Lesson 5 Tessellation

LESSON 5
TESSELLATION
A Tessellation (or Tiling) is when we cover a surface with a pattern of flat shapes so that there are no
overlaps or gaps. It is a pattern of shapes that perfectly fit together. This means that there are no gaps
or overlaps in between shapes.
The chess board is one of the examples of tessellations.
Examples:
Rectangles Octagons and Squares Different Pentagons
Regular Tessellations
A regular tessellation is a pattern made by repeating a regular polygon.
There are only 3 regular tessellations:
Triangles Squares Hexagons

LESSON 4
SYMMETRY
Symmetry
In mathematics, especially in geometry and its applications, an object is said to have symmetry if it can
be divided into two identical halves. For example, look at the given picture of a flower:
If we were to draw an imaginary line in the middle of it, we could divide it into two equal parts like this:
Note that the two parts are identical and mirror images of each other.
An object that is not symmetric is said to be asymmetric. That means that an asymmetric object cannot
be divided into identical halves.
An example of asymmetry would be the given image.
Line of Symmetry
Let’s look at this flower again, the dotted line along which we divided it into two identical halves is called
the line of symmetry or the axis of symmetry. It can also be defined as the line along which we can fold
the object and its left and right half would completely overlap with each other.
In mathematics, there are three types of lines of symmetry.
 The Vertical Line of Symmetry
 The Horizontal Line of Symmetry
 The Diagonal Line of Symmetry
Let’s take a look at each of these lines.
Vertical Line of Symmetry
A vertical line that divides an object into two identical halves is called a vertical line of symmetry. That
means that the vertical line goes from top to bottom (or vice versa) in an object and divides it into its
mirror halves. For example, the star below shows a vertical line of symmetry.
The Horizontal Line of Symmetry
When a horizontal line divides an object into two identical halves, it is called a horizontal line of
symmetry. That means the horizontal line of symmetry goes from left to right (or vice versa) in an
object. For example, the image below shows a horizontal line of symmetry.
The Diagonal Line of Symmetry
When a diagonal/skew line divides an object into two identical halves, it is called a diagonal line of
symmetry. For example, the square below shows a diagonal line of symmetry.
In fact, a square possesses all three lines of symmetry.
So, we can say that an object can have multiple lines of symmetry. Some other examples of shapes that
have multiple lines of symmetry are circles and rectangles.
An example of a shape that does not have any line of symmetry is a scalene triangle. Since all sides of a
scalene triangle are different, it cannot be divided into two identical mirror halves.
Symmetry in Real Life
Symmetry was taught to humans by nature itself. A lot of flowers and most of the animals are symmetric
in nature. Inspired by this, humans learned to build their architecture with symmetric aspects that made
buildings balanced and proportionate in their foundation, like the pyramids of Egypt! We can observe
symmetry around us in many forms:
 Trees reflected in crystal clear water and towering mountains reflected in a lake.
 The feathers of a peacock and the wings of butterflies and dragonflies have identical left and
right sides.
 Hives of honeybees are made of hexagonal shape, which is symmetric in nature.
 Snowflakes in winter have all three lines of symmetry.

