§3.

#5. Find the general solution of the differential equation

y” + y = tan(t), 0<t<π/2 .

Solution. The characteristic equation of the corresponding homogeneous equation r2 + 1 = 0 has roots

i, −i

Let y1 (t) = cos(t), y2 (t) = sin(t), and g(t) = tan(t). The Wronskian of y1 (t) and y2 (t) is

cos(t) sin(t)
W (y1 , y2 )(t) = = cos(t)2 + sin(t)2 = 1
−sin(t) cos(t)

By Theorem 3.7.1, particular solution of the given DE can be obtained from the next formula.

y2 (t) g (t) y1 (t) g (t)

Z Z
Y (t) = −y1 (t) dt + y2 (t) dt
W (y1 , y2 )(t) W (y1 , y2 )(t)

= −cos(t) (−sin(t) + ln(sec(t) + tan(t))) − sin(t) cos(t)

= −cos(t) ln(sec(t) + tan(t))

The general solution of the given DE is

y(t) = c1 cos(t) + c2 sin(t) − cos(t) ln(sec(t) + tan(t))

#17 Verify that the given function y1 and y2 satisfy the corresponding homogeneous equation; then find a
particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation.

x2 y ′′ − 3xy ′ + 4y = x2 ln x , x > 0, y1 (x) = x2 , y2 (x) = x2 ln x .

Solution. Notice that y1′ (x) = 2x, and y1′′ (x) = 2,

x2 y1′′ − 3xy1′ + 4y1 = 2x2 − 6x2 + 4x2 = 0 .

Therefore, y1 (x) is a solution of the corresponding homogeneous DE.

Similarly, y2′ (x) = 2 x ln (x) + x, y1′′ (x) = 2 ln (x) + 3, and

x2 y2′′ − 3xy2′ + 4y2

= x2 (2 ln (x) + 3) − 3 x (2 x ln (x) + x) + 4 x2 ln (x)
= 0.

Thus, y2 (x) is a solution of the corresponding homogeneous DE.

The Wronskian of y1 and y2 is

x2 x2 ln(x)
W(y1 , y2 (t) = = x3
2 x 2 x ln(x) + x
Notice that
g(x) = ln(x)

1
Using Theorem 3.7.1, a particular solution is given by the next formula,

y2 (x) g (x) y1 (x) g (x)

Z Z
Y (x) = −y1 (x) dx + y2 (x) dx
Z 2 W (y1 , y2 )(x) Z 2W (y1 , y2 )(x)
x ln(x) ln(x) x ln x
= −x2 3
dx + x2 ln x dx
x x3
2
(ln(x)) ln x
Z Z
= −x2 dx + x2 ln x dx
x Z x
2
(ln(x)) ln x 1
Z
= −x2 dx + x2 ln x dx let u = ln x, du = dx
Z x Z x x
= −x2 u2 du + x2 ln x udu
1 1
= −x2 u3 + x2 ln x u2
3 2
21 1
= −x (ln x) + x ln x (ln x)2
3 2
3 2
1 2 3
= x ln(x)
6