Introduction to Geometry

Geometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with the study of shapes, sizes, properties, and
dimensions of objects in space.

Basic Concepts

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Points: Represented by a dot and have no size. Denoted by capital letters, for example, �A, �B,
�C.
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Lines: A straight path that extends infinitely in both directions. Denoted by two points on the line
or a lowercase letter, for example, ��AB or ℓℓ.
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Line Segment: A part of a line with two endpoints. Denoted by two points with a line segment
symbol, for example, ��‾AB.
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Ray: A part of a line that has one endpoint and extends infinitely in one direction. Denoted by an
endpoint and another point on the ray, for example, ��→AB.
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Angles: Formed by two rays with a common endpoint (vertex). Angles are measured in degrees
(∘∘) or radians.
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Polygons: A closed shape formed by straight lines. Examples include triangles, quadrilaterals,
pentagons, etc.
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Triangles: A polygon with three sides and three angles. Classified by the lengths of their sides and
the measures of their angles.
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Quadrilaterals: A polygon with four sides and four angles. Examples include squares, rectangles,
parallelograms, etc.
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Circles: A set of all points equidistant from a fixed point called the center. Important terms include
radius, diameter, circumference, and area.
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Area and Perimeter: Important measures for shapes. Area measures the amount of space
enclosed by a shape, while perimeter measures the distance around a shape.
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 Theorems and Postulates

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Pythagorean Theorem: In a right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse (the side
opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides.
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Triangle Sum Theorem: The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180∘180∘.
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Congruent Triangles: Triangles are congruent if their corresponding sides are equal in length and
their corresponding angles are equal in measure.
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Similar Triangles: Triangles are similar if their corresponding angles are congruent and the lengths
of their corresponding sides are proportional.
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Circle Theorems: Various theorems related to angles, chords, tangents, and secants in circles.
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Coordinate Geometry

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Coordinate Plane: A plane formed by two perpendicular number lines, called the x-axis and y-axis.
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Distance Formula: Calculates the distance between two points (�1,�1)(x1,y1) and
(�2,�2)(x2,y2) in a coordinate plane.
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Midpoint Formula: Calculates the midpoint between two points (�1,�1)(x1,y1) and
(�2,�2)(x2,y2) in a coordinate plane.
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