LESSON 3
Three Dimensional Shapes
What Are Three-Dimensional Shapes?
In geometry, a three-dimensional shape can be defined as a solid figure or an object or shape that has
three dimensions—length, width, and height. Unlike two-dimensional shapes, three-dimensional shapes
have height, which is the same as thickness or depth. Three dimensional is also written as 3-D and
hence, these figures are commonly called 3–D shapes too. All 3-D shapes occupy space, which is
measured in terms of volume.
Examples of Three-Dimensional Shapes
A cube, rectangular prism, sphere, cone, and cylinder are the basic 3-dimensional shapes we see around
us.
Real-life Examples of Three-Dimensional Shapes
3-D shapes can be seen all around us. We can see a cube in a Rubik’s Cube and a die, a rectangular prism
in a book and a box, a sphere in a globe and a ball, a cone in a carrot and an ice cream cone, and a
cylinder in a bucket and a barrel around us.
Attributes of Three-Dimensional Shapes
There are three attributes of a three-dimensional figure: face, edge, and vertex. Let’s understand three
dimensional shapes and their properties in detail.
Face: Each single surface, flat or curved, of the 3-D figure is called its face.
Edge: The line, where two faces of the 3-D figures meet, is called its edge.
Vertex: Each corner, where three faces of 3-D figures meet, is called its vertex. Vertices are the plural of
the vertex.
List of Three-Dimensional Shapes
Here’s a list of the names of three-dimensional shapes with their pictures, and attributes.
Net of Three-Dimensional Shapes
A net is a pattern made when the surface of a 3-D figure is laid out flat, showing each face of the figure.
3-D figures can have more than one net pattern. Net of a few 3-D figures is shown below:
Difference between 2-D Shapes and 3-D Shapes
Let’s differentiate between 2-D and 3-D shapes by understanding two dimensional and three-
dimensional shapes and their properties.
LESSON 2
TWO-DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS
A tangram is a Chinese puzzle consisting of seven flat shapes that can be arranged to make various
figures.
What Are Two Dimensional Shapes?
A two-dimensional (2D) shape can be defined as a flat figure or a shape that has two dimensions—
length and width. Two dimensional or 2D shapes do not have any thickness.
2D figures can be classified on the basis of the dimensions they have.

Examples of 2D Geometric Shapes
A circle, triangle, square, rectangle, and pentagon are all examples of two-dimensional shapes.
Properties of 2D Shapes
Let’s learn 2D shapes names and 2D shapes attributes and properties:
Triangle:
It has three straight sides, three angles, and three vertices.

Square:
It has four sides, four equal angles each measuring 90°. It has four vertices.
Rectangle:
It has four sides, four vertices, and four angles each measuring 90°. The opposite sides of the rectangle
are equal in length and they are parallel.
Parallelogram:
It has two pairs of parallel sides. The opposite sides of the rectangle are equal in length. The opposite
angles are of equal measure.
Circle:
It is made up of a curved line. It has no corners or edges. It is the set of all those points in a plane whose
distance from a fixed point remains constant.
Semi-Circle:
A diameter of a circle divides the circle into two equal parts. Each part is called a semi-circle.
LESSON 1
SIMPLE GEOMETRIC FIGURES
Bahay Kubo or Nipa hut symbolizes house in the Philippines. It is made of bamboo and
nipa. Bahay is the Filipino term for house and kubo is from Spanish cube which means
cube.
Bahay kubo can be drawn using the basic geometric terms such as point, line, line
segment and ray.
The simplest geometric shapes are shapes that make more complex geometric shapes.
We need bricks to build a house. We need the simplest shapes to create complex
shapes. The simplest geometric shapes are as follows: a point, a line, a ray, a segment
and a broken line.
Note that we study geometric shapes on a plane. A plane means an endless surface.
Just imagine, there is a piece of paper on the table. A plane is an endless piece of
paper where we will draw various geometric shapes. We are going to study and to draw.
Point
A point is the simplest figure. A point is a very important figure because it can
be used to create all the figures. On this picture, we drew the points. We can
draw the points easily. Take a clean piece of paper and touch it slightly with a
pencil. Draw some points as it is done in the picture below. The points are
https://playcoolmath.com/
defined by uppercase Latin letters. In your picture, mark the points with capital
letters, for example A, B, C, D, F.
Line
A line as a point is one of basic maths concepts. There
are straight and curved lines. A straight line has no start and no ending - it
is infinite. It is impossible to show the whole straight line and to measure it.
The curved line differs from the straight one as it is curved in shape. It is
called the boundary of more complicated geometric shapes. Let's connect
points A and B with a straight red line in the picture where you drew the
points. The curved line will be marked green connecting points D and F. The
lines are defined by small Latin letters. We will put Latin letters a and b in the
picture.
Ray or half-line
A ray is a part of a line that has a start but has no ending. A ray is goes from a
point to infinity. A ray can also be called a half-line. At the beginning of the ray
we find the point - the ray start or the starting point of the half-line. Let's draw
a blue ray connecting point C and D and passing through point B, and a light
blue ray connecting points C and D. The ray is defined by two large Latin
symbols where the first symbol is the starting point and the second one is an
arbitrary point on the line. The ray has a direction. If we draw a point on a
straight line, we will get two rays going to opposite directions. In the picture,
we drew 2 rays CB and CD and showed the direction with small arrows.
Segment
A segment is a part of a straight line bounded by two points. These points are
the ends of the segment. The points between the ends of the segment on the
line are called internal points. We can measure the segment as it is bounded
by two points. A segment with ending points G and H is defined as GH or HG.
The segment has a direction like a ray. For example, in the picture, the
segments GH and HG are the same with different directions. GH goes to the
right when HG goes to the opposite direction, to the left.
Broken line
A broken line is a group of segments connected accordingly with points of
neighboring segments not on one line. The ending point of the segment is the
starting point of the new segment. All points in a broken line are
called vertices. If the starting point of the first segment coincides with the
ending point of the last segment, this broken line is called closed broken
line. The broken line is defined by uppercase Latin letters: a list of all vertices
in the polyline in order, for example, ABCDFG. In the picture, we drew two
broken lines in red and blue. The blue broken line is closed since the first and
last vertices coincide.
LESSON 4 Adding and Subtracting Similar and
Mixed Fractions
A Mixed Fraction is a whole number and a fraction combined:
1 3/4
(one and three-quarters)
To make it easy to add and subtract them, just convert to Improper Fractions
first:
An Improper fraction has a top number larger than or equal to the bottom
number:
7/4
(seven-fourths or seven-quarters)
Can you see that 1 3/4 is the same as 7/4?
In other words, "one and three quarters" is the same as "seven quarters".
+ =
6 3 9
18 18 18
2 1 3
6
+ 6
= 6
One last step is to simplify the fraction (if possible). In this case 3/6 is simpler
as 1/2:
2 1 3 1
+ = =
6 6 6 2
Subtracting Fractions
There are 3 simple steps to subtract fractions
● Step 1. Make sure the bottom numbers (the denominators) are the same
● Step 2. Subtract the top numbers (the numerators). Put the answer over
the same denominator.
● Step 3. Simplify the fraction (if needed).
3 1
- = ?
6 6
The bottom numbers (the denominators) are the same, so we can go to

