Exercises 2.

2 Separable Variables

(c) When k = 1 and a = the differential equation is dX/dt = (a X)2. For X(t)
- = a 1/(t + c)
-

we have dX/dt = 1/(t + c)2 and

2
/ 1 1 dX
(a X)2 = a— ( a
[ \ (t+c)2 dt

For X(0) = a/2 we obtain

1
X(t) = a
t + 2/a
For X(0) = 2a we obtain
1
)C(t) = a
t 1/a'
-

X X

For X0 > a, X(t) increases without bound up to t = 1/a. For t > 1/a, X(t) increases but
X -* a as t -* oc

In many of the following problems we will encounter an expression of the form in g(y) I = f(x) + c. To
solve for g(y) we exponentiate both sides of the equation. This yields I()I = e1 = eCe f W which

implies g(y) = ±ece f(x). Letting cl = ±eC we obtain g(y) = cl ef (x) .

1. From dy = cos lOx dx we obtain y O sin

= I lOx + C.
2. From dy=(x+1)2 dxwe obtain y=(x+1)3 +c.
3. From dy = —e- 7x dx we obtain y = le-7 x + C.
1 1 1
4. From dy = dx we obtain - = x + c or y = 1
2
(y — l) y_ 1 x+c .

5. From dy = dx we obtain in jyj = 3 in j xj + c or y = cix3.

y x

37
Exercises 2.2 Separable Variables

I
6. From - dy = —2x dx we obtain - = —x2 +cory=
y X'+Ci
7. From e2dy = e4Xdx we obtain 2e211 - e4x = C.
I
8. From yedy = (e
—x + e_3x) dx we obtain ye 1 - e' + e_X + e-3x = C.

9. From (y+2+)dy=x2inxdxwe obtain r+2y+inIyI=1nhxI_x3+c.

1 1 +
10. From dy = dx we obtain 2 = C.
(2y+3)2 (4x+5)2 2y+3 4x+5
1 1
11. From dy = -
dx or sin y dy = cos2 x dx = (1 + cos 2x) dx we obtain
- -

csc y sec2 x
- cos y = x I sin2x+ c or 4 cos y = 2x + sin 2x + Cl.
- -

sin 3x
12. From 2y dy = 3
- dx or 2y dy tan 3x sec2 3x dx we obtain y2 = 1 sec2 3x + c.
- -

COS 3x
ey
13. From 2
dy = dx we obtain (eY + 1)_i = (ex + 1)_2 + c.
-

(eY+1) (ex +1)

X dxwe obtain (1+y2)h/2=(1+x2)h/+c.
14. From dy =
2)1/'2
(1 + y2)"2 (1 +
15. From dS = k dr we obtain S = cekr .

16. From dQ = k dt we obtain in Q = kt + c or Q - 70 = Cl ekt.

Q 70 -

17. From
1 P) (IP = dt we obtain in IPI in 1 — P1 = t + c so that In 1
p 2 dP = ( +
I—
-

ci e
t + c or = Cie'. Solving for P we have P =
1—P 1+cie
18. From dN = (tet+2 i) dt we obtain in NI = tet+2 t+2 t + c or N = cietet2_et2 t.
-
- e
-

2 =X 1
dx or ( dx we obtain y - 5in y+ 31
- -

19. From dy dy = (i - -

x+4 \ y+3j \. x+4)

x+4 5 = cieX_ .
x-5lnlx+41+c or
(y+ 3)

20. From Y+1dy

x+2
dx or 1+ 2
) /
cly=(l+
\.
(
5 )dxweobtainY+2lnIY-1I =
y -1 x-3 x-3
(y—l)2 = ci eX_Y
x+5lnlx-31+c or .
(x 3)5 -

(;2
21. From xdx dy we obtain x2 = sin y+C0y sin + ci).
=
1
22. From dy = dx = ex dx we obtain = tan-1 e x + c or y =
tan e x + c
--
--
CX + e (ex)2 + 1 y

38
 Exercises 2.2 Separable Variables

23. From dx = 4dt we obtain tan x = 4t + c. Using x(/4) = 1 we find c = -3/4. The
37 37
solution of the initial-value problem is tan x = 4t - or x = tan (4t
-

24. From 2 dy = 2 dx or - I I dy = ( dx we obtain -

Y -1 x -1 2\y- 1 y+lj 2\x-1 x+1J

l c(x- 1)
in y - 1 - in I + 1 = in Ix 1 in x + 1 + in c or y- =
- - Using y(2) = 2 we find .

