1. BASICS OF ALGEBRA ............................................................................................................................

3
Formula of algebra: ............................................................................................................................. 3
Quadratic equation and its solution: .................................................................................................. 4
Binomial Theorem............................................................................................................................... 5
Componendo and dividendo theorem :.............................................................................................. 6
Exponentials and roots: ...................................................................................................................... 6
2. GEOMETRY .......................................................................................................................................... 7
3. TRIGONOMETRY................................................................................................................................ 13
Basic trigonometric identities : ......................................................................................................... 13
Important trigonometric ratios: ....................................................................................................... 13
Trigonometric function of allied angles: ........................................................................................... 13
Trigonometric functions of sum or difference of two angles: .......................................................... 14
Trigonometric functions in various quadrants :................................................................................ 14
The t-ratios of few standard angles .................................................................................................. 15
4. MENSURATION.................................................................................................................................. 19
5. BASICS OF DIFFERENTIATION ............................................................................................................ 23
𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 for some common functions:- ................................................................................................ 23
Some useful rules for differentiation................................................................................................ 23
6. BASICS OF INTEGRATION .................................................................................................................. 25
Integration of some common functions ........................................................................................... 25
7. LOGARITHM ...................................................................................................................................... 26
Some important results: ................................................................................................................... 26
Important formulae: ......................................................................................................................... 26
8. INTRODUCTION TO VECTOR ............................................................................................................. 28
SOME USEFUL DATA: ............................................................................................................................ 32
 1. BASICS OF ALGEBRA
Formula of algebra:
1. (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab = (a – b)2 + 4ab

2. (a - b)2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab = (a + b)2 - 4ab

3. a2 - b2 = (a + b)(a – b)

4. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc ( + + )

5. a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca = { (a - b)2 + (b - c)2 + (c - a)2 }

6. (a + b)2 + (a - b)2 = 2 (a2 + b2)

7. (a + b)2 - (a - b)2 = 4ab

8. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b) = a3 + b3 + 3a2b + 3ab2

9. (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab(a - b) = a3 - b3 - 3a2b + 3ab2

10. a3 + b3 = (a + b)( a2 - ab + b2) = (a + b)3 - 3ab(a + b)

11. a3 - b3 = (a - b)( a2 + ab + b2) = (a - b)3 + 3ab(a - b)

12. a3 + b3 + c3 -3abc = (a + b + c)( a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca)

= (a + b + c){ (a - b)2 + (b - c)2 + (a - b)2 }

13. a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc [ If a + b + c = 0 ]

14. a4 – b4 = (a2 + b2)( a2 - b2) = (a - b)(a + b)( a2 + b2)

15. 2a2b2 + 2b2c2 + 2c2a2 - a4 – b4 - c4 = (a + b + c) (a + b - c) (b + c - a) (a + c - b)

16. a2 + = (a + )2 – 2

Questions For Practice

1. Evaluate each of the following using suitable identities:

(i) (3𝑎 + 4𝑏) (ii)(2𝑥 + ) (iii) 95 × 95 − 85 × 85

(iv) (𝑎 + 0.1)(𝑎 − 0.1) (vi)33 − 16
(v) + +
(vii)102 (viii)(𝑎 + 3) + (𝑎 − 3) (ix)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) − (𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐)
2. If = 11, find the value of 𝑥 +

3. If 𝑥 + = 47, find the value of 𝑥 +

4. If 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8 and 𝑥𝑦 = 2, find the value of 𝑥 + 4𝑦 .

5. If 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12, find the value of 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 .

6. If𝑥 + = 62, find the value of 𝑥 + .

7. If 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 9 and 𝑎𝑏 = 7, find the value of 𝑎 + 𝑏 .

8. If 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 12 and 𝑎𝑏 = 14, find the value of 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 .

9. If + −

10. Factorize:

(i)9𝑥 + 24𝑥𝑦 + 16𝑦 (ii)𝑝 + +1 (iii)𝑥 − 1

(iv)2𝑥 + 13𝑥 + 20 (v)21𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 6 (vi) + 16𝑥 + 10
(vii) − − 28 (viii)𝑦 + (ix)𝑝 + 5𝑝 + 9

Answers:

1.

(i)9𝑎 + 24𝑎𝑏 + 16𝑏 (ii) 4𝑥 + 4 + (iii)1800

(iv) 𝑎 − 0.01 (v) + + +2 +2 +2 (vi)31841
(vii)1061208 (viii)2𝑎 + 54𝑎 (ix)4𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑐)

2. 14159 3. ±7 4. 56 5. -6
6. 488 7. 540

(i)(3𝑥 + 4𝑦)(3𝑥 + 4𝑦) (ii) 𝑝 + + 1 (𝑝 + − 1) (iii)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)

(iv)(𝑥 + 4)(2𝑥 + 5) (v)(3𝑥 + 2)(7𝑥 − 3) (vi) (𝑥 + 10)(3𝑥 + 2)
(vii) (𝑥 − 12)(2𝑥 + 7) (viii) 𝑦 + + 2 (𝑦 + − 2) (ix)(𝑝 + 3 + 𝑝)(𝑝 + 3 − 𝑝)

Quadratic equation and its solution:

An algebraic equation of second order (highest power of variable is equal to 2) is called a quadratic
equation. Equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 is the general quadratic equation.