step 2.
Subtract the top numbers and put the answer over the same denominator:
3 1 3−1 2
− = =
6 6 6 6
Simplify the fraction:
2 1
=
6 3
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LESSON 3: COMPARING AND ORDERING FRACTIONS
Twins are two people who come from the same mother and are usually born
on the same day. Twins can be classified as identical or fraternal. Identicals
look the same while fraternal twins look different from one another.
Identical twins look similar while fraternal twins look different or dissimilar.
Fractions can also be classified as similar and dissimilar.
Fractions can also be compared using relation symbols such as greater than
>, less than <, or equal to =.
Comparing Like Fractions

When comparing two fractions with the same denominator, the larger fraction
is the one with the greater numerator.
Let's illustrate through an example.
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Example 1
1 3
Imagine you take 6 of a birthday cake and your sister takes 6 . Who has
more cake?
1 3
We need to compare 6 and 6 .
.
The denominator of both the fractions is the same i.e. 6.
To compare fractions when the denominators of two fractions are the same,
the one with the greater numerator is larger.
1 3
Since 3 is greater than 1, 6 < 6 .
.
So, your sister has more cake than you.
Comparing Unlike Fractions

To compare fractions with different denominators, we must convert the
fractions to equivalent fractions with a common denominator and then look for
numerators.
Example 2
3 2
Compare 6 and 3
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Convert these fractions to equivalent fractions with a common denominator in

order to compare them.
Follow these steps:
List out the multiples.
Multiples of 6 = 6, 12, 18, 24, ......
Multiples of 3 = 3, 6, 9, 12, ......
The smallest multiple the two denominators have in common is 6.