y+l x+1
x
c = 1. A solution of the initial-value problem is = or y = X.
y+l x+1

25. From dy 12xdx --)tix we obtain lny = - —mlxi = c or xy cle_l/x. Using

= (- -
y(-l) = -1 we find Cl = e. The solution of the initial-value problem is xy = e_1_1/X or
Y = e _(h/x)/ x.
26. From dy = dt we obtain -1n11-2yl = t + c or l-2y = cle _ 2t. Using y(0) = 5/2 we find
1 - 2y
cl = -4. The solution of the initial-value problem is 1 - 2y = -4e-2t or y = 2e-2t +
27. Separating variables and integrating we obtain
dx dy
—o and sin x sin y = c. -

/1_x2 ,/1_y2
Setting x = 0 and y = v/3-/2 we obtain c = —7r/3. Thus, an implicit solution of the initial-value
problem is sin-1 x -sin y = 7r/3. Solving for y and using an addition formula from trigonometry,
we get
y= sin (sin_1x+) =xcos Ir + i _x2sin = 1x
32 2
1
28. From dy = -x dx we obtain
1 + (2y)2 1 + (x2)2

tan-' 2y = - tan k x2 + c or tan-' 2y + tan-' x2 = Cl.

Using y(l) = 0 we find Cl = 7r/4. Thus, an implicit solution of the initial-value problem is
tan 2y + tan x2 = 7r/4. Solving for y and using a trigonometric identity we get
= tan (i - tan x2)

I
tan (i
7r
y= - tank x2)

-
1 tan -tan(tanx2)
- 2 1+ tan tan(tanx2)
11- x2
2 1 + x2

39
Exercises 2.2 Separable Variables

29. (a) The equilibrium solutions y(x) = 2 and y(x) = —2 satisfy the initial conditions y(0) = 2 and
Y(0) = —2, respectively. Setting x = and y = 1 in y = 2(1 + ce4x)/(1 x) we obtain - ce4

1+ce 1
1=2 ,1—ce=2+2ce. —1=3ce, and c=--.
1—ce 3e
The solution of the corresponding initial-value problem is
1 - !e4X_l 3 e4X_ 1
-

=2
1 + Ox- 1 3 + e41
(b) Separating variables and integrating yields

1ny-2— lny+2+lnci =x

lny-2-1ny+2+lnc=4x
c(y - 2)
In =4'

- 2 X.
c = e4

Solving for y we get y = 2(c + Ox (C x). The initial condition y(0) = —2 implies
- e4

2(c + 1)/(c 1) = —2 which yields c = 0 and y(x) = —2. The initial condition y(0) = 2 does
-

not correspond to a value of c, and it must simply be recognized that y(x) = 2 is a solution of
the initial-value problem. Setting = 1 and = 1 in y = 2( c + e4x)/( c _ e4x) leads toe = —3e.
Thus, a solution of the initial-value problem is
_3e + e4x 3_ e4x_l
=2
_3e _ e4x 3+e4x_ 1
30. Separating variables, we have
dy dx r dy
2 or / =lnlxl+c.
Y—y x J y(y-1)
Using partial fractions, we obtain
f \
1 Jdy=lnhx+c
f \Y 1 Yl

inly — li — inlyl =lnlxl+c

Y -1
in =c
xy
Y =eC=Cl.
xY
Solving for y we get y = 1/(1 - Cix). We note by inspection that y = 0 is a singular solution of the
differential equation.

40
 Exercises 2.2 Separable Variables

(a) Setting x = 0 and y = 1 we have 1 = 1/(1 0), which is true for all values of c. Thus,
-

solutions passing through (0, 1) are y = 1/(1 clx). -

(b) Setting x = 0 and y = 0 in y = 1/(1 - ciX) we get 0 = 1. Thus, the only solution passing
through (0,0) is y = 0.

(c) Setting x== 1 andy= we have = 1/(1 —c1 ), sod —2 and y= 1/(1+2x).

(d) Setting x = 2 and = we have = 1/(1-2ci), SO Cl = - and = 1/(1+ x) = 2/(2+3x).

31. Singular solutions of dy/dx = x,,/1 -

y2 are y = —1 and y = I. A singular solution of
(ex +e_x)dy/dx=y2 isy=0.

32. Differentiating ln(x2 + 10) + csc y = c we get

2x dy
cscy coty— = 01
x2 -F10 dx
2x 1 cosy dy
=0,
x2 +10 sin sin ydx
or

2xsin2 ydx - (x2 + 10) cosy dy = 0.

