MATH 214-2 - Fall 2001 - Final Exam (solutions)

SOLUTIONS

1. (Numerical Integration) Find the Trapezoidal (T4 ), Midpoint (M4 ) and Simp-
son’s (S4 ) approximations with 4 subintervals to the following integral:
Z 2
x2 dx .
−2

Solution:
2 − (−2)
Note that in all cases ∆x = = 1.
4

1. Trapezoidal approximation:
∆x
T4 = · {y02 + 2y12 + 2y22 + 2y32 + y42 }
2
1
= · {(−2)2 + 2 · (−1)2 + 2 · 02 + 2 · 12 + 22 } = 6
2
2. Midpoint approximation:
2 2 2 2
M4 = ∆x · {y1/2 + y3/2 + y5/2 + y7/2 }
= 1 · {(−1.5)2 + (−0.5)2 + 0.52 + 1.52 } = 5

3. Simpson’s approximation:
∆x
S4 = · {y02 + 4y12 + 2y22 + 4y32 + y42 }
3
1 16
= · {(−2)2 + 4 · (−1)2 + 2 · 02 + 4 · 12 + 22 } =
3 3

1
2. (Volumes of solids) Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating around
the y-axis the area under y = sin x from x = 0 to x = π.

Solution:
We use the method of cylindrical shells:
Z π Z π
V = 2πxy dx = 2π x sin x dx .
0 0

The integral can be evaluated by parts, using u = x, v = − cos x:

Z Z
x sin x dx = −x cos x + cos x dx = −x cos x + sin x + C ,

Hence:  π
V = 2π − x cos x + sin x = 2π(−π cos π) = 2π 2
0

2
3. (Surface Areas) Find the area of the surface obtained by revolving the curve
y = 23 x3/2 , 3 ≤ x ≤ 8, around the x-axis—just setup the integral, do not try
to evaluate it.

Solution:

x=8 8 8 √
Z Z Z
p 4π
A= 2πy ds = 2πy 1 + (y 0 )2 dx = x3/2 1 + x dx
x=3 3 3 3

3
4. (Separable Differential Equations) Solve the following initial value problem:

 dx = x (1 − x)

dt
x(0) = 1

2

Solution:
Separating variables we get:
dx
= dt .
x (1 − x)

The left hand side can be integrated in the following way:

Z Z  
dx 1 1
= + dx = ln x − ln (1 − x) + C 0 ,
x (1 − x) x 1−x

hence:
ln x − ln (1 − x) = t + C .
According to the initial condition we have:

ln (1/2) − ln (1/2) = C ⇒ C = 0.

So the solution is
x
ln x − ln (1 − x) = t ⇒ = et .
1−x
Solving for x we get:
et
x(t) =
1 + et

4
5. (Logarithmic Differentiation) Use logarithmic differentiation to find the deriva-
tive of √ √
1 + x2 4 1 + x4
y= √ 3
√
1 + x3 5 1 + x5

Solution:
First we take logarithms and simplify:
1 1 1 1
ln y = ln (1 + x2 ) − ln (1 + x3 ) + ln (1 + x4 ) − ln (1 + x5 ) .
2 3 4 5
Next we differentiate:
y0 x x2 x3 x4
= − + − .
y 1 + x2 1 + x3 1 + x4 1 + x5
Hence:
√ √
2 4 1 + x4 x2 x3 x4
 
0 1 + x x
y = √ √ − + −
3
1 + x3 5 1 + x5 1 + x2 1 + x3 1 + x4 1 + x5

5
6. (L’Hôpital’s Rule) Find the following limits:

x2 − 1
1. lim
x→∞ 4x2 − x
 
1 1
2. lim −
x→0 x ln (1 + x)

3. lim x1/(1−x)
x→1

Solution:

x2 − 1 2x 2 1
1. lim 2
= lim = lim =
x→∞ 4x − x x→∞ 8x − 1 x→∞ 8 4
1
−1
 
1 1 ln (1 + x) − x (1+x)
2. lim − = lim = lim
x→0 x ln (1 + x) x→0 x ln (1 + x) x→0 ln (1 + x) + x
1+x

−x −1 1
= lim = lim = −
x→0 (1 + x) ln (1 + x) + x x→0 ln (1 + x) + 1 + 1 2

3. If L = lim x1/(1−x) , then

x→1

1 ln x 1/x
ln(L) = lim ln x = lim = lim = −1 ,
x→1 1−x x→1 1 − x x→1 −1

hence
L = e−1

6
7. (Integration by Parts) Find the following integral using integration by parts:
Z
ln (1 + x2 ) dx =

Solution:
2x dx
We make u = ln (1 + x2 ), dv = dx, so du = , v = x:
1 + x2
Z Z Z
2
ln (1 + x ) dx = u dv = uv − v du
| {z } |{z}
u dv
x2
Z
2
= x ln (1 + x ) − 2 dx
1 + x2
Z  
2 1
= x ln (1 + x ) − 2 1− dx
1 + x2

= x ln (1 + x2 ) − 2x + 2 tan−1 x + C

7
8. (Partial Fractions) Find the following integral by decomposing the integrand
into partial fractions:
x2
Z
dx =
x4 − 1

Solution:
First we factor the denominator:

x4 − 1 = (x2 + 1)(x2 − 1) = (x2 + 1)(x + 1)(x − 1) .