The least common denominator (LCD) of the fractions is the least
common multiple of their denominators.
Now, convert these fractions to equivalent fractions with a denominator

6. As we can notice the first fraction already has the denominator 6.
So, convert the other fraction with denominator 6.

2x2=4
3x2 6
3 4
Now, we have 6 and 6 with the same denominator.
Let's look for numerators to compare.

We know, 4 is greater than 3.
3 4
So, 6 < 6
1 2
We can rewrite the answer as 2 < 3
Comparing and Ordering Fractions
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● When comparing two fractions with the same denominator, the larger
fraction is the one with the greater numerator.
● To compare fractions with different denominators, we must convert the
fractions to equivalent fractions with a common denominator and then
look for numerators.
● If the denominator is the same, look at the numerators, and put the
fractions in order.
● If the denominator is different, we need to convert our fractions to
equivalent fractions of the same denominator and then compare them
to put them in order.
We can also arrange the fractions in increasing or decreasing order.
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LESSON 2: Equivalent Fractions

Equivalent fractions can be defined as fractions that may have different
numerators and denominators but they represent the same value. For
example, 9/12 and 6/8 are equivalent fractions because both are equal to 3/4
when simplified.
All equivalent fractions get reduced to the same fraction in their simplest form
as seen in the example given above. Explore the given lesson to get a better
idea of how to find equivalent fractions and how to check if the given fractions
are equivalent.
What are Equivalent Fractions?
Two or more fractions are said to be equivalent if they are equal to the same
fraction when simplified. For example, the equivalent fractions of 1/5 are 5/25,
6/30, and 4/20, which on simplification, result in the same fraction, that is, 1/5.
Equivalent fractions are defined as those fractions which are equal to the
same value irrespective of their numerators and denominators. For example,
both 6/12 and 4/8 are equal to 1/2, when simplified, which means they are
equivalent in nature.
Here are some examples of equivalent fractions.

Example: 1/2, 2/4, 3/6, and 4/8 are equivalent fractions. Let us see how their
values are equal. We will represent each of these fractions as circles with
shaded parts. It can be seen that the shaded parts in all the figures represent
the same portion if seen as a whole.
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How to Find Equivalent Fractions?

Equivalent fractions can be written by multiplying or dividing both
the numerator and the denominator by the same number. This is the reason
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why these fractions get reduced to the same number when they are simplified.
Let us understand the two ways in which we can make equivalent fractions:
● Multiply the numerator and the denominator by the same number.
● Divide the numerator and the denominator by the same number.
Multiply the Numerator and Denominator by the Same Number

To find the equivalent fractions for any given fraction, multiply the numerator
and the denominator by the same number. For example, to find an equivalent
fraction of 3/4, multiply the numerator 3 and the denominator 4 by the same
number, say, 2. Thus, 6/8 is an equivalent fraction of 3/4. We can find some
other equivalent fractions by multiplying the numerator and the denominator of
the given fraction by the same number.
● 3/4= 3×34×33×34×3 =9/12
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● 3/4=3×44×43×44×4 =12/16
● 3/4=3×54×53×54×5 =15/20
Thus, the equivalent fractions of 3/4 are 6/8, 9/12, 12/16, and 15/20.
Divide the Numerator and Denominator by the Same Number

To find the equivalent fractions for any given fraction, divide the numerator
and the denominator by the same number. For example, to find an equivalent
fraction of 72/108, we will first find their common factors. We know that 2 is a
common factor of both 72 and 108. Hence, an equivalent fraction of 72/108
can be found by dividing its numerator and denominator by 2. Thus, 36/54 is
an equivalent fraction of 72/108. Let us see how the fraction is further
simplified:
● 2 is a common factor of 36 and 54. Thus, 36/54= 36÷254÷236÷254÷2= 18/27
● Again, 3 is a common factor of 18 and 27. Thus, 18/27= 18÷327÷318÷327÷3= 6/9

● Again, 3 is a common factor of 6 and 9. Thus, 6/9=6÷39÷36÷39÷3= 2/3
Therefore, a few equivalent fractions of 72/108 are 36/54, 18/27, 6/9, and 2/3.
Here, 2/3 is the simplified form of 72/108 as there is no common factor (other
than 1) of 2 and 3.
How do you know if Two Fractions are Equivalent?