The general solution of the above quadratic equation or value of variable x is

 −𝑏 ± √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 + √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 − √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 =
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎

Ex. 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 12 = 0

Sol. By comparison with standard quadratic equation 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = −12

−5 ± 5 − 4 × 2 × (−12) −5 ± √121 −5 ± 11 +6 −16 3

𝑥= = = = , 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = , −4
2×2 4 4 4 4 2

Questions For Practice

Q. Solve for x :

(i). 10𝑥 − 27𝑥 + 5 = 0 (ii).2𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 3 = 0 (iii). 𝑥 − 3√3𝑥 + 6 = 0

(iv). 4𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 9 = 0 (v).𝑎 𝑥 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑥 + 2𝑏 = 0 (vi). 𝑥 − √2𝑥 − 4 = 0
(vii). 𝑥 − 𝑥(𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑎𝑏 = 0 (viii). 6𝑥 + 𝑥 − 12 = 0 (ix). 3√2𝑥 − 5𝑥 − √2 = 0
(x). 3𝑥 + 5√5𝑥 − 10 = 0

Answers:-
(i). , (ii). , 3 (iii). √3 , −2√3 (iv). , (v). ,
(vi). −√2 , 2√2 (vii). a,b (viii). , (ix). √2 , − (x). −2√5 ,
√
√

Binomial Theorem
( ) ( )( )
It states that (1 + 𝑥) = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +⋯
! !

Where x is less than 1 and n is any number, positive, negative or a fraction.

Here 2! = 2 × 1,3! = 3 × 2 × 1 and in general n! = n(n − 1)(n − 2) … … … … 1

2! ,3! and n! are read as factorial 2, factorial 3 and factorial n respectively.

Note : In case, x is very small, then term containing higher powers of x can be neglected. In
such a case ,

(1 + x) = 1 + nx and (1 + x) = 1 − nx

(1 − x) = 1 − nx and (1 − x) = 1 + nx

Exponential Expansion 𝑒 = 1 + 𝑥 + + +⋯ 𝑒 =1−𝑥+ − +⋯

! ! ! !
Componendo and dividendo theorem :
If = then by Componendo and dividendo theorem =

Exponentials and roots:

(i). 𝑥 = 1 (ii). = 𝑥 (iii). 𝑥 ⁄
= √𝑥
(iv). 𝑥 ×𝑥 = 𝑥 (v). =𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 > 𝑛 (𝐯𝐢). √𝑥 = 𝑥 ⁄
=𝑥 ×
=𝑥

(𝐯𝐢𝐢). 𝑥 ⁄
= (𝑥 ) ⁄
= √𝑥 (viii).(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 (ix). = =𝑥 𝑦
×
(x).(𝑥 ) =𝑥 (xi).𝑥 ⁄
𝑦 ⁄
= (𝑥𝑦) ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
(xii). = ⁄
⁄ ⁄ (xv).√𝑥 = 𝑥 ⁄
(xiii). 𝑥 ⁄ =𝑥 ⁄ (xiv). √𝑥 = 𝑥
(xvi). √x × y = x × y = (xy) √
(xvii). = = =
√
Ex. Find (i). 8 ⁄
(ii). (256) ⁄

Sol. (i).8 ⁄
= (8 ) ⁄
= 64 ⁄
= (4 ) ⁄
= 4 𝑜𝑟(2 ) ⁄
= (2 ) ⁄
= (2) × ⁄
=2 =4

(ii). (256) ⁄
= √256 = (16) = 4096

Questions for Practice

Simplify :-
⁄
(1). 6 × 6 (2). (3). ⁄

(4). √3 × √27 (5). √162 (6). (81)

(7). (625) ⁄ (8).
√ (9). √2 × √3
√
(10). (81) (11). (36 ) (12).
Answers:-

(1). 6 (2). (3). 5 (4). 3 (5). 3 √2 (6).

(7). (8). √4 (9). √6 (10). (11). (12).
 2. GEOMETRY
Geometry

Types of angles

(i).Acute Angle: An angle whose measure lies between 0° and 90°,

0° ≤ θ < 90°
is called an acute angle. ᶿ
O

(ii). Right Angle: An angle whose measure is 90°, is called right angle. (θ = 90°) θ = 90°

ᶿ
O

(iii).Obtuse Angle: An angle whose measure lies between 90° and 180° is called obtuse angle.
(90° < 𝜃 < 180°)

90° < 𝜃 < 180°

ᶿ
O

(iv).Straight Angle: An angle whose measure is 180°, is called a straight angle. θ = 180°

(v).Reflex Angle: An angle whose measure lies between 180° and360°, is called a reflex angle.

(180° < 𝜃 < 360°) 180° < 𝜃 < 360°)

ᶿO
(vi). Complete Angle: An angle whose measure is 360°, is called complete angle. (θ = 360°)

θ = 360°

ᶿO

(vii). Complementary Angles: Two angles are said to be complementary, if their sum is 90°.

∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 + ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶 = 30° + 60° C

B
∠AOB and ∠BOC are complementary angles. Complementary angles are also known

as complement of each other.

60°
30°
O A
(viii).Supplementary Angles: Two angles are said to be supplementary, if their sum is 180°.
Complementary Angles
C

150° 30°
A O B

Supplementary Angles

(ix). Adjacent Angle: Two angles are said to be adjacent angles, if (a). They have a common vertex.
(b). they have a common arm. (c). their non-common arms are on either sides of the common arm.

Figure shows angles ∠AOB and ∠BOC are adjacent angles.

C B

O A

Adjacent Angles
(x). Linear pair of angles: If non common arms of two adjacent angles are two opposite

rays, then the angles are called linear pair of angles.

