (1) =) dx dv
+ (2x) v = x3
Comparing this with standard form of 1st order linear di¤erential equation
in dependent variable v;
dv 3
dx + p(x)v = q(x); where p(x) = 2x and q(x) = x :
)the integrating
R
factor:
R R 1 2
IF = e p(x)dx = e 2xdx = e2 xdx = e2( 2 x ) = ex
2

)its solution is given by; R

(Integrating Factor) (Dependent variable) = ((Integrating Factor) RHS) dx
x2
R x2 3
=)
8 e v = e x dx (2)
R x2 3 R 2
>
> e x dx = ex x2 xdx
>
>
>
> put t = x2
>
> dt
>
> =) on di¤erentiating w.r.t x dx = 2x
>
> 1
>
> =) 2 dt = xdx
>
> R 2 R R
>
< ) ex x2 (xdx) = et t 21 dt = 12 et tdt
integrating by Rparts by taking R t as 1st Rfunction
R and et as 2nd and using:
>
> d
>
> I:IIdx
R t = I RIIdx R R IIdx dt I dt
>
> t t d
>
> =) te dt
R t= t e dt R e dt t dt
>
> t t
dt
>
> =) te dt = t (e ) ((e ) (1)) dt
>
> R R t 2
>
> =) tet dt = tet e dt = tet et = et (t 1) = ex x2 1
>
: R 2 2
) ex x2 (xdx) = 21 ex x2 1
2 2
Now (2)=) ex v = 12 ex x2 1 +C; where C is the constant of integration.
2 2
=) ex tan y = 21 ex x2 1 + C
1 1 x2
=) tan y = ex2 2e x2 1 +C

2
 1 x2
=) tan y = 2 x2 1 + Ce
1 1 x2
y = tan 2 x2 1 + Ce
=)