MODULE THREE

GEOMETRY

Learning Objectives:

After this lesson, students will be able:

a. To comprehend the elementary geometric shapes (

b. To be aware of two-dimensional items.
c. To comprehend the three-dimensional
d. To be familiar with tessellations
e. To understand the symmetry

  CORE IDEA

The third module is an introduction to geometry. This chapter is

concerned with the teaching and learning of mathematical geometrics.
Geometry may be found everywhere around us, especially in buildings. On
roofs and walls, we observe forms that fit together. To assemble furniture, we
use geometry to understand floor layouts and blueprints. Shapes, angles,
slopes, and a variety of other geometric concepts are used by builders and
designers. Graphic designers employ geometry in their work as computers
and graphic design have advanced. Geometry concepts like pattern, line,
form, and symmetry may also be seen in art and architecture.

Unit Lesson:

LESSON 1.1: Simple Geometric figures

LESSON 2.1: Two – Dimensional Objects
LESSON 3.1: Three–Dimensional Objects
LESSON 4.1: Symmetry
LESSON 5.1: Tessellation
LESSON 1.1 SIMPLE GEOMETRIC
FIGURES

Learning Objectives

After this lesson, students will be able to perform the following:

a) The basic shapes

b) Identify the specific amount of curves, points, and lines
c) Understand all the common shapes in geometry like a square,
rectangle, circle, and triangle.

Introduction

Geometric Shapes can be defined as figures or areas closed by a

boundary which is created by combining the specific amount of curves, points,
and lines. Different geometric shapes are Triangle, Circle, Square, etc. Before
we shift our focus to rather advanced and competitive mathematical concepts of
geometry and algebra, it is important that you acquire the necessary
understanding of the geometric shapes. All of us know about the common
shapes in geometry like a square, rectangle, circle, and triangle. Let us get more
ideas on basic Geometric Shapes.
 PRE- TEST 1. 1

Copy the shape.

 LET’S DISCUSS

List of Geometric Shapes:

Square

Circle

Rectangle

Triangle

Polygons

Parallelogram

Square

A square is a four-sided figure which is created by connecting 4 line segments.

The line segments in the square are all of the equal lengths and they come together to
form 4 right angles.

Circle
 On the other hand, a circle which is another shape of geometry has no straight
lines. It is rather a combination of curves that are all connected. In a circle, there are no
angles to be found

Rectangle

Similar to a square, a rectangle is also created by connecting four line

segments. However, the only difference between a square and a rectangle is that in a
rectangle, there are two line segments which are longer than the other two line
segments.

So, in geometry, a rectangle is also described as an elongated square. Also, in

a rectangle, the four corners come together to form four right angles.

Triangle

Triangle comprises three connected line segments. Unlike, a rectangle or a

square, in a triangle, the angles can be of distinct measurements. They aren’t always
the right angles. Triangles are named, depending upon the type of angles which is
found within the triangle itself. For instance, if a triangle has one right angle, it will be
known as a right-angled triangle.

However, in case all the angles of a triangle are less than 90 degrees, then it will
be called as an acute-angled triangle. If any, one of the angles in the triangle
measures more than 90 degrees, then it will be known as an obtuse angled triangle.
Finally, there is an equiangular triangle, in which all the angles of the triangle are 60
degrees. On the other hand, the triangle can also be identified or labeled on the type of
sides they have.

Polygon

Another in the geometric shapes that you need to know about is a polygon. A
polygon is made up of only lines and has no curves. It may not have any open parts. In
this case, a polygon is basically a broader term to several shapes such as a square,
triangle, and a rectangle.

Parallelogram

A parallelogram is another in the geometric shapes in which the opposite side of

the shape are parallel. To be able to examine, if the sides are parallel or not, you’ll
have to closely examine the shape. The key property of a parallelogram is that parallel
lines never cross or intersect each other, no matter how long you extend them. So, if
you go on extending the lines through eternity and they never intersect each other,
then they can be called a parallelogram.

How to measure the Area of Parallelogram?

However, if the lines touch or meet at any given point, then that shape cannot
be considered a parallelogram. So, a triangle cannot be considered a parallelogram
since the lines opposite to a triangle meet at the point of the triangle. And since the
lines intersect, it cannot be called a parallelogram.
 Question for You

1.) Is circle a polygon? Answer with a reason.

