Nama: Sherly Herawati Hestina Putri

Kelas: Matematika E 2018

NIM: 18305141025

TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS MATEMATIKA PERTEMUAN KE-10

Summary about Plane Geometry

Plane Geometry is about shapes on flat surface (like on an endless piece of paper) or flat shapes
like lines, circles, and triangles that can be drawn on a piece of paper.

Point

A point is an exact location. It has no size, no width, no length and no depth. A point is shown
by a dot. A point is the fundamental element of geometry. If we put the tip of a pencil on a
paper and press it lightly, we see a very small mark on the paper. when we draw a point it
clearly has a definite width, but it represents a point in our imagination. This mark is known as
a point. The smallest mark denotes the existence of a point. We say that a point does not have
any length, breadth or thickness, but it has a definite position. We can refer to points that can
be named by a capital letter of the English alphabet like A, B, C, ……. etc.

Collinear Points and Non Collinear Points

Points is called collinear if they lie on the same line so these are known as collinear points,
meanwhile non collinear points is if one of the points can not put on a single line so these are
known as non collinear points

Lines
A line has no width and extends infinitely in both directions. When we draw a line it has width
and it has ends, so it is not really a line, but represents a line in our imagination. Given two
distinct points A and B then there is one (and only one) line which passes through both points.
We use capital letters to refer to points and name lines either by stating two points on the line,
or by using small letters such as ℓ and m. Thus, the given line below is referred to as the line
AB or as the line ℓ.
 Segment
A segment connects two points so let’s call this point A and point B so this is a segment.
The segment has a beginning and it has an end. So we can write this as segment AB (𝐴𝐵̅̅̅̅ ).
 Ray
Ray on the other hand has a beginning but has no end. Ray has one arrow and we can write
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ).
this as Ray AB (𝐴𝐵

Segments, rays, and lines they are one dimensional.

Types of Line
In Geometry, there are basically four types of lines. They are:
1. Horizontal Lines: A horizontal line is a line drawn from left to right in a straight direction.
2. Vertical Lines: A vertical line is a line drawn from the bottom to the top in a straight
direction.
3. Parallel Lines: When two straight lines don’t meet or intersect at any point, even at infinity,
then they are parallel to each other.
4. Perpendicular Lines: When two lines meet or intersect at an angle of 90 degrees or at a right
angle, then they are perpendicular to each other.

When we have two rays that have the exact same vertex we have an angle and we are probably
already familiar with the concept of angle which the geometric definition or the one that we
are most likely to see, is when two rays share a common vertex and that a common vertex is
actually called the vertex of angle so A is vertex. An angle is represented by the symbol ∠.
Angles are measured in degrees, using a protractor.

Parts of Angle:
Arms: The two rays joining to form an angle are called arms of an angle.
Vertex: The common end point at which the two rays meet to form an angle is called the vertex.

Types of Angles:
Angles can be classified on the basis of their measurements as:
- Acute Angles - Right Angles - Obtuse Angles
- Straight Angles - Reflex Angles - Complete Angles
Planes
In mathematics, a plane is a two-dimensional surface that extends infinitely far. A plane is the
two-dimensional analogue of a point (zero dimension), a line (one dimension), and three-
dimensional space. Planes can arise as subspaces of some higher-dimensional space, as with
one of a room's walls, infinitely extended, or they may enjoy an independent existence in their
own right, as in the setting of Euclidean geometry. In here, will be discussed about point, lines,
and planes. A plane is named by minimum three points in the plane that are not on the same
line.

Something that is a closed plane figure bounded by three or more straight line segments is
called Polygon. An equilateral polygon is a polygon with all sides being the same length. An
equiangular polygon is a polygon with equal interior angles. Any polygon that is both
equilateral and equiangular is a referred to as a regular polygon. An irregular polygon has sides
of differing lengths and/or unequal interior angles.

Polygon Parts

Side: one of the line segments that make up the polygon.

Vertex: point where two sides meet. Two or more of these points are called vertices.
Diagonal: a line connecting two vertices that isn't a side.
Interior Angle: Angle formed by two adjacent sides inside the polygon.
Exterior Angle: Angle formed by two adjacent sides outside the polygon.
Polygon Classification
Polygons are primarily classified by the number of sides.
 Triangle
 Quadrilateral
1. Square
A square is a parallelogram with four sides of equal length and four right angles (90°).

2. Rectangle
A rectangle is a parallelogram with adjacent sides of unequal length and four right
angles.

3. Rhombus
A rhombus is a parallelogram with four sides of equal length and four oblique angles.
An oblique angle is defined as any angle that is not a right angle.

4. Rhomboid
A rhomboid is a parallelogram with adjacent sides of unequal length and four oblique
angles.

5. Trapezoid
A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with two parallel sides.
 6. Trapezium
A trapezium is a quadrilateral without any parallel sides.

 Pentagon, Irregular
A pentagon is any polygon with five sides. The formula for calculating the area of an
irregular pentagon is the same formula used to calculate the area of a trapezium.

Circle
A circle is defined as a closed plane curve every point of which is equidistant from a fixed
point within the curve. Circle is a plane, but not polygon because a polygon is composed of a
finite set of straight line segments, a circle does not have a finite set of these straight lines.

Circle Parts

The Radius is the distance from the center outwards.

The Diameter goes straight across the circle, through the center.
The Circumference is the distance once around the circle.