Linearization of non-linear systems (problem Sheet)

1. Linearize the nonlinear equation 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 in the region 5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 7 and 10 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 12.

Calculate the linearization error if the linearized equation is used to calculate the value
of 𝑧 when:
i. 𝑥 = 5 and 𝑦 = 10.
ii. 𝑥 = 8 and 𝑦 = 13.

Solution: let 𝑥𝑜 = 6 and 𝑦𝑜 = 11,  𝑧𝑜 = 𝑥𝑜 𝑦𝑜 = 66.

𝜕𝑓(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
𝑧𝐿 ≅ 𝑧𝑜 + (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 ) | + (𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 ) |
𝜕𝑥 𝑦=𝑦𝑜 𝜕𝑦 𝑥=𝑥𝑜 ,

𝑧𝐿 ≅ 66 + (𝑥 − 6)𝑦|𝑦=11 + (𝑦 − 11)𝑥 |𝑥=6

𝑧𝐿 ≅ 66 + 11(𝑥 − 6) + 6(𝑦 − 11) ≅ 66 + 11𝑥 − 66 + 6𝑦 − 66

𝑧𝐿 ≅ 11𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 66

i. When 𝑥 = 5 and 𝑦 = 10  𝑧 ≅ 11𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 66 = 55 + 60 − 66 = 49

While the exact 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 = 5 × 10 = 50

𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 1

ii. When 𝑥 = 10 and 𝑦 = 13  𝑧 ≅ 11𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 66 = 110 + 78 − 66 = 122

While the exact 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 = 10 × 13 = 130

𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 8

2. Linearize the function 𝑧 = 𝑥. sin 𝑦 in the region 5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 7 and 85𝑜 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 95𝑜 . Find
the error if the linearized equation is used to calculate the value of 𝑧 when:
i. 𝑥 = 5 and 𝑦 = 85𝑜 .
 ii. 𝑥 = 5 and 𝑦 = 80𝑜 .

Solution: let 𝑥𝑜 = 6 and 𝑦𝑜 = 90𝑜 , → 𝑧𝑜 = 𝑥𝑜 sin 𝑦𝑜 = 6 sin 90𝑜 = 6.

𝜕𝑓(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
𝑧𝐿 ≅ 𝑧𝑜 + (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 ) | + (𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 ) |
𝜕𝑥 𝑦=𝑦𝑜 𝜕𝑦 𝑥=𝑥𝑜 ,

𝑧𝐿 ≅ 6 + (𝑥 − 6)(sin 𝑦)|𝑦=90𝑜 + (𝑦 − 90𝑜 )(𝑥 cos 90𝑜 )|𝑥=6

𝑧𝐿 ≅ 6 + (𝑥 − 6) + (𝑦 − 90𝑜 )(6 cos 0𝑜 ) ≅ 6 + 𝑥 − 6 + 0

𝑧𝐿 ≅ 𝑥

i. When 𝑥 = 5 and 𝑦 = 85𝑜 → 𝑧𝐿 ≅ 𝑥 = 5

While the exact 𝑧 = 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = 5 sin 85𝑜 = 4.98

𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 0.02

ii. When 𝑥 = 5 and 𝑦 = 80𝑜 → 𝑧𝐿 ≅ 𝑥 = 5

While the exact 𝑧 = 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = 5 sin 80𝑜 = 4.924

𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 0.076

3. Calculate the Linearized model of 𝑧 = 𝑥 ln 𝑦 about 10 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 14 and 𝑦 = 8. Find the

error if the linearized equation is used to calculate the value of 𝑧 when:
iii. 𝑥 = 12 and 𝑦 = 8.
iv. 𝑥 = 10 and 𝑦 = 10.

Solution: let 𝑥𝑜 = 12 and 𝑦𝑜 = 8, → 𝑧𝑜 = 𝑥𝑜 ln 𝑦𝑜 = 12 ln 8 = 24.95

𝜕𝑓(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
𝑧𝐿 ≅ 𝑧𝑜 + (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 ) | + (𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 ) |
𝜕𝑥 𝑦=𝑦𝑜 𝜕𝑦 𝑥=𝑥𝑜 ,
 𝑥
𝑧𝐿 ≅ 24.95 + (𝑥 − 12)ln 𝑦|𝑦=8 + (𝑦 − 8) ( )|
𝑦 𝑥=12

12
𝑧𝐿 ≅ 24.95 + (2.079)(𝑥 − 12) + (𝑦 − 8) ( )
𝑦

1
≅ 24.95 + 2.079𝑥 − 24.95 + 12 − 96
𝑦

1
𝑧𝐿 ≅ 12 + 2.079𝑥 − 96
𝑦

1
i. At 𝑥 = 12 and 𝑦 = 8 → 𝑧𝐿 ≅ 12 + 2.079𝑥 − 96 = 12 + 24.95 − 12 = 24.95
𝑦

While the exact 𝑧 = 𝑥 ln 𝑦 = 12 ln 8 = 24.95

𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 0.0

1
ii. At 𝑥 = 10 and 𝑦 = 10 → 𝑧𝐿 ≅ 12 + 2.079𝑥 − 96 = 12 + 20.79 − 9.6 =
𝑦

23.19

While the exact 𝑧 = 𝑥 ln 𝑦 = 10 ln 10 = 23.025

𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 0.16