We need to simplify the given fractions to find whether they are equivalent or
not. Simplification to get equivalent numbers can be done to a point where
both the numerator and denominator should still be whole numbers. There are
various methods to identify if the given fractions are equivalent. Some of them
are as follows:
● Making the denominators the same.
● Finding the decimal form of both the fractions.
● Cross multiplication method.
● Visual method.
Let us identify whether 2/6 and 3/9 are equivalent fractions by each of these
methods.
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Making the Denominators the Same

The denominators of the fractions, 2/6 and 3/9 are 6 and 9. The Least Common
Multiple (LCM) of the denominators 6 and 9 is 18. Let us make the
denominators of both fractions 18, by multiplying them with suitable numbers.
● 2/6=2×3/6×3= 6/18
● 3/9=3×29×23×29×2= 6/18
We can observe that both the fractions are equivalent to the same fraction
6/18. Thus, the given fractions are equivalent.
Note: If the fractions are NOT equivalent, we can check the greater or smaller
fraction by looking at the numerator of both the resultant fractions. Hence, this
method can also be used for comparing fractions.
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LESSON 1: THE CONCEPT OF FRACTIONS
How many equal parts of a whole
Real Life Example of a Fraction
It’s your birthday and mom has ordered pizza for you and your friends. When the
pizza arrives, you open the box and find that it is cut into slices. Let’s assume that
there are 8 slices and you have 7 friends. So, there are 8 people who are going to
eat the 8 slices of the pizza.
How much does each person get? Well, if we divide the entire pizza into eight equal
parts, then each person gets 1/8 or one-eighth of the pizza. The pizza can be cut
into a different number of equal slices creating different fractions. (Like a 6-slice
pizza or a 4-slice pizza or a 12-slice pizza)
Slice a pizza, and we get fractions:
1 1 3
/2 /4 /8
(One-Half) (One-Quarter) (Three-Eighths)
The top number says how many slices we have.

The bottom number says how many equal slices the whole pizza was cut into.
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Numerator / Denominator
We call the top number the Numerator, it is the number of parts we have.
We call the bottom number the Denominator, it is the number of parts the
whole is divided into.
You just have to remember those names! (If you forget just think
"Down"-ominator)
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TYPES OF FRACTION
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KINDS OF FRACTIONS
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CHAPTER 1: WHOLE NUMBERS
LESSON 1 PLACE VALUE
Did you know?

By the end of the 7th century, decimal numbers begin to appear in inscriptions in
Southeast Asia as well as in India. Some scholars hold that they appeared even earlier. A 6 th
century copper-plate grant at Mankani bearing the numeral 346 (corresponding to 594 CE) is
often cited. But its reliability is subject to dispute. The first indisputable occurrence of zero (0)
in an inscription occurs at Gwalior in 876 CE, containing a numeral “270” in a notation
surprisingly similar to ours.
Let’s Discuss
Our numeration system is called Hindu-Arabic or Decimal System. Unlike other
numeration systems as the Roman Numeration, the Hindu-Arabic system uses place value
which makes it easier to read numbers. Let us take a look at the following place value chart.
PLACE VALUE CHART
THOUSANDS HUNDREDS TENS ONES
1000 100 10 1
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In a four-digit number, the place value of each digit from left to right are: THOUSANDS,
HUNDREDS, TENS, and ONES.
The place value chart below shows the number 4 728. How do we read this number?
PLACE VALUE CHART

Place Value in THOUSANDS HUNDREDS TENS ONES
Words
Place Value in 1000 100 10 1
Figures
Given Number 4 7 2 8
The number 4 728 is read as “four thousand, seven hundred twenty-eight”.

The table below shows the place value and value of each digit in the number 4 728.
Observe that the value is simply the product of the digit and its place value.
Digit Place Value Value

Word Figure
8 Ones 1 8x1=8
2 Tens 10 2 x 10 = 20
7 Hundreds 100 7 x 100 = 700
4 thousands 1 000 4 x 1 000 = 4 000
One way of making students visualize place value is by using blocks such as ones shown.
The number represented by the blocks is 1 thousand, 1 hundred, 1 ten and 1 one or 1 000 + 100
+ 10 + 1 which is equal to 1 111.
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LESSON 2 ADDITION OF WHOLE NUMBERS
Did you know?

