Ratio

Ratio, in math, is a term that is used to compare two or more numbers. It is

used to indicate how big or small a quantity is when compared to another. In a ratio,
two quantities are compared using division. Here the dividend is called the
'antecedent' and the divisor is called the 'consequent'. For example, in a group of 30
people, 17 of them prefer to walk in the morning and 13 of them prefer to cycle. To
represent this information as a ratio, we write it as 17: 13. Here, the symbol ': ' is
read as "is to". So, the ratio of people who prefer walking to the people who prefer
cycling is read as '17 is to 13'.

What is Ratio?
The ratio is defined as the comparison of two quantities of the same units that
indicates how much of one quantity is present in the other quantity. Ratios can be
classified into two types. One is part to part ratio and the other is part to whole ratio.
The part-to-part ratio denotes how two distinct entities or groups are related. For
example, the ratio of boys to girls in a class is 12: 15, whereas, the part-to-whole
ratio denotes the relationship between a specific group to a whole. For example, out
of every 10 people, 5 of them like to read books. Therefore, the part to the whole
ratio is 5: 10, which means every 5 people from 10 people like to read books.

Ratio Formula
We use the ratio formula while comparing the relationship between two
numbers or quantities. The general form of representing a ratio of between two
quantities say 'a' and 'b' is a: b, which is read as 'a is to b'
Calculation of Ratios

In order to calculate the ratio of two quantities, we can use the following steps.
Let us understand this with an example. For example, if 15 cups of flour and 20 cups
of sugar are needed to make fluffy pancakes, let us calculate the ratio of flour and
sugar used in the recipe.

 Step 1: Find the quantities of both the scenarios for which we are determining
the ratio. In this case, it is 15 and 20.
 Step 2: Write it in the fraction form a/b. So, we write it as 15/20.
 Step 3: Simplify the fraction further, if possible. The simplified fraction will give
the final ratio. Here, 15/20 can be simplified to 3/4.
 Step 4: Therefore, the ratio of flour to sugar can be expressed as 3: 4.

Equivalent Ratios
Equivalent ratios are similar to equivalent fractions. If the antecedent (the first
term) and the consequent (the second term) of a given ratio are multiplied or divided
by the same number other than zero, it gives an equivalent ratio. For example, when
the antecedent and the consequent of the ratio 1:3 are multiplied by 3, we get, (1 ×
3) : (3 × 3) or 3: 9. Here, 1:3 and 3:9 are equivalent ratios. Similarly, when both the
terms of the ratio 20:10 are divided by 10, it gives 2:1. Here, 20:10 and 2:1 are
equivalent ratios. An infinite number of equivalent ratios of any given ratio can be
found by multiplying the antecedent and the consequent by a positive integer
 Application

A. It's inventory time at the fruit and vegetable store. Help by answering the
questions, using ratios.

Let’s Wrap up
Equivalent Ratios
Equivalent ratios are those that can be simplified or reduced to the same value. In
other words, two ratios are considered equivalent if one can be expressed as a multiple of
the other. Some examples of equivalent ratios are 1:2 and 4:8, 3:5 and 12:20, 9:4 and 18:8,
etc.

What are Equivalent Ratios?

In math, the definition of the equivalent ratio states that "Two or more ratios
that express the same relation or comparison of numbers are known as equivalent
ratios." It is similar to the concept of equivalent fractions. The equality of two ratios is
also known as proportion. The antecedent and consequent values are different, but
still, if we reduce them to the simplest form, we will get the same value. For example,
to find whether 2:3 and 16:24 are equivalent ratios or not, we will have to reduce
both ratios to their simplest form. 2:3 is already in simplest form as the HCF of 2 and
3 is 1. The HCF of 16 and 24 is 8. So, let us divide both these numbers by 8 to find
the reduced form. This implies (16÷8):(24÷8) = 2:3. It is clear that 2:3 and 16:24
results in the same value, therefore they are equivalent ratios.

How to Find Equivalent Ratios?