C
In figure AOB is a line and ray OC stands on it, then ∠BOC and ∠AOC form a linear pair

Of angles.

A O B
Sum of a linear pair of angles is 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

Basic conceptsof geometry A C

 If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of two adjacent angles so formed is 180°

 If two lines intersect each other, then the vertically opposite angles are equal.
D O B
As shown in figure ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 = ∠𝐵𝑂𝐷 & ∠𝐴𝑂𝐷 = ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶

 Angles formed by a transversal

AB and CD are two lines intersect by a transversal ‘l’, then the following

angles are formed:

(i). Corresponding Angles:(∠1, ∠5), (∠4, ∠8), (∠2, ∠6) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (∠3, ∠7)

(ii). Alternate Interior Angles: (∠3, ∠5), (∠4, ∠6)

(iii). Alternate Exterior Angles:(∠1, ∠7), (∠2, ∠8) l

(iv). Interior Angles on the same side transversal (or co-interior angles): A 1 2
(∠3, ∠6) and(∠4, ∠5) 4 2

 If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of

C 5 3 D
corresponding angles is equal. 8
If AB ∥ 𝐶𝐷 and l is the transversal. ∠1 = ∠5; ∠4 = ∠8; ∠2 = ∠6 and ∠3 = ∠7

 If a transversal intersect two parallel lines, then each pair of alternate

Interior angles are equal.

In figure AB ∥ 𝐶𝐷 and l is the transversal.∠3 = ∠5 and ∠4 = ∠6

 If a transversal intersect two parallel lines, then each pair of alternate interior angles on the
same side of the transversal is supplementary.

In figure AB ∥ 𝐶𝐷 and l is the transversal. ∠4 + ∠5 = 180° and ∠3 + ∠6 = 180°

 Lines which are parallel to the same line are parallel to each other.
 A

TRIANGLE B C

A plane figure bounded by three line segment in a plane is called a triangle.

E
A triangle has six parts. (i). Three sides – AB, BC and AC (ii). Three Angles ∠A, ∠B and ∠C. A
Exterior Angles of a triangle

In ∆ABC, sides AB and BC are produced to point E and D respectively as shown in

B
D
Figure. Then ∠ACD and ∠EAC are the exterior angles of ∆ABC. For exterior ∠ACD, ∠ABC and ∠BAC
are opposite interior angles and for exterior

∠EAC, ∠ABC and ∠ACB are opposite interior angles.

Types of Triangles

 Types of triangles on the basis of its sides

(i). Scalene Triangle: A triangle in which all sides are of different lengths is known as scalene triangle.
In scalene triangleAB ≠ BC ≠ AC.

(ii). Isosceles Triangle: A triangle in which two sides are of equal lengths is known as isosceles
triangle. In isosceles triangleAB = AC

(iii). Equilateral Triangle: A triangle in which all sides are of equal lengths is known as equilateral
triangle. In equilateral triangle AB = BC = AC.

 Types of Triangle on the Basis of Angles

(i). Acute angled Triangle: A triangle in which every angle is less than 90° is known as an acute
angled triangle.

(ii). Right Angled Triangle: A triangle in which one of the angles is 90° is known as right angled
triangle.

(iii). Obtuse Angled Triangle: A triangle in which one of the angles is more than 90° and less than
180° is known as obtuse angled triangle.
 Questions for Practice

1. Find the angles which are four times its supplement.

2. In the figure 1.01, AOB is a straight line. Find the value of x. Hence find ∠AOC and ∠BOD
C D

55o
o
(x+20 ) (3x-5o)
A O B
Fig:- 1.01
3. In the figure 1.02, a : b : c = 5 : 4 : 6. If AOB is a straight line, find the values of a, b and c.
C D
C

bo
o
a co
A O
B
Fig:- 1.02

4. Two lines AB and CD intersect at O such that ∠BOC + ∠AOD = 280°, as shown in figure 1.03,
Find all four angles.
C B

A D
Fig:- 1.03
5. In figure 1.04, AO and OB are opposite rays. If 𝑎 − 3𝑏 = 20° find a and b.
C
C

bo
ao
A B
Fig:- 1.04
6. In figure 1.05 𝑙 ∥ 𝑚, if the complement of ∠3 equals to supplement of ∠2, find the
l mesure of ∠2
and ∠3.
1
l

Fig:- 1.05
7. In figure 1.06 if AB ∥ CD and x : y = 3 : 2, find a : b

A a B
B
x

C y

b7 D

Fig:- 1.06

8. In fig 1.07, for what value of x will the lines l amd m be parallel to each other.

(3x-20)o
l

m
(2x + 10)o
Fig:- 1.07
A

9. In ∆ABC, If ∠𝐴 + ∠𝐵 = 108° and ∠𝐵 + ∠𝐶 = 130°, find ∠A, ∠B and ∠C.

B C

110o

10. In figure 1.08 ∠BAE = 110° and ∠ACD = 120° find x.

120o
xo
B CC D

Answers:

Q.1. 144° Q.2. x = 27.5o,∠AOC = 47.5° and ∠BOD = 77.5° Q.3. a = 60o, b = 48o and c = 72o

Q.4. Q.5. a =140o and b = 40o

∠BOC = ∠AOD = 140° and ∠BOD = ∠AOC = 40°
Q.6. ∠2 =135o and ∠3 = 45° Q.7. 2 : 3 Q.8. 30o