2.) What are the basic geometric shapes?

3.) What is a polygon?

4.)  Name triangles on the basis of their sides?

5.)  What is the key property of a parallelogram?

 Assessment

Basic shapes.

1) Which best names the shape?

a. Octagon
b. Parallelogram
c. Pentagon
d. Hexagon

2) What polygon is this?

a. Octagon
b. Hexagon
c. Pentagon
d. nonagon

3) How many corners does a circle have?

a. 12
b. 2
 c. 1
d. 0

4) What is this shape called?

a. Square
b. Rectangle
c. Triangle
d. Circle

5) This shape has 4 right angles and all sides the same length.

a. Rectangle
b. Square
c. Kite
d. Triangle

Summary

The study of geometry begins with the definitions of the five simplest
geometric figures. Square, Circle, Rectangle, Triangle, Polygons, Parallelograms

 
 LESSON 2.1
TWO – DIMENSIONAL
OBJECTS

Learning Objectives

After this lesson, students will be able to perform the following:

a. Students will be able to name shapes according to their attributes.

Introduction

A flat two-dimensional object has just two dimensions: length and width, with
no thickness or depth. That is why it is referred to as a two-dimensional shape. A
sheet of paper, for example, has a two-dimensional shape. There is no depth or
height to it; it only has a length and a breadth. Squares, rectangles, triangles, circles,
and hexagons are all typical 2D shapes. A 3D (three-dimensional) shape, in contrast,
has three dimensions: length, breadth, and height. A dice, for example, is three-
dimensional since it has a length, width, and height. Cuboids, cones, pyramids, and
cylinders are all typical 3D shapes. In this tutorial, we'll study more about two-
dimensional shapes.
Pre- test 2. 1
 LET’S DISCUSS

What are 2D Shapes?

In geometry, 2D shapes can be defined as plane figures that are completely

flat and have only two dimensions – length and width. They do not have any
thickness and can be measured only by the two dimensions.
A polygon is a 2 dimensional shape made up of straight line segments which
are connected with each other, thus giving it a closed shape. A circle, square,
rectangle, and triangle are some examples of two-dimensional shapes and these
shapes can be drawn on paper. All the 2 dimensional shapes have sides, vertices
(corners), and interior angles, except for the circle, which is a curved figure. 2D
shapes with at least three straight sides are called polygons and these include
triangles, squares, and quadrilaterals. The figure given below shows the 2D shapes
that we commonly come across.
Types of 2D Shapes - Regular and Irregular 2D Shapes
A 2D shape can be classified as regular or irregular based on the length and
the interior angles:
 A 2 dimensional shape (2D shape) is said to be regular if all its sides are equal in
length and all its interior angles measure the same.
 A two dimensional shape (2D shape) is irregular if all the sides are of unequal
length and all its angles are of unequal measures.

Observe the following figure which shows the difference between regular and
irregular 2D shapes.

Difference Between 2D and 3D Shapes

The following table shows a comparison between 2D and 3D shapes.

 2D Shapes 3D Shapes

3D = Three-
Full-Form 2D- = Two-Dimensional
Dimensional

2D shapes are flat and have

A 3D shape has 3
only two dimensions of
Definition dimensions of length,
length and width with no
width, and height.
thickness or depth.

Length, width, and

Dimensions Length and width only
height

Mathematical x-axis, y-axis, and z-

x-axis and y-axis
axes axis

Rectangle, square, circle, Cylinder, sphere,

Examples
triangle, etc. cube, prism, etc.

Properties of 2D Shapes

2-D shapes are flat and can be drawn on a sheet of paper. There are different
types of regular and irregular 2D shapes like a circle, triangle, square, rectangle,
pentagon, and hexagon. Let us learn about a few of them along with their properties.

2D Shapes Names

Here are a few 2D shapes examples along with their properties.

Circle:

A circle is a closed 2D shape made up of a curved line with no corners or edges.

Some real-life examples of the circle are coins, wheels, and pizzas. A circle consists
of various parts like the radius, diameter, circumference, and so on.

Properties of a Circle

Observe the properties of a circle to identify it as a two-dimensional shape.