According to news update published on CNN Philippines, the latest finding registered
a total of 534 new Islands in the Philippines which is more than the 400 previously announced.
From just 7 107 the Philippines now has a total of 7 641 Islands.
Let’s Discuss
Originally, the Philippines has a total of 7 107 Islands. Lately, 534 new Islands are
added which makes our total number of Islands is 7 641. It means that 7 107 + 534 = 7 641.
In the addition sentence 7 107 + 534 = 7 641, 7 107 and 534 are called addends while
7 641 is called sum. Addends are the numbers being added while sum is the result in addition.
Addition is the process of putting two or more numbers or things together. For
instance, let us illustrate the following: 3 mangoes added by 4 mangoes total 7 mangoes.
Properties of Addition (please watch the video reference)
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LESSON 3 SUBTRACTION OF WHOLE NUMBERS
Did you know?

The saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is the largest of all living reptiles. It is
found in suitable habitats from Northern Australia through Southeast Asia to the Eastern coast
of India. An adult male saltwater crocodile’s weight is 409 to 1 000 kilograms and length is
normally 4.1 to 5.5 meters.
Let’s Discuss
Subtraction is another operation we need to learn as its very useful in daily life.
Subtraction is the process of taking away one number from another. For instance, if an older
saltwater crocodile has a length of 6 meters while the youngest has a length of 4 meters, then
what is the difference in their lengths?
To find the difference, we subtract 4 from 6. It means that 6 – 4 = 2.
Another way to show this is by the inverse operation of subtraction which is addition.
That is 4 + ___ = 6. So what should be added to 4 to get a sum of 6? This shows that subtraction
is like finding the missing addend.
In 6 – 4 = 2, 6 is called minuend. It is the number being subtracted from. The number 4
is called the subtrahend, or the number used to subtract. Then, 2 is called difference or
remainder, which is the answer in subtraction.
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Subtraction is the inverse operation of addition. It means that 6 – 4 = 2 may be

translated into an addition sentence which is:
Subtraction sentence Addition sentence
6–4=2 2 + 4 = 6 or 4 + 2 = 6
Subtraction of Tw0 – to Three – Digit Numbers
(Please watch the video reference)
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LESSON 4 MULTIPLICATION OF WHOLE NUMBERS
Did you know?

The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is an African even-toed ungulate mammal and the
tallest living terrestrial animal in the world. It stands 5-6 meters tall and has an average of 830
kg for females and about twice as much for males.
Let’s Discuss
The average weight of the male giraffe is around twice that of the female. The word
“twice” means double or multiply by 2. Since the average weight of a female giraffe is 830kg,
then that of the male is around 830 x 2 which is 1 660 kg.
Multiplication as Repeated Addition

In the multiplication sentence 830 x 2 = 1 660, 830 and 2 are called factors while 1 660 is
called product.
Find the sum of the following.
1. 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4
2. 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3
3. 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8
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In the exercise above, observe that the same numbers are being added repeatedly. In
this case, we can find the answer using another operation which is multiplication.
Multiplication is called repeated addition since adding the same number repeatedly may
be expressed as multiplication instead. Let’s look at the following examples.
Addition Multiplication Answer

1 4+4+4+4+4+4+4 7 groups of 4 or 7 x 4 28
2 3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3 8 groups of 3 or 8 x 3 24
3 8+8+8+8+8 5 groups of 8 or 5 x 8 40
Basic Multiplication Facts (refer to the reference video)

Properties of Multiplication (refer to the reference video)
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LESSON 5 DIVISION OF WHOLE NUMBERS
Did you know?

