1) Substitution Method (Homogenous Equation)

y
By substituting u= solve the following homogeneous equations:
x
2 2 2 dy
a) xy + y + x −x =0(the solution is y=x tan ( ln| x|+ c ) .
dx
Solution:
y
Cross multiply of u= , we have
x
y=ux
Get the derivative of y=ux , we have
dy =udx+ xdu
dy
xy + y 2 + x 2−x 2 =0
dx
Multiply both sides by dx , we have
xydx + y 2 dx+ x 2 dx−x 2 dy=0 (Eq. 1)
y
Since u= and dy =udx+ xdu substitute this to equation Eq. 1, we
x
have
x ( ux ) dx+ ( ux )2 dx + x 2 dx−x 2 ( udx+ xdu )=0
u x 2 dx +u2 x 2 dx + x 2 dx −x2 ( udx+ xdu )=0
Combining like terms, we have
x 2 dx ( u+u2 +1−u )−x 3 du=0
( u2 +1 ) x 2 dx =x3 du
Dividing both sides by x 3, we have
( u2 +1 ) dx
=du
x
Dividing both side by u2 +1, we have
dx du
= 2
x u +1
By integrating both sides,we have
dx du
∫ x =∫ u 2+1
ln |x|+ c=tan −1 u
Multiplying both sides by tan , we have
tan ( ln |x|+c )=tan ( tan −1 u )
tan ( ln |x|+c )=u .
y
Since u= ,
x
y
tan ( ln |x|+c )= ,
x
Therefore,
y=x tan ( ln| x|+ c ) .

2 2 2
b) dx = x +t √ t + x (the solution is x ( t )=± t ( ln|t |+ c )2 −1.
√
dy tx
Solution:
Divide both side of x=ut by t , we have
x
u=
t
Get the derivative of x=ut , we have
dx=udt +tdu
x
Substitute u= to the equation, we have
t
2 2 2
t ( ut )( udt +tdu )=( ut ) dt+ t √ t + ( ut ) dt
Simplify,we have
 u2 t 2 dt + ut 3 du=u 2 t 2 dt+t 2 √ 1+u2 dt
Combining like terms, we have
u t 3 du=t 2 √ 1+u2 dt

Dividining both side by t 3, we have

1+u2 dt
udu= √
t
Dividing both sides by √ 1+u2, we have
udu dt
=
√1+u t
2

Integrating both sides, we have

udu dt
∫ 2 ∫ t
=
√ 1+ u
For,
udu
∫
√ 1+ u2
dv
Let v=1+u2; dv =2udu ; =udu, it follows that
2
1
−1
udu 1 dv 1 1 v2
∫ = ∫ 1 = ∫v 2
dv= ⋅ =√ v =√ 1+u 2
√ 1+ u 2 v 2 2
2 2 1
2

So,
√ 1+u2=ln|t|+ c
x
Since u= ,
t
2
x
√ 1+ 2 =ln |t |+c
t
By squaring both sides, we have
x2 2
1+ 2 =( ln|t|+ c )
t
x2 2
2
=( ln|t|+ c ) −1
t
Multiply both sides by t 2, we have
2
x 2=t 2 ( ln|t|+ c ) −1
Taking the square root of x 2=t 2 ( ln|t|+ c ) 2−1, we have
2
x ( t )=± t 2 ( ln |t |+c ) −1
√
Therefore,
2
√
x ( t )=± t ( ln|t |+ c ) −1.

2) Integrating Factors (Higher – Order but Exact)

y ' +2 y cot x=5 (Eq. 1)
π
(find the solution with y () 2
=1)
Solution:
I.F.:
2 cot xdx
e∫ =e2 ln |sin x|=sin2 x.
Since,
∫ 2 cot x dx=2 ln|sin x|
Muliply the I.F to both side of the Eq. 1, we have
sin 2 x ( y ' +2 y cot x ) =5 sin 2 x .
Integrating both sides,
 y sin2 x =∫ 5sin 2 x dx
The general solution
5 1
y= 2
2 sin x ( )
x− sin 2 x +c
2
5 1 π
y= 2
2 sin x ( 2 )
x− sin 2 x +c ; y
2 ()
=1

5 1
1=
2 sin
π2
( x− sin 2 x ) +c
2
2
5 1
c=1−
2 sin
π ( x− sin 2 x )
22
2
5π
c=1−
4
4−5 π
c=
4
Therefore, the particular solution at y ( π2 )=1 is
5 1 4−5 π
y ( x) = 2(
2 sin x 2 )
x− sin 2 x +
4
.

3) Exact Equation
Check that the equation is exact and hence solve.
dy
( x cos y+ cos x ) + sin y− y sin x=0
dx
Solution:
For sin y− y sin x , we have
f ( x , y )=sin y− y sin x
The partial of function f (x , y )=sin y− y sin x in terms of y , we have
∂f
=cos y−sin x
∂y
For x cos y+ cos x , we have
g ( x , y )=x cos y +cos x
The partial of function g( x , y)=x cos y +cos x in terms of x , we have
∂g
=cos y−sin x
∂x
Since
∂f ∂ g
=
∂ y ∂x
It follows that, the given Differential Equation is Exact.
F ( x , y ) =c for some F with
∂F
=sin y− y sin x
∂x
and
∂F
=x cos y +cos x
∂y
∂F
By integrating =x cos y +cos x with recpect to y , we get
∂y
F ( x , y ) =x sin y + y cos x +C ( x ) .
To find C ( y) , we differentiate this partially with respect to
x:
sin y− y sin x +C' ( x ) =sin y− y sin x
C ' ( x )=0, C ( y ) =c
Therefore,
F ( x , y ) =x sin y + y cos x=c .
4) Integrating Factors and Linear Ordinary Differential Equations.
dx
+tx =4 t
dt
(find the solution with x ( 0 )=2).
Solution:
The given Differential Equation is Linear.
I.F:
2
t dt
e∫ =e t /2
Muliply the Integrating Factor to both side of the equation:
dx
( )
2 2

e t /2 + tx =4 t e t / 2 .
dt
Integrating both sides, we have
2 2

e t /2 x=4 ∫ t e t / 2 dt
2

For 4 ∫ t e t /2 dt , we have
Let u=t 2 /2 ; du=tdt
2 2

4 ∫ t e t /2 dt =4 ∫ eu du=4 et / 2+ c
It follows that,
2 2

e t /2 x=4 et / 2+ c
The general solution
2
−t
2
x=4+c e
At t=0 , and x ( 0 )=2
−0
x=4+c e 2
2=4+ c e 0
2=4+ c
c=−2.
Therefore, the particular solution is
2

x ( t )=4−2 e−t /2 .