Next we decompose the integrand into partial fractions:

x2 Ax + B C D
4
= 2 + +
x −1 x +1 x+1 x−1

x2 = (Ax + B)(x + 1)(x − 1) + C(x2 + 1)(x − 1) + D(x2 + 1)(x + 1)

1
x=1 ⇒ 1 = 4D ⇒ D=
4
1
x = −1 ⇒ 1 = −4C ⇒ C=−
4
1 1 1
x=0 ⇒ 0 = −B − C + D = −B + + ⇒ B=
4 4  2 
3 5
x=2 ⇒ 4 = (2A + B) · 3 + 5C + 15D ⇒ 4 = 6A + +
2 2
⇒ A=0
So:
x2 1/2 1/4 1/4
4
= 2 − +
x −1 x +1 x+1 x−1

Hence:
x2
Z Z Z Z
1 1 1 1 1 1
dx = dx − dx + dx
x4 − 1 2 x2 + 1 4 x+1 4 x−1
1 1 1
= tan−1 x − ln |x + 1| + ln |x − 1| + C
2 4 4

8
9. (Integrals Containing Quadratic Polynomials) Find the following integral:
Z
1
dx =
(x + 2x + 2)2
2

Solution:
Z Z
1 1
dx = dx
(x + 2x + 2)2
2 ((x + 1)2 + 1)2
Z
1
= du (u = x + 1)
(u2 + 1)2
Z
1
= 2 2
sec2 t dt (u = tan t)
(tan t + 1)
Z Z
1
= dt = cos2 t dt
sec2 t
Z
1 1
= cos t sin t + 1 dt + C (reduction formula)
2 2
1 1
= cos t sin t + t + C
2 2
1 tan t 1
= 2
+ t+C
2 1 + tan t 2
1 u 1
= + tan−1 u + C
2 1 + u2 2
1 x+1 1
= 2
+ tan−1 (x + 1) + C
2 x + 2x + 2 2

9
10. (Taylor Series and Polynomials) Find the sixth degree Taylor polynomial of
f (x) = sin2 x at 0.

Solution:
We have:
f (0) (x) = sin2 x f (0) (0) = 0
f (1) (x) = 2 sin x cos x f (1) (0) = 0
f (2) (x) = 2 cos2 x − 2 sin2 x f (2) (0) = 2
f (3) (x) = −8 sin x cos x f (3) (0) = 0
f (4) (x) = −8 cos2 x + 8 sin2 x f (4) (0) = −8
f (5) (x) = 32 sin x cos x f (5) (0) = 0
f (6) (x) = 32 cos2 x − 32 sin2 x f (6) (0) = 32

Hence:
6
X f (n) 2 2 −8 4 32 6 x4 2x6
P6 (x) = xn = x + x + x = x2 − +
n=0
n! 2! 4! 6! 3 45

Alternatively we may use the half-angle trigonometric identity and the

Maclaurin series for cos x:
4x2 16x4 64x6
  
2 1 1
sin x = (1 − cos 2x) = 1− 1− + − + ...
2 2 2! 4! 6!
x4 2x6
= x2 − + − ...
3 45
and then truncate at the sixth degree term.

A third method would be to expand the square of the Maclaurin series

for sin x: 2
x3 x5

2
sin x = x − + − ...
3! 5!
and also truncate at the sixth degree term.

10
Table of Integrals

un+1
Z Z
n du
u du = + C (n 6= −1) = ln |u| + C
Z n+1 Z u
eu du = eu + C cos u du = sin u + C
Z Z
sin u du = − cos u + C sec2 u du = tan u + C
Z Z
csc2 u du = − cot u + C sec u tan u du = sec u + C
Z Z
csc u cot u du = − csc u + C sec u du = ln | sec u + tan u| + C
Z Z
du
csc u du = ln | csc u − cot u| + C √ = sin−1 u + C
1−u 2
Z Z
du du
= tan−1 u + C √ du = sec−1 |u| + C
1 + u2 u u2 − 1

Integrals Involving Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Z Z
du du
√ = sinh−1 u + C √ = cosh−1 u + C
2
u +1 2
u −1
Z Z
du du
√ = − sech−1 |u| + C √ = − csch−1 |u| + C
u 1−u 2 u 1+u 2

Reduction Formulas
n−1
Z Z
n 1 n−1
sin u du = − sin u cos u + sinn−2 u du
n n
n−1
Z Z
n 1 n−1
cos u du = cos u sin u + cosn−2 u du
n n
tann−1 u
Z Z
n
tan u du = − tann−2 u du .
n−1
secn−2 u tan u n − 2
Z Z
n
sec u du = + secn−2 u du .
n−1 n−1

11