Q.9. ∠A = 50°, ∠B = 58° and ∠C = 72° Q.10. 50o

3. TRIGONOMETRY
Basic trigonometric identities :
(A). sin θ + cos θ = 1

(B). sec θ − tan θ = 1

(C). cosec θ − cot θ = 1

Important trigonometric ratios:

(A). sin(nπ) = 0; cos(nπ) = (−1) ; tannπ = 0 where nϵ 1

( ) ( )
(B). sin = (−1) & cos = 0 ; where n ϵ 1

√𝟑 𝟏
(C). sin15° or sin = = cos75° or cos ;
𝟐√𝟐

√𝟑 𝟏
cos15° or cos = 𝟐√𝟐
= sin75° or sin

√3 − 1
tan15° = = 2 − √3 = cot75°;
√3 + 1
√
tan75° = = 2 + √3 = cot15°;
√

√ √
(D). sin = ; cos = ; tan = √2 − 1; tan = √2 + 1

√ √
(E). sin or sin18° = & 𝑐𝑜𝑠36° 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 =

Trigonometric function of allied angles:

If θ is any angle, then – θ, 90 ± θ, 180 ± θ, 270 ± θ, 360 ± θ etc are called allied angles.

(A). sin(−θ) = −sinθ ∶ cos(−θ ) = cosθ

(B). sin(90° − θ ) = cosθ ∶ cos(90° − θ ) = sinθ

(C). sin(90° + θ) = cosθ ∶ cos(90° + θ) = −sinθ

(D). sin(180° − θ) = sinθ ∶ cos(180° − θ) = −cosθ

(E). sin(180° + θ) = −sinθ ∶ cos(180° + θ) = −cosθ

(F). sin(270° − θ) = −cosθ ∶ cos(270 − θ) = −sinθ

(G). sin(270° + θ) = −cosθ ∶ cos(270 + θ) = sinθ

Trigonometric functions of sum or difference of two angles:

(A). sin(A ± B) = sinAcosB ± cosAsinB

(B). cos(A ± B) = cosAcosB ∓ sinAsinB

(C). sin A − sin B = cos B − cos A = sin (A + B)sin (A − B)

(D). cos A − sin B = cos B − sin A = cos (A + B)cos (A − B)

±
(E). tan(A ± B) =
∓

∓
(F). cot(A ± B) = ±

Trigonometric functions in various quadrants :

sin(90 − θ) = cosθ sin(180 − θ) = sinθ sin(270 − θ) = −cosθ

cos(90 − θ) = sinθ cos(180 − θ) = −cosθ cos(270 − θ) = −sinθ

tan(90 − θ) = cotθ tan(180 − θ) = −tanθ tan(270 − θ) = cotθ

cot(90 − θ) = tanθ cot(180 − θ) = −cotθ cot(270 − θ) = tanθ

sec(90 − θ) = cosecθ sec(180 − θ) = −secθ sec(270 − θ) = −cosecθ

cosec(90 − θ) = secθ cosec(180 − θ) = cosecθ cosec(270 − θ) = −secθ

sin(90 + θ) = cosθ sin(180 + θ) = −sinθ sin(270 + θ) = −cosθ

cos(90 + θ) = −sinθ cos(180 + θ) = −cosθ cos(270 + θ) = sinθ

tan(90 + θ) = −cotθ tan(180 + θ) = tanθ tan(270 + θ) = −cotθ

cot(90 + θ) = −tanθ cot(180 + θ) = cotθ cot(270 + θ) = −tanθ

sec(90 + θ) = −cosecθ sec(180 + θ) = −secθ sec(270 + θ) = cosecθ

cosec(90 + θ) = secθ cosec(180 + θ) = −cosecθ cosec(270 + θ) = −secθ

sin(360 − θ) = −sinθ sin(360 + θ) = sinθ sin(−θ) = −sinθ

cos(360 − θ) = cosθ cos(360 + θ) = cosθ cos(−θ) = cosθ

tan(360 − θ) = −tanθ tan(360 + θ) = tanθ tan(−θ) = −tanθ

cot(360 − θ) = −cotθ cot(360 + θ) = cotθ cot(−θ) = −cotθ

sec(360 − θ) = secθ sec(360 + θ) = secθ sec(−θ) = secθ

cosec(360 − θ) = −cosecθ cosec(360 + θ) = cosecθ cosec(−θ) = −cosecθ

The t-ratios of few standard angles
Angle(𝜃) 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180°

sin 𝜃 0 1 1 √3 1 √3 1 1 0
2 √2 2 2 √2 2

cos 𝜃 1 √3 1 1 0 −1 −1 −√3 −1
2 √2 2 2 √2 2

tan 𝜃 0 1 1 √3 ∞ −√3 −1 −1 0
√3 √3

Questions For Practice

1. Find the values of the other trigonometric ratios:

(A) sin 𝐴 = (B)tan 𝐴 = 11 (C) tan 𝐴 = (D) cot 𝐴 =

2. Evaluate the following:

(A) sin 45° sin 30° + cos 45° cos 30°

(B) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 30° − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 60° − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 45° − 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 30°

(C) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 45° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 90°

(D) °
+ °
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 45°

3. Evaluate the following:

(A)𝑐𝑜𝑠 13° − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 77°

° °
(B) °
+ °
−2

(C) tan 135° + cos 720°

. °. °
(D)
°. . °
 °. °.
(E)
°. . °

4. Evaluate the following:

(A) sin 75° (B)sin 135° (C)sin 225° (D)sin 315°

(E) cos 75° (F)cos 150° (G) cos 225° (H)cos 300°

(I) tan 37° (J)tan 2520° (K) tan 1837° (L)tan 1500°

(M) sin 37° (N)sin 1020 ° (O) cos 37° (P)cos 757°

(Q) tan (R)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (−1410°) (S)sin − (T)cot −

5. If 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 90° , prove that 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 + sin 𝐵 = 1.