 Circles are completely round and made up of a single curved line.
 The circumference is the length of the boundary of the circle.
 The radius is the distance from the center of the circle to the boundary of the
circle.
 The diameter is a line segment that goes straight across the circle, through the
center. It is the longest possible line that can be drawn inside a circle and is twice
the length of the radius.

Observe the following figure to see the different parts of a circle .

Triangle:

A triangle is a 2D shape with three sides and three vertices (corners).

Properties of a Triangle

Observe the properties of a triangle to identify it as a 2D shape.

 A triangle is a closed shape with 3 sides, 3 vertices and 3 angles.

 It is a polygon whose interior angles add up to 180°.

Some real-life examples of a triangle are traffic signs, pyramids, and

nachos. The following figure shows the sides and vertices of a triangle.
Square:
A square is a 2D shape with four equal sides and each angle is equal to
90˚. Some of the real-life examples of a square are: a loaf of bread and a
chessboard.

Properties of a Square

Observe the properties of the given square PQSR to identify it as a 2D

shape.

 All four sides are equal, i.e., side PQ = QS = RS = PR

 Side PQ is parallel to RS.
 Side PR is parallel to QS.
 All four internal angles measure 90 ̊.

Rectangle:
A rectangle is a 2D shape with four sides in which the opposite sides are
equal and parallel, and all the four angles measure 90 ̊. Some of the real-
life examples of a rectangle are table tops, blackboards, cardboard, etc.
Properties of a Rectangle

Observe the properties of the given rectangle ABCD to identify it as a 2D

shape.

 Side AB = DC
 Side AD = BC
 Side AB is parallel to DC.
 Side AD is parallel to BC.
 All four angles measure 90 .̊

Area and Perimeter of 2D Shapes

The area of a 2D shape is the space enclosed within it. The perimeter of a
2D shape is the total length of its boundary. The following table shows the
formulas that are used to calculate the area and perimeter of a few
common 2D shapes:
Perimeter
2D Shape Area Formula
Formula

A = π × r2, where 'r' is the

radius of the circle and 'π' is Circumference
Circle
a constant whose value is (Perimeter) = 2πr
taken as 22/7 or 3.14

Perimeter = Sum
Triangle Area = ½ (Base × height)
of the three sides

Perimeter = 4 ×
Square Area = Side2
side

Rectangl
Area = Length × Width
e
 Assessment 2. 2

A. Equivalent Fractions

Fill in the equivalent fractions below. Equivalent fractions have the same
value, even though they use different numbers .
 B. Multiple-choice

Equivalent Fractions & Comparing Fractions

1. The top number of a fraction is called the __________.

a. factor
b. denominator
c. numerator
d. multiple
2. The bottom number of a fraction is called the __________.

a) Factor
b) Denominator
c) Numerator
d) Divisor

3.

a.) 3

b.) 2
c.) 6
d.) 4

4.

a.) 2

b.) 1
c.) 3
d.) 4
 5.

a.) <

b.) =
c.) >
d.)?
6.

a.) <

b.) =
c.) >
d.)?

7.)

a.) <

b.) =
c.) >
d.)?

8.)
 a.) <

b.) =
c.) >
d.)?
9. Which is an example of an equivalent fraction?

a.) 1/2 and 2/6

b.) 2/3 and 4/6
c.) 2/4 and 1/3
d.) 1/4 and 4/8
10. Fractions that are equal are called __________.

a.) Twin Fractions

b.) Least Common Multiples
c.) Greatest Common Factors
d.) Equivalent Fractions

11.)

a. )1 b.) 2
c.) 4 d.) 3

12.)

a.) 3 c.) 1
b.) 12 d.) 2
 Lesson 3. 1 COMPARING AND
ORDERING FRACTION

Learning Objectives

After this lesson, students will be able to perform the following:

a) They will compare fractions.

b) They will represent equivalent fractions.
c) They will then order fractions.
d) They will put fractions with different numerators and
denominators in order from least to greatest.

Introduction

The learner will learn that when comparing and sorting fractions, they must
have a common denominator in this lesson. The learner can simply compare the
numerators of the fractions after identifying a common denominator. If the fraction
comprises a whole number, the full number will be compared before the common
denominator is found. The words "less than" (), "greater than" (>), and "equal to" are
used to compare and rank numbers. To compare numbers, look at the number of
digits in each number first. Comparing the place values of integers with the same
amount of digits is the next step.
 What’s In

Compare the fractions, and write >, < or = in the box.