Messages from the human brain travel along nerves at up to 200 miles an hour (322
km/h).
Let’s Discuss
The process of division can be expressed as:
10
10 ÷ 2 = 5 or = 5 or 2 ❑√ 10=5
2
Where, 10 is called the dividend or the number being divided;
2 is called the divisor or the number that divides; and
5 is called quotient or the answer in the division.
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Division as Repeated Subtraction

Division is called repeated subtraction. To answer the question, “How many 2s are in
10?”, we may either subtract from ten repeatedly or simply divide.
To find the number of 2s in 10 using repeated subtraction, we subtract 2 from 10
repeatedly until the difference is 0.
10 – 2 = 8
8–2=6
6–2=4
4–2=2
2–2=0
The process above shows that there are five 2s in 10.
Division as Inverse Operation of Multiplication

Division as inverse operation of multiplication. For instance, 10 ÷ 2 = 5 may be written as
5 x 2 = 10 or 2 x 5 = 10. It means that;
dividend ÷ divisor = quotient may be written as
divisor x quotient = dividend.
If you can master the basic multiplication facts, then division would also be easy. Let’s
have the following examples.
Division Sentence Multiplication Answer

Sentence
72 ÷ 8 = _______ 8 x _____ = 72 Since 8 x 9 = 72, then 72 ÷ 8 = 9
56 ÷ 7 = ________ 7 x _____ = 56 Since 7 x 8 = 56, then 56 ÷ 7 = 8

Lesson 5 Tessellation

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LESSON 5

The chess board is one of the examples of tessellations.

Rectangles Octagons and Squares Different Pentagons

A regular tessellation is a pattern made by repeating a regular polygon.

There are only 3 regular tessellations:

Triangles Squares Hexagons

 The Vertical Line of Symmetry

 The Horizontal Line of Symmetry

 The Diagonal Line of Symmetry

Let’s take a look at each of these lines.

Vertical Line of Symmetry

The Horizontal Line of Symmetry

In fact, a square possesses all three lines of symmetry.

Symmetry in Real Life

 Hives of honeybees are made of hexagonal shape, which is symmetric in nature.

 Snowflakes in winter have all three lines of symmetry.

Examples of Three-Dimensional Shapes

Real-life Examples of Three-Dimensional Shapes

What Are Two Dimensional Shapes?

2D figures can be classified on the basis of the dimensions they have.

Let’s learn 2D shapes names and 2D shapes attributes and properties:

It has three straight sides, three angles, and three vertices.

(one and three-quarters)

There are 3 simple steps to subtract fractions

The bottom numbers (the denominators) are the same, so we can go to

LESSON 3: COMPARING AND ORDERING FRACTIONS

Comparing Like Fractions

Comparing Unlike Fractions

Convert these fractions to equivalent fractions with a common denominator in

The smallest multiple the two denominators have in common is 6.

Now, convert these fractions to equivalent fractions with a denominator

So, convert the other fraction with denominator 6.

Let's look for numerators to compare.

Comparing and Ordering Fractions

We can also arrange the fractions in increasing or decreasing order.

LESSON 2: Equivalent Fractions

What are Equivalent Fractions?

Here are some examples of equivalent fractions.

How to Find Equivalent Fractions?

Multiply the Numerator and Denominator by the Same Number

Divide the Numerator and Denominator by the Same Number

● Again, 3 is a common factor of 18 and 27. Thus, 18/27= 18÷327÷318÷327÷3= 6/9

How do you know if Two Fractions are Equivalent?

Making the Denominators the Same

LESSON 1: THE CONCEPT OF FRACTIONS

How many equal parts of a whole

Real Life Example of a Fraction

Slice a pizza, and we get fractions:

The top number says how many slices we have.

CHAPTER 1: WHOLE NUMBERS

LESSON 1 PLACE VALUE

Did you know?

PLACE VALUE CHART

The number 4 728 is read as “four thousand, seven hundred twenty-eight”.

Digit Place Value Value

LESSON 2 ADDITION OF WHOLE NUMBERS

Did you know?

Properties of Addition (please watch the video reference)

LESSON 3 SUBTRACTION OF WHOLE NUMBERS

Did you know?

Subtraction is the inverse operation of addition. It means that 6 – 4 = 2 may be

LESSON 4 MULTIPLICATION OF WHOLE NUMBERS

Did you know?