6. If 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 90° , prove that tan 𝐴 . tan 𝐵 = 1.

( )
7. If sin 2𝐴 = 𝜆 sin 2𝐵, prove that: =
( )

( ) ( )
8. prove that
( )
=
( )

9. if three angles A, B and C are in A.P., prove that: cot 𝐵 =

10. show that cos 4𝑥 = 1 − 8 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

11. If sin 𝐴 = , where 0° < 𝐴 < 90°, find the values of sin 2𝐴, cos 2𝐴, tan 2𝐴 and sin 4𝐴.

12. Find sin , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 and tan , when: tan 𝑥 = − , 𝑥 lies in quadrant II.
13. cos 𝑥 = − , x lies in 3rd quadrant; find the values of other trigonometric functions.

14. cot 𝑥 = , x lies in third quadrant; find the values of other trigonometric functions.

15. Find the principle values of the following:

(A) sin − (B)cos

√ (C)cosec (2) (D) tan (−√3)

(E)cos − (F) tan (−1) (G) sec (H)cot √3

√

16. Find the general solution of the following:

(A) 2 sin 𝜃 + 1 = 0 (B) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = 2 (C) √3 sec 2𝜃 = 2 (D) tan 2𝜃 = √3

(E) tan 𝜃 = (F) cos = (G) cot 𝜃 = 1 (H) cot 2𝜃 = 1

√

answers:

√ √
1.(A) cos 𝐴 = , tan 𝐴 = , sec 𝐴 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 = , cot 𝐴 = ,
√ √

√
(B)sin 𝐴 = , cos 𝐴 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 = , sec 𝐴 = √122, cot 𝐴 =
√ √

(C)tan 𝐴 = , cos 𝐴 = , cot 𝐴 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 = , sec 𝐴 =

(D)tan 𝐴 = , sin 𝐴 = , cos 𝐴 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 = , sec 𝐴 =

2. (A) √ (B) (C) (D)

√

3.

(A) 0 (B) 0 (C) 0 (D)√2 (E)

4.

(A)√ (B) (C) (D)

√ √ √ √

(E)√ (F) √ (G) (H)√

√ √

(I) (J)0 (K) (L)√3

(M) (N)− √ (O) (P)

(Q)√3 (R)2 (S)√ (T)1

11.

24 7 24 336
25 25 7 625

12.

√5 2√5 2
5 5

13.

√3 2 tan 𝑥 = √3 1
sin 𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 =
2 √3 √3

14.

4 3 4
sin 𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 = − tan 𝑥 =
5 5 3

15.

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(E) (F) (G) (H)

16.

(A)𝑛𝜋 + (−1) (B)𝑛𝜋 + (−1) (c)𝑛𝜋 ± (D) +

(E)𝑛𝜋 + (F) ± (G)𝑛𝜋 + (H) +

 4. MENSURATION
1. Circle ( of radius r):

Perimeter= 2πr r
O
Area = π𝑟

2. Square (of side a): a

Perimeter= 4a
a a
Area =𝑎

diagonal =√2𝑎 a

3. Rectangle ( of length l and width b):

Perimeter= 2(l + b)
b
Area = lb

diagonal =√𝑙 + 𝑏 l

4. Cube ( of side a):

Curve surface area= 4𝑎

Total surface area = 6𝑎 a

a
Volume =𝑎 a

Diagonal = √3𝑎

5. Cuboid (of length a, width b and height h):

Curve surface area= 2h(a + b)

Total surface area = 2(ab + bh + ah)

h
b
a
Volume = abh

Diagonal = √𝑎 + 𝑏 + ℎ

6. Right circular Cylinder ( radius of base= r, height= h)

Curved surface area= 2πrh

h
Total surface area= area of base and top + curved surface area = 2π𝑟 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ =
2𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + ℎ) r
o
Volume = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ

7. Surface area of hollow cylinder ( inner radius = r, outer radius = R, height = h)

Curved surface area = 2𝜋ℎ(𝑅 + 𝑟)

Total surface area = 2𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟)(ℎ + 𝑅 − 𝑟)

Volume of a hollow right circular cylinder = 𝜋(𝑅 − 𝑟 )ℎ

8. Right circular Cone ( radius of the base= r, height= h, slant height= l)

𝑙= 𝑟 +ℎ l

Curve surface area= 𝜋𝑟𝑙 h

r
Total surface area = area of the base + curved surface area = 𝜋𝑟 + 𝜋𝑟𝑙 =
o
𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + 𝑙)

Volume = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ

rD
O

9. Hemisphere ( radius = r)

Curved surface area= 2𝜋𝑟

Total surface area = 3𝜋𝑟

Volume = 𝜋𝑟
10. Sphere ( radius = r)

Curved surface area= total surface area = 4𝜋𝑟

r
Volume of the sphere= 𝜋𝑟

Questions For Practice

1. The diameter of the circular wheel is 1.54 m. How far will it travel in 200 revolutions?

2. Find the number of revolutions made by a circular wheel of area 1.76 m 2 in rolling a distance
of 176√1.4 M.

3. The area between two concentric circles is 346.5 cm2 and the circumference of the inner
circle is 88 cm. Calculate the radius of the outer circle (use 𝜋 = ).