1.) 4 12

6 12

2.) 12 10
12 11

3.) 11 10
12 12

4.) 1 1
11 6

5.) 2 2
9 2

6.) 2 1
9 2

7.) 2 1
8 2

8.) 7 3
7 10
9.) 6 6
9 9

10) 7 1
10 2

LET’S DISCUSS

Compared to Ordering Fractions

When comparing and ordering fractions, you must have a common

denominator. After you find a common denominator, you can simply compare the
numerators of the fractions. If the fraction also includes a whole number, you would
compare the whole number before finding the common denominator. For example, 6
¾ would be greater than 5 1/2. We can see that because the whole number is larger
in 6 ¾ than it would be in 5 ½.

Finding the Common Denominator

When getting ready to compare fractions, there are several ways to find a
common denominator. The easiest method to find a common denominator is to
multiply your denominators together. After you have multiplied the denominators
together, the product will become your new denominator. For example, when
comparing 7/8 and 5/6, the two denominators are 8 and 6. To find a common
denominator, I would multiply the 8 and 6 together, which equals 48. The common
denominator for this problem would be 48.
Now that we know our common denominator is 48, we must get equivalent
fractions. Looking at the fraction 7/8, 8 times 6 is 48, so we must also multiply the
numerator times 6. 7 multiplied by 6 equals 42. The fraction 7/8 is equivalent to
42/48.
Now we must find the equivalent of 5/6. Since we multiplied the denominator
6 times, we must also multiply the numerator 5 times, which equals 40. The fraction
5/6 is equivalent to 40/48.

Comparing Like Fractions

When comparing two fractions with the same denominator, the larger fraction
is the one with the greater numerator.
Let's illustrate through an example.

Example

 
Imagine you take 1 of a birthday cake and your sister takes 3 Who has more cake?
6 6

Comparing Unlike Fractions

To compare fractions with different denominators, we must convert the

fractions to equivalent fractions with a common denominator and then look for
numerators.

 
Example

Compare 3 and 2
6 3
 

Convert these fractions to equivalent fractions with a common denominator to

compare them.

Follow these steps:

List out the multiples.

Multiples of 6 = 6, 12, 18, 24, ......

Multiples of 3 = 3, 6, 9, 12, ......

The smallest multiple the two denominators have in common is 6.

The least common denominator (LCD) of the fractions is the least common multiple
of their denominators.
Now, convert these fractions to equivalent fractions with a denominator 6. As we can
notice the first fraction already has the denominator 6.

So, convert the other fraction with denominator 6.

 2 x 2 4
3x2=6

Now, we have 3 and 4 with the same denominator.

6 6

Let's look for numerators to compare.

We know, 4 is greater than 3.

So,3 < 4

6  6

We can rewrite the answer as 1 < 2

2 3

Ordering Fractions
 If the denominator is the same, look at the numerators, and put the fractions
in order.
If the denominator is different, we need to convert our fractions to equivalent
fractions of the same denominator and then compare them to put them in order .

Example

Order these fractions from least to greatest: 1 12 7, 9

10 10 10 10

 Here the denominator of all the fractions is same so we look at the numerators.

1 is the smallest number, followed by 7, 9, and 12.

1 < 7 < 9 < 12

Arrange the fractions from least to greatest:

1 < 7 < 9 < 12

10 10 10 10
 What I Can Do

1 4. 7.

2. 5. 8.

3. 6. 9.

Assessment
 1. 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5. 10.

Summary of Lesson

Compared to ordering fractions

 When comparing two fractions with the same denominator, the larger fraction is the
one with the greater numerator. To compare fractions with different denominators, we must
convert the fractions to equivalent fractions with a common denominator and then look for
numerators. If the denominator is the same, look at the numerators and put the fractions in
order. If the denominator is different, we need to convert our fractions to equivalent fractions
of the same denominator and then compare them to put them in order.

ADDITION OF SIMILAR
FRACTION AND MIXED
NUMBERS
 Lesson 4. 1

Learning Objectives

After this lesson, students will be able to perform the following:

a) They will compare fractions.

b) They will represent equivalent fractions.
c) They will then order fractions.

They will put fractions with different numerators and denominators in order from
least to greate