National Taiwan University of Science and Technology

ME 3000302 Engineering Mathematics (I)

Midterm Examination (Solution by Yu-Hsuan Su)

Date: 11/10/2020
Note: You have 100 minutes to finish this examination. Good luck.

1. (20%) Solve the following first order ordinary differential equation:

2

′ x + y2 + yex
y =− , y(0) = 1.
xy + ex

Sol: ( )
y2
x+ + ye dx + (xy + ex ) dy = 0.
x
2
Since ( )
∂M ∂ y2 x
= x+ + ye = y + ex
∂y ∂y 2
and
∂N ∂
= (xy + ex ) = y + ex ,
∂x ∂x
we know the ODE is exact. Thus we look for the function F (x, y) such that
( )
∂F ∂F y2
dF = dx + dy = x + + yex dx + (xy + ex ) dy.
∂x ∂y 2

This leads us to
x2 xy 2
F (x, y) = + + yex + g(y).
2 2
In addition, from
∂F
= xy + ex + g ′ (y) = (xy + ex )
∂y
we know
g(y) = c.
Consequently, the integration curve is the original ODE is

x2 xy 2
F (x, y) = + + yex = C.
2 2
Since y(0) = 1, we have C = 1. Finally, we obtain

x2 xy 2
+ + yex = 1 .
2 2

1
2. (10%) Solve the following first order ordinary differential equation:
3 cos x − sin x
y′ + y = e−x/2 .
2 (cos x + sin x)

Sol: Obviously, the solution is

∫
[∫ ∫
]
y(x) = e− p(x) dx
e−x/2 e p(ξ) dξ
dx + C ,

where
3 cos x − sin x
p(x) = .
2 (cos x + sin x)
Obviously,
1
2 (cos x + sin x) + (− sin x + cos x)
p(x) =
(cos x + sin x)
Hence, we know ∫
1
p(x) dx = x + ln (cos x + sin x) .
2
Therefore,
[∫ ]
e−x/2 sin x − cos x + C
y(x) = (cos x + sin x) dx + C = e−x/2 .
(cos x + sin x) cos x + sin x

3. (20%) Solve the following constant-coefficient second order ordinary differential equation:

ÿ + 4ẏ + 4y = t2 e−2t .

Sol:
Homogeneous: Try yh (x) = eλ x, then we have (λ + 2)2 = 0.

yh (x) = C1 e−2t + C2 te−2t .

Particular: By Heaviside’s method of inverse differential operator, we know

1 1 1 1 4 −2t
yp (x) = t2 e−2t = e−2t t2 = e−2t 2 t2 = t e .
(D + 2)2 (D − 2 + 2)2 D 12

General: By principle of superposition, we obtain

1 4 −2t
y(x) = C1 e−2t + C2 te−2t + t e .
12

4. (20%) Solve the following Euler-Cauchy second order ordinary differential equation:

x2 y ′′ − 3xy ′ + 4y = ln x, y(1) = 1, y(e) = 0.

Sol: Making the variable substitution x = et and t = ln x leads us to

dy dy dt 1
= = ẏ.
dx dt dx x
Or
ẏ = xy ′ .

2
 In addition, we have
( ) ( ) ( )
d2 y d 1 1 1 dẏ dt 1
2
= ẏ = − ẏ + = (−ẏ + ÿ) .
dx dx x x2 x dt dx x2

Or
d2 y
x2 = ÿ − ẏ.
dx2
Subsequently, we have
ÿ − 4ẏ + 4y = t.
Homogeneous:
yh (t) = C1 e2t + C2 ee2t .
Particular: ( )
1 1 1 1 1
yp (t) = t= + D + ··· t= t+ .
(D − 2)2 4 4 4 4
General:
1 1
y(t) = C1 e2t + C2 te2t + t + .
4 4
Or
1 1
y(x) = C1 x2 + C2 x2 ln x + ln x + .
4 4
From boundary condition y(1) = 1, we know
3
C1 = .
4
From boundary condition y(e) = 0, we get
3 2 1
e + C2 e2 + = 0.
4 2
Thus
1 3
C2 = − e−2 − .
2 4
Finally, we obtain
( )
3 1 −2 3 1 1
y(x) = x2 − e + x2 ln x + ln x + .
4 2 4 4 4

5. (20%) Use the method of Laplace transform to solve the following second order ordinary
differential equation:
ÿ + y = e−t sin t, y(0) = 0, ẏ(0) = 0.

Sol: By Laplace transform, we have

1
(s2 + 1)Y (s) = .
(s + 1)2 + 1

Thus
1 1 ab + b cs + d
Y (s) = = 2 + .
s2 2
+ 1 (s + 1) + 1 s + 1 (s + 1)2 + 1
By comparing the coefficients of both sides, we know
2 1 2 3
a = − ,b = ,c = ,d = .
5 5 5 5

3
 Therefore, ( ) ( ) (3 2)
5 (s + 1) + 5 − 5
2
2 s 1 1
Y (s) = − + + .
5 s2 + 1 5 s2 + 1 (s + 1)2 + 1
Consequently,
2 1 2 1
y(t) = − cos t + sin t + e−t cos t + e−t sin t .
5 5 5 5

6. (10%) Find the Laplace transform of the solution of the following second-order ordinary
differential equation, i.e. Y (s):

tÿ + ẏ + ty = 0, y(0) = 1.

Sol: Let ẏ(0) = a. Taking the Laplace transform of each term in the ODE leads us to
( )
d d ( 2 ) 2 dY
L [tÿ] = −L [(−t)ÿ] = − L[ÿ] = − s Y (s) − s − a = − 2sY (s) + s −1
ds ds ds

L [ẏ] = sY (s) − 1
and
dY
L [ty] = −L [(−t)y] = − .
ds
Subsequently, we have
( )
2 dY dY
− 2sY (s) + s − 1 + sY (s) − 1 − = 0.
ds ds

Or
dY
(s2 + 1) + sY = 0.
ds
Furthermore, we get
dY s
+ 2 Y = 0.
ds s +1
Thus ∫
− s C
= Ce− 2 ln(s
2
ds 1
+1)
Y (s) = Ce s2 +1 =√ .
s2+1
To determine the integration constant C, we make use of the initial value theorem as follows:
( )
Cs
lim (sY (s)) = lim √ = y(0) = 1.
s→∞ s→∞ s2 + 1
Hence, C = 1. Finally, we obtain

1
Y (s) = √ .
s2+1

If you are careful enough, you will notice that the original ODE is actually Bessel equation of
zeroth order. Thus we know
1
L [J0 (t)] = √ .
2
s +1
7. (10%, optional) Use the Convolution theorem to calculate the following Laplace transform:
[ ]
1
L √ .
t

4
Sol: By definition, we know
⟨ ⟩ ∫ t
1 1 1 1
√ ∗√ = √ √ dτ
t t 0 τ t−τ
∫ t
1
= √( ) ( )2 dτ.
2
0 t
2 − τ − 2t

Let
t t
u=τ− ,
2 2
then
t
du = dτ.
2
⟨ ⟩ ∫ 1 ( ) ∫ 1
1 1 1 t du
√ ∗√ = √( ) ( t )2 du = √
t t −1 t 2
− 2 u2
2 −1 1 − u2
2
∫ π
2 1
= cos θ dθ (let u = sin θ)
−π
2
cos θ
= π.

From convolution theorem, we have

[⟨ ⟩] [ ]2
1 1 π 1
L √ ∗√ = L [π] = =L √ .
t t s t
Finally, we obtain
[] √
1 π
L √ = .
t s