4. Two circles touch internally. The sum of their area is 116𝜋 cm2 and distance between their
centres is 6 cm. Find the radii of the circles.

5. Three circles each of radius 3.5 cm are drawn in such a way that each of them touches the
other two. Find the area enclosed between these circles.

6. A piece of wire 20 cm long is bent into an arc of a circle subtending an angle of 60° at the
centre. Find the radius of the circle.

7. Find the area of the sector of the circle whose radius is 14 cm and central angle is 45°

8. A toy is in the form of a cone mounted on a hemisphere of diameter 7 cm. The total height
of the toy is 14.5 cm. Find the volume and the total surface area of the toy.

9. Two identical cubes each of volume 64 cm3 are joined together end to end. What is the
surface area of the resulting cuboid?

10. A boiler is the form of a cylinder 2 m. Long with hemispherical ends each of 2 m diameter.
Find the surface area and the volume of the boiler.

11. How many coins 1.75 cm in diameter and of thickness 2 mm must be melted to form a
cuboid of dimensions11 𝑐𝑚 × 10𝑐𝑚 × 7 𝑐𝑚?

12. The radius of a solid metallic sphere is 8 cm. The sphere is melted and recast into 8 equal
solid spherical balls. Determine the diameters of the balls.

13. Three cubes of a metal whose sides are in the ratio 3: 4: 5 are melted and converted into a
single cube whose diagonal is 18√3 Cm. Find the sides of the three cubes.
14. The radii of the bases of two right circular solid cones of same height are r1 and r2
respectively. The cones are melted and recast into a solid sphere of radius ‘R’. Show that the
height of each cone is given byℎ = .

15. Three metallic solid cubes whose edges are 3 cm, 4 cm, and 5 cm are melted and formed
into a single cube. Find the edge of the cube so formed.

16. Area of sector of a circle of radius 36 cm is 42𝜋 cm2. Find the length of the corresponding arc
of the sector.

17. Find the area of sector of the circle of radius 21 cm and central angle 60°.

18. A copper sphere of radius 3 cm is beaten and drawn into a wire of diameter 0.2 cm. Find the
length of the wire in meters.

19. A sphere of radius 6 cm is made up of modelling clay. A child reshapes it in the form of a
cone of base radius 6 cm. Find the height of the cone.

20. The surface area of a cuboid is 758 cm2. Its length and breadth are 14 cm and 11 cm
respectively. Find its height.

21. The length of a hall is 20 m and width is 16 m. The sum of areas of the floor and the flat roof
is equal to the sum of the areas of the four walls. Find the height of the walls.

Answers:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

968m 14 17.5cm 10cm, 1.93 cm 77 cm2 231c 160cm2 10.47m3

4 cm cm2 m3

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1600 8cm 9,12,15 6cm 7.33 cm 231cm2 36 m 24 cm 9cm

21

8.89m
 5. BASICS OF DIFFERENTIATION
𝒅𝒚
for some common functions:-
𝒅𝒙
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ln 𝑥 1
𝑥

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑒 𝑒

𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥

Some useful rules for differentiation :

(A). (𝑐𝑦) = 𝑐 where c is constant.

(B). (𝑢 + 𝑣) = +

(C). (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣

(D). =

(E). =

Questions For Practice

Find , if

(a)𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 5) (b)𝑦 = cos(sin 𝑥) (c)𝑦 = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (d)𝑦 = sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥

(e)𝑦 = cos √𝑥 (f)𝑦 = sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥 (g)𝑦 = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 (h)𝑦 =

(i)𝑦 = 𝑒 (j)𝑦 = cos 𝑥 . cos 2𝑥 (k)𝑦 =

( ) (l)𝑦 = sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥
.
 Answers:

(a)2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 5) (b)− cos 𝑥 sin(sin 𝑥) (c)acos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (d)sec 𝑥 (sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)

(e)−
(√ ) (f)cos 𝑥 − 2 (g)𝑒 (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) (h)
( )
√

(i)3𝑥 𝑒 (j)− cos 𝑥 . cos 2𝑥 [tan 𝑥 + 2 tan 2𝑥] (k)sec 𝑥 (l)0

 6. BASICS OF INTEGRATION
Integration of some common functions
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥 (𝑛 ≠ −1) 𝑥

𝑛+1

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1 ln 𝑥
𝑥

𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 1 1 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥 +𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛
√𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑎

𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥

Some useful rules for integration are as follows:-

(A). ∫ 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 where c is constant.

(B). Let ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) then ∫ 𝑓(𝑐𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑐𝑥).

(C). ∫[𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.

Questions For Practice

Evaluate:

1. ∫ (2 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 2. ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ (sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

5. ∫ (cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

 7. LOGARITHM

 If Log 𝑁 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑁, ( 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 > 0).

Some important results:

1. Log 1 = 0.
2. Log 𝑎 = 1.
3. 𝑎 = 𝑁.

Important formulae:
1. Log (𝑎. 𝑏) = Log (𝑎) + Log (𝑏). (𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0).
2. Log ( ) = Log (𝑎) − Log (𝑏).(𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0)
NOTE: Log ( ) = Log |𝑎| − Log |𝑏|. (if 𝑎 < 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 < 0)
3. Log 𝑁 = 𝑘. Log 𝑁. (if N > 0)
NOTE: when k is an even number and N is negative then Log 𝑁 = 𝑘. Log |𝑁|
4. Base change formula:
Log 𝑎 = Log 𝑎 . Log 𝑐.
5. Base power formula:
Log 𝑁 = . Log 𝑁.(if 𝑎 > 0).
NOTE: Log 𝑁 = . Log | | 𝑁.(if 𝑎 < 0 and 𝑘 is an even interger).
6. Interchange formula:
Log 𝑎 = .

