Proposed Solution to #5768 SSMJ

Solution proposed by Prakash Pant, Mathematics Initiatives in Nepal, Bardiya,

Nepal.

Proposed by Vasile Mircea Popa, Lucian Blaga University, Sibiu, Romania.

Statement of the Problem:

Calculate the integral :

Z ∞
arctan(x) ln2 (x)
I= dx
0 x2 + x + 1
Solution of the Problem:
Z ∞
arctan(x) ln2 (x)
I1 = dx
0 x2 + x + 1

Substitute x by 1/x, we get

Z ∞
arccot(x) ln2 (x)
Z 0
arctan(1/x)(− ln(x))2 2 −1
I2 = x . dx = dx
∞ 1 + x + x2 x2 0 x2 + x + 1
π
Adding I1 and I2 and using the property that arctan(x)+arccot(x) = 2
,
∞ ∞
(arctan(x) + arccot(x)) ln2 (x) ln2 (x)
Z Z
π
2I = 2
= dx
0 x +x+1 2 0 x2 + x + 1

∞ ∞
ln2 (x) xa
Z Z
Now, to find dx, we solve the integral J(a) = dx,
0 x2 + x + 1 0 x2 + x + 1

and then calculate J”(0)

1 Z ∞
xa xa
Z
J(a) = 2
dx + dx
0 x +x+1 1 x2 + x + 1
Substituting x as 1/x in the second integral
Z 1 Z 0 Z 1 a
xa x−a 2 −1 x + x−a
J(a) = 2
dx + 2
x . dx = dx
0 x +x+1 1 1+x+x x2 2
0 x +x+1

1
 1
(xa + x−a )(1 − x)
Z
F urther, J(a) = dx
0 1 − x3
1
Substitute x as x ,3

Z 1 a −a 1 −2 a−2 −a−2 a−1 −a−1

(x 3 + x 3 )(1 − x 3 ) x 3 1 1 x 3 +x 3 −x 3 −x 3
Z
J(a) = dx = dx
0 1−x 3 3 0 1−x

1 −a−1 a−1 a−2 −a−2

1−x 3 1−x 3 1−x 3 1−x 3
Z
1
J(a) = + − − dx
30 1−x 1−x 1−x 1−x
R1 a
Using ψ(a + 1) + γ = 0 1−x
1−x
dx, where γ is euler mascheroni constant,
        
1 −a + 2 a+2 a+1 −a + 1
J(a) = ψ +ψ −ψ −ψ
3 3 3 3 3
         
1 a+1 a+1 a+2 a+2
J(a) = ψ 1− −ψ − ψ 1− −ψ
3 3 3 3 3
Using the reflection property of digamma function, ψ(1 − x) − ψ(x) =
π cot(πx) ,
 
1 a+1 a+2
J(a) = π cot(π( )) − π cot(π( ))
3 3 3
 
′ π 2 a+1 π 2 a+2 π
J (a) = −cosec (π( )) + cosec (π( ))
3 3 3 3 3

π2

′′ a+1 a+1 a+1 π
J (a) = (−2cosec(π( )))(−cosec(π( ))cot(π( ))) +
9 3 3 3 3
a+2 a+2 a + 2 πi
(2cosec(π( )))(−cosec(π( ))cot(π( )))
3 3 3 3
2π 3 2 2 1
 
2 2 −1
J ′′ (0) = √ .√ .√ − √ .√ .√
27 3 3 3 3 3 3
′′ 16π 3
J (0) = √
81 3
π π 16π 3 4π 4
Using 2I = J ′′ (0), we get I = × √ = √
2 4 81 3 81 3