Instructor: Dr. Yuli B.

Rudyak
MAP 2302, Differential Equations

SAMPLE FINAL EXAM

Each problem is worth 4 points. You can get maximum 40 points (from 44).

Problem 1. Solve the differential equation

(x4 − x + y)dx − xdy = 0

Solution: We have:
∂M ∂N
∂y
− −2
∂x
=
N (x, y) x
depends only on x. So, we can use that integrating factor
Z 
µ(x) = exp (−2/x)dx = x−2 .

So, we get the exact equation

(x2 − x−1 + yx−2 )dx − x−1 dy = 0.
We can write it as M dx + N dy = 0. So,
Z Z
F (x, y) = M dx = (x2 − x−1 + yx−2 )dx = (x3 /3) − ln |x| − yx−1 + g(y).

Now,
∂F
= −x−1 + g 0 (y).
∂y
∂F
On the other hand, = N = −x−1 . So, g 0 (y) = 0, and we can let g(y). Hence,
∂y
F (x, y) = (x3 /3) − ln |x| − yx−1 , and thus the general solution is (x3 /3) − ln |x| −
yx−1 = C.

Problem 2. Solve the differential equation

y
y 0 = 2 − x2 y 2 .
x
Solution: This is a Bernoulli equation. Pay attention that y = 0 is a solution. We
use the substitution v = y −1 . So, v 0 = −y −2 y 0 and y 0 = −v 0 y 2 . Now,
2y
v 0 y 2 = − + x2 y 2 .
x
1
Now we divide by y 2 and get
2v
v0 + = x2 .
x
This is a linear equation. We use the integrating factor
Z
2
µ = exp dx = x2
x
and get the solution:
x5 x5 + C
x2 v = + C1 = .
5 5
where C = 5C1 . Hence
1 x5 + C
=
y 5x2
Thus,
5x2
y= 5 and y = 0.
x +C

Problem 3. Solve the differential equation y (4) + y 0 = 0.

Solution: The charateristic equation is r4 + r = 2
√0, or r(r + 1)(r − r + 1) = 0. So,
we have the roots, r1 = 0, r2 = −1, r3,4 = (1 ± i 3)/2. Thus
√ √
−x x/2 3 3
y = C1 + C2 e + e (C3 cos x + C4 sin x).
2 2

Problem 4. Find the general solution of the differential equation y (4) + y 0 = e2x .
Solution: For the homogeneous equation we have
√ √
3 3
yhom = C1 + C2 e−x + ex/2 (C3 cos x + C4 sin x).
2 2
We look a particular solution as ypart = Ae2x . We put Ae2x to the equation and get
16Ae2x + 2Ae2x = e2x . So, A = 1/18, and thus
√ √
−x x/2 3 3
y = C1 + C2 e + e (C3 cos x + C4 sin x) + e2x /18.
2 2

Problem 5. Find the form of the general solution of the differential equation
y (4) − 4y 000 + 13y 00 = 3x + 5 + 2e2x + (x2 ) cos 3x + (5x + 6)e2x sin 3x.

Answer:
y =C1 + C2 x + e2x (C3 cos 3x + C4 sin 3x) + x2 (Ax + B)
+ Ce2x + (Dx2 + Ex + F ) cos 3x + (Gx2 + Hx + K) sin 3x
+ xe2x ((Lx + M ) cos 3x + (N x + O) sin 3x)
Problem 6. Solve the differential equation x3 y 000 − x2 y 00 + 2xy 0 − 2y = 0, x > 0.
Solution: This is a Cauchy–Euler equation. So, put y = xr . Then y 0 = rxr−1 , y 00 =
r(r − 1)xr−2 , y 000 = r(r − 1)(r − 2)xr−3 . Substitute, and get xr [(r(r − 1)(r − 2) −
r(r − 1) + 2r − 2] = 0. So, r1,2 = 1, r3 = 2. Thus, y = C1 x + C2 x ln x + C3 x2 .
et
Problem 7. Solve the differential equation y 00 − 2y 0 + y = .
t
Solution: We have r1,2 = 1. So, the general solution yh to the homogeneous
equation is: yh = et (C1 + C2 t). To find a particular solution yp , we use the method
of variation of parameters. So, set yp = v1 et +v2 tet and search v1 , v2 from the system
of linear equations et v10 + tet v20 = 0, et v10 + (y t + tet )v20 = et /t. We solve the linear
system and get v10 = −1, v20 = 1/t. So, v1 = −t, v2 = ln t. Thus
y = (C1 + C2 t)et − tet + tet ln t.
 
−1 s−3
Problem 8. Find L ln , s > 4.
s−4
Solution: Use the formula L−1 {F 0 (s)} = −tf (t). So,
 
−1 1 1
tf (t) = L − = e3t − e4t .
s−3 s−4
e3t − e4t
Thus, f (t) = − .
t
Problem 9. Solve the integro-differential equation
Z t
0
y (t) + y(v)(t − v)dv = t, y(0) = 0.
0

Solution: We apply Laplace transform and get

Y (s) 1
sY (s) + 2 = 2
s s
or
1 1 1 1 1 s−1
Y (s) = 3 = 2
= −
s +1 (s + 1)(s − s + 1) 3 s + 1 3 (s − (1/2)2 ) + 3/4
√
1 1 1 s − 1/2 1 3/2
= − √ +√ √ .
3 s + 1 3 (s − (1/2) ) + ( 3/2)
2 2 3 (s − (1/2) ) + ( 3/2)2
2

Thus √ ! √ !
e−t 1 t/2 3 1 3
y= − e cos + √ et/2 sin
3 3 2 3 2
Problem 10. Find
 s3
 
−1
L
(s2 + 1)2
Solution: We have
s3
   2   
−1 −1 s −1 s
L =L L
(s2 + 1)2 s2 + 1 s2 + 1
   
1 s
=L−1 1 − 2 L−1 2
= (δ(t) − sin t) ∗ cos t
s +1 s +1
=(δ(t) ∗ cos t) − sin t ∗ cos t = cos t − 2t sin t

Problem 11. Solve the symbolic IVP y 00 + y = δ(t − 1), y(0) = 0 = y 0 (0).
Solution: We apply LT and get s2 Y + Y = e−s . So
e−s
Y = 2
s +1
−1 −as
Now, we use the formula L {e F (s)} = f (t − a)u(t − a) and get:
y = sin(t − 1)u(t − 1), t > 1.