Questions For Practice

1. Find the value of b satisfying Log √ 𝑏 = 3 .

2. Prove that Log 𝑎 . Log 𝑏 . Log 𝑐 = 1.

3. Find the value of

Log tan 1° + Log tan 2° + Log tan 3° + ⋯ + Log tan 89°

4. Simplify: 2 −5

5. Evaluate:

(i)Log Tan (ii)Log 𝑏 ÷ Log √ 𝑏

(iii) Log √ 144 (iv)3
6. Prove that:

(i)Log Log Log √ 81 = 1

(ii)Log 𝑥 × Log 𝑦 = Log 𝑥 × Log 𝑦
(iii)Log Log Log 16 = 1
(iv)𝑎 = 10

7. If 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 > 0, 𝑥𝑦 ≠ 1, 𝑦𝑧 ≠ 1, 𝑥𝑧 ≠ 1 and 𝑥𝑦𝑧 ≠ 1, then ( )

+ ( )
+ =

8. Simplify: ÷
√

Answers:

1.𝑏 = 32 3.0 4. 0

5.

(i)− (ii)
(iii) 4 (iv)2

7. 2 8. 1
 8. INTRODUCTION TO VECTOR

1. What happens of a vector is multiplied by a number 4?

(A) The magnitude of the vector becomes 4 times but its direction remains the same

(B) The magnitude of the vector remains the same but it direction changes

(C) The magnitude of the vector becomes 4 times and its direction also changes

(D) Neither the magnitude nor the direction of the vector undergo any change

2. If the magnitude of the resultant of two vectors of equal magnitude is equal to the
magnitude of either vector, what is the angle between them?

(A) (B) (C) (D) π

3. The magnitude of four pairs of displacement vectors are given. Which pairs of displacement
vectors cannot be added to give a resultant of magnitude 4 cm?

(A) 2cm, 3cm (B) 1cm, 3cm (C) 1cm, 5cm (D) 1cm, 7cm

4. If the sumA⃗ + B⃗ of two vectorsA⃗and B⃗ equals the differenceA⃗ − B⃗ between them, then:

(A) A is a null vector (B) B is a null vector

(C) Both A and B are null vectors (D) Neither A nor B is a null vector

5. The resultant of two vectors A⃗and B⃗subtends an angle of 45° with either of them. The
magnitude of the resultant is:

(A) 0 (B) √2A (C) 2A (D) A

6. A⃗andB⃗are two vectors in a plane at an angle of 60° with each other. C⃗is another vector
perpendicular to the plane containing vectors A⃗and B⃗. which of the following relations is
possible?
 (A) A⃗ + B⃗ = C⃗ (B) A⃗ + C⃗ = B⃗ (C) A⃗ × B⃗ = C⃗ (D) A⃗ × C⃗ = B⃗

7. Vector C⃗ is the sum of two vectors A⃗andB⃗and vector D⃗is the product of the vectorsA⃗and B⃗.
What is the angle between vectorsC⃗ and D⃗?

(A) 0 (B) 60° (C) 90° (D) 180°

8. The resultant of two vectors of magnitude 3 units and 4 units is 1 unit. What is the
magnitude of their cross product?

(A) 12 units (B) 7 units (C) 1 unit (D) zero

9. Three vectorsA⃗,B⃗and C⃗. are related as A⃗ + B⃗ = C⃗. If vector C⃗ is perpendicular to vector A⃗

and the magnitude of C⃗ is equal to the magnitude of A⃗ , what will be the angles between
A⃗andB⃗?

(A) 45° (B) 90° (C) 135° (D) 180°

10. The magnitude of the resultant of A⃗ + B⃗ and A⃗ − B⃗ is :

(A). 2 A⃗ (B). 2 B⃗
(C). A⃗ + B⃗ (D). A⃗ − B⃗

11. What is the angle between the resultant vector and vector A⃗ ?

(A). 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 (B).𝑐𝑜𝑠 (C).𝑐𝑜𝑠 (D).𝑐𝑜𝑠

12. If 𝚤̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝚥̂ are unit vector along x- axis and y- axis respectively, the magnitude of vector 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂
will be:

(A). 1 (B). √2 (C).√3 (D). 2

13. The angle 𝜃 between the vector 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 and vector 𝚤̂ is given by:

(A). 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (B). 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (C) 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠

√
(D). 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛
√
√ √

14. Given that 0.2𝚤̂ + 0.6𝚥̂ + 𝑎𝑘 is unit vector. What is the value of a ?

(A). √0.3 (B). √0.4 (C).√0.6 (D). √0.8

15. Given 𝐴 = 2𝚤̂ + 3𝚥̂and 𝐵 = 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂. The component of vector A⃗ along vector B⃗ is

(A). (𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂) (B). (𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂) (C). (𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂) (D). (𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂)
√ √ √ √

16. Two vectorsC⃗ = A⃗ + B⃗ and D⃗ = A⃗ − B⃗ are perpendicular to each other. Then:

(A). A⃗is parallel to B⃗ (B). A⃗ is perpendicular to B⃗

(C). B⃗ is null vector (D). A⃗ and B⃗ have equal magnitudes.