Writing the differential equation in the form

dy 2xsin2 y
dx - (x2+10) COS y

we see that singular solutions occur when sin2 y = 0, or y = kir, where k is an integer.
33. The singular solution y = 1 satisfies the initial-value problem. y
1.01

-0.004-0.002 0.002 0.004

0.98

0.97

41
Exercises 2.2 Separable Variables

dy
34. Separating variables we obtain = dx. Then
(y —1)2
y
1.02

1 x+c-1
=x+c and y=
y -1 x+c
Setting x = 0 and y = 1.01 we obtain c = —100. The solution is
-0.004-0.002 0.002 0.004
X 101 -

Y = X 100 -
0.99

0.98

dy
35. Separating variables we obtain =dx. Then y
(y-1)2+0.01

10tan 1 10(y-1)=x+c and y= 1+tan

10 10
Setting x = 0 and y = 1 we obtain c = 0. The solution is
1 x
Y= 1+tan- .
10

dy
36. Separating variables we obtain = dx. Then, from Y
(y — l) —0.01
(11) in this section of the manual with u = y 1 and a = 10 we get
- ,
1.0004

my 11 - 1.0002
51n =x+c.
by 9 -

-0.004-0.002
x
Setting x = 0 and y = 1 we obtain c = 5 In 1 = 0. The solution is
0.9998
11
5 In by
-

= X.
by -9 0.9996

Solving for y we obtain

11+9ex/5
Y= 10+10ex/5

Alternatively, we can use the fact that

Idy -
tanh ' lotanh 1 101y — 1
- --
-

J (y-1)2 -0.01 0.1

(We use the inverse hyperbolic tangent because I y ii <0.1 or 0.9 < y < 1.1. This follows from
-

the initial condition y(0) = 1.) Solving the above equation for y we get y = 1 + 0.1 tanh(x/10).

42
 Exercises 2.2 Separable Variables

37. Separating variables, we have

dy dy (1 1/2 1/2 \
=
y—y3 = y(l—y)(l+y) +i—y
Integrating, we get
1 1
liiy - —lull —y - — lull +y = x + C.
2 2
When y> 1, this becomes
1 1 y
lily - —ln(y - 1)— — 111(y + 1) = In x + C.
2 2

Letting x 0 and y
= = 2 we find c = ln(2//). Solving for y we get y1(x) = 2eX/\/4e2x 3, where
x > ln(\//2).

When 0 <y < 1 we have

my 1]
- ln(1— y) - 1ii(1+y) = x + C.
2 2 1 -

Letting x 0 and y
= = we find c = 1n(1//). Solving for y we get Y2 (X) = eX/\/e2x + 3, where
— 00 <X < 00.

When —1 <y<Owehave

In(—y)— 1 I11(i — y) — hn(i+y) =ln = x+c.

2 2 /1_y2

Letting x 0 and y
= = - we find c = 1n(1//). Solving for y we get y3(x) = —ex/,2x + 3,
where —oo <x < 00.

When y < —1 we have

—lri(i —y) - In(-1 —y) =ln =x+c.

2 2

Letting x = 0 and y = —2 we find c = ln(2/ \/). Solving for y we get y4(x) = _2ex/ \/4e2x - 31
where x > 1n( \//2).
y y y

2
12345 x
-2
-4

43
Exercises 2.2 Separable Variables

38. (a) The second derivative of y is Y

d2y - -
dy/dx -
1 /(y-3) -
1
dx2 - (y-1)2 - (y-3)2 - (y-3)3
The solution curve is concave down when d2y/dx2 < 0
3
or y > 3, and concave up when d2y/dx2 > 0 or y < 3.
From the phase portrait we see that the solution curve is x

decreasing when y < 3 and increasing when y> 3.

(b) Separating variables and integrating we obtain Y

(y-3)dy=dx
12
-
= +C

y2 -
6y + 9 = 2x + c
3)2 2x + Cl
(y -
=

y = 3 ± \/2x + Cl.

The initial condition dictates whether to use the plus or minus sign.
When yl(0) = 4 we have cl = 1 and y1 (x) = 3 + /2x + 1.
When y2(0) = 2 we have Cl = 1 and y2(x) = 3 /2x + 1.-

When y3(1)=2we have C1=-1 and y3(x)=3—/2x-1.

When y(—l) =4 we have cl = 3 and y4(x) = 3+/2x+3.
39. (a) Separating variables we have 2y dy = (2x + 1)dx. Integrating gives y2 = x2 + x + C. When
y(-2) = —1 we find c = —1, so y2 =X + x 1 and y = _\/x2 + x 1. The negative square
- -

root is chosen because of the initial condition.

(b) From the figure, the largest interval of definition appears to be
approximately (—oc, —1.65). 1

12 x
-5 -4 -3 - -1
-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

(c) Solving x2 + x 1 = 0 we get x =

- ± so the largest interval of definition is
-

(—oo, - - The right-hand endpoint of the interval is excluded because y =

—/x2 + x 1 is not differentiable at this point.
-

44