17. A vector A⃗ is along the positive z-axis and its vector product with another vector B⃗ is zero,
then vector B⃗ could be:

(A). 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ (B).4 𝚤̂ (C).𝚥̂ + 𝑘 (D). −7𝑘

18. A body, initially at rest, is acted upon by four forces 𝐹 = 𝚤̂ + 𝑘 , 𝐹 = 2𝚤̂ + 3𝑘,𝐹 = 3𝚤̂ and
𝐹 = 3𝚥̂ − 4𝚤̂. In which plane will the body move ?

(A). x-y plane (B). x-z plane (C). y-z plane (D). None of these

19. A is a vector which when added to the resultant of vectors (2𝚤̂ − 3𝚥̂ + 4𝑘 )and (𝚤̂ + 5𝚥̂ + 2𝑘 )
yields a unit vector along the y-axis. Then vector A⃗ is:

(A).−3𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ − 6𝑘 (B). 3𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 6𝑘 (C). 3𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 6𝑘 (D). 3𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 6𝑘

20. The angle between two vectors A⃗ and B⃗is 𝜃. Vector R⃗ is the resultant of the two vectors. If
R⃗ makes an angle with A⃗ then:

⃗
(A).A⃗ = 2B⃗ (B). A⃗ = (C). A⃗ = B⃗ (D).A⃗B⃗ = 1

21. What is the torque of a force 𝐹 = 2𝚤̂ − 3𝚥̂ + 4𝑘 Newton acting at a point 𝑟 =
3𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 metre about the origin?

(A).6𝚤̂ − 6𝚥̂ + 12𝑘 (B). 14𝚤̂ − 6𝚥̂ − 13𝑘 (C). −6𝚤̂ + 6𝚥̂ − 12𝑘 (D). −17𝚤̂ + 6𝚥 + 13𝑘

22. If A⃗ and B⃗ are perpendicular vectors, where 𝐴⃗ = 5𝚤̂ + 7𝚥̂ − 3𝑘 and 𝐵⃗ = 2𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ − 𝑎𝑘 , then
the value of a is:

(A). −2 (B).8 (C). −7 (D). −8

23. The area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are 𝑃⃗ = 2𝚤̂ + 3𝚥̂ and 𝑄⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 4𝚥̂ is:

(A). 5 square units (B). 15 square units (C). 20 square units (D). 25 square units
 24. Given 𝐴⃗ = 3𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 7𝑘 . When a vector 𝐵⃗ is added to 𝐴⃗ , we get unit vector along X-axis.
Then 𝐵⃗ is:

(A).𝚤̂ − 2𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 (B). −2𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 7𝑘 (C). −𝚤̂ + 3𝑘 + 4𝚥̂ (D). 4𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ − 3𝑘

25. If the resultant of two forces 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵⃗ and 𝐴⃗ − 𝐵⃗ is A⃗ + B⃗ , then the angle between
the forces is:

( )
(A). 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (B).𝑐𝑜𝑠 (C) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) (D).𝑐𝑜𝑠

26. If 𝑃⃗. 𝑄⃗ = 0 then 𝑃⃗ × 𝑄⃗ is :

(A). 𝑃⃗ 𝑄⃗ (B). Zero (C). 1 (D).

𝑃𝑄

27. The magnitude of the two vectors a⃗ and b⃗ are |a⃗| and b⃗ respectively. The magnitude vector
product of a⃗ and b⃗ can’t be:

(A).equal to zero (B). less than ab (C). equal to ab (D). greater than ab

28. Projection of P⃗ on Q⃗ is:

(A). P⃗ . 𝑄 (B). 𝑃. Q⃗ (C). P⃗ × 𝑄 (D). P⃗ × Q⃗

29. Following forces starts acting on a particle at rest at the origin of the co-ordinate system
simultaneously𝐹⃗ = 5𝚤̂ − 5𝚥̂ + 5𝑘 , 𝐹⃗ = 2𝚤̂ + 8𝚥̂ + 6𝑘 , 𝐹⃗ = −6𝚤̂ + 4𝚥̂ − 7𝑘 , 𝐹⃗ = −𝚤̂ − 3𝚥̂ −
2𝑘 . The particle will move :

(A). in x-y plane (B). In y-z plane (C). in x-z plane (D). along x-axis

30. If 𝐴 ⃗ and 𝐴 ⃗ are two non- collinear unit vectors and if 𝐴 ⃗ + 𝐴 ⃗ = √3 , then the value of
𝐴 ⃗ − 𝐴 ⃗ . 2𝐴 ⃗ + 𝐴 ⃗ is :

(A). 1 (B).1 2 (C).3 2 (D). 2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

A B D B B C C D C A A B A C C

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

D D C A C B B A B A A D A B B
SOME USEFUL DATA:
x x2 x3 √𝒙

1 1 1 1

2 4 8 1.414214

3 9 27 1.732051

4 16 64 2

5 25 125 2.236068

6 36 216 2.44949

7 49 343 2.645751

8 64 512 2.828427

9 81 729 3

10 100 1000 3.162278

11 121 1331 3.316625

12 144 1728 3.464102

13 169 2197 3.605551

14 196 2744 3.741657

15 225 3375 3.872983

16 256 4096 4

17 289 4913 4.123106

18 324 5832 4.242641

19 361 6859 4.358899

20 400 8000 4.472136

21 441 9261 4.582576

22 484 10648 4.690416

23 529 12167 4.795832

24 576 13824 4.898979

25 625 15625 5

26 676 17576 5.09902

27 729 19683 5.196152

28 784 21952 5.291503

29 841 24389 5.385165

30 900 27000 5.477226