When it comes to finding equivalent ratios, the two cases might come up to
you. One is to check and identify whether the given ratios are equivalent or not, and
the second is when you will be asked to find equivalent ratios of a given ratio. Let us
learn both one by one.
If we have to check whether the given ratios are equivalent or not, there are
two methods to do the same - the cross multiplication method and the HCF method.
Follow the steps given below to find equivalent ratios using the cross multiplication
method:
Find whether 10:8 and 30:24 are equivalent ratios or not.
 Step 1: Write both the ratios in fractional form (numerator over denominator).
 Step 2: Do the cross multiplication. Multiply 10 by 24 and 8 by 30.
 Step 3: If both products are equal, it means that they are equivalent ratios.
Here 10 × 24 = 8 × 30 = 240. Therefore, they are equivalent ratios.
Now, let us understand the HCF method for identifying equivalent ratios using
the same example.
 Step 1: Find the HCF of the antecedent and consequent of both ratios. Here,
HCF (10, 8) = 2, and HCF (30, 24) = 6.
 Step 2: Divide the terms in both ratios by their respective HCF. So, we get
(10÷2):(8÷2) = 5:4 and (30÷6):(24÷6) = 5:4.
 Step 3: If the reduced form of both ratios is equal, it means they are
equivalent. Here, 10:8 = 30:24.
Equivalent Ratios Table
There is an infinite number of equivalent ratios possible for a given ratio as we
can multiply any natural number to both the terms of a ratio to get its equivalents. An
equivalent ratio table contains some of the equivalent ratios of a given ratio in a
tabular format which makes it simple to understand. You can also make your own
equivalent ratio table of any ratio. For example, let us multiply 1:3 by different natural
numbers starting from 2 and get its equivalent ratios. Here, it is important to note that
we can even divide the terms of a ratio by their common factor to find the equivalent
ratios, wherever possible.
1:3 = (1×2) :(3×2) = 2:6
1:3 = (1×3) :(3×3) = 3:9
1:3 = (1×4) :(3×4) = 4:12
1:3 = (1×5) :(3×5) = 5:15
 Application

B.  Express each of the following ratios in simplest form:

1. 22: 66

2. 7: 49

3.  4: 6

4. 6: 15

5. 14: 20

6. 33: 44

7. 48: 54

8. 200: 250

Let’s Wrap up
Proportion
Proportion is explained majorly based on ratio and fractions. A fraction,
represented in the form of a/b, while ratio a:b, then a proportion states that two ratios
are equal. Here, a and b are any two integers. The ratio and proportion are key
foundations to understanding the various concepts in mathematics as well as in
science.
Proportion finds application in solving many daily life problems such as in
business while dealing with transactions or while cooking, etc. It establishes a
relation between two or more quantities and thus helps in their comparison.
What is Proportion?
Proportion, in general, is referred to as a part, share, or number considered in
comparative relation to a whole. Proportion definition says that when two ratios are
equivalent, they are in proportion. It is an equation or statement used to depict that
two ratios or fractions are equal.

Proportion- Definition
Proportion is a mathematical comparison between two numbers. According to
proportion, if two sets of given numbers are increasing or decreasing in the same
ratio, then the ratios are said to be directly proportional to each other. Proportions
are denoted using the symbol "::" or "=".
Proportion- Example
Two ratios are said to be in proportion when the two ratios are equal. For
example, the time taken by train to cover 50km per hour is equal to the time taken by
it to cover the distance of 250km for 5 hours. Such as 50km/hr = 250km/5hrs.
Continued Proportions
Any three quantities are said to be in continued proportion if the ratio between
the first and the second is equal to the ratio between the second and the third.
Similarly, four quantities in continued proportion will have the ratio between the first
and second equal to the ratio between the third and fourth.
For example, consider two ratios to be a:b and c:d. In order to find the continued
proportion for the two given ratio terms, we will convert their means to a single
term/number. This in general, would be the LCM of means, and for the given ratio,
the LCM of b & c will be bc. Thus, multiplying the first ratio by c and the second ratio
by b, we have
Types of Proportions
Based on the type of relationship two or more quantities share, the proportion
can be classified into different types. There are two types of proportions.

 Direct Proportion
 Inverse Proportion

Direct Proportion
This type describes the direct relationship between two quantities. In simple
words, if one quantity increases, the other quantity also increases and vice-versa.
For example, if the speed of a car is increased, it covers more distance in a fixed
amount of time. In notation, the direct proportion is written as y ∝ x.
Inverse Proportion
This type describes the indirect relationship between two quantities. In simple
words, if one quantity increases, the other quantity decreases and vice-versa. In
notation, an inverse proportion is written as y ∝ 1/x. For example, increasing the
speed of the car will result in covering a fixed distance in less time.

Properties of Proportion

Proportion establishes equivalent relation between two ratios. The properties

of proportion that is followed by this relation:

 Addendo – If a: b = c: d, then value of each ratio is a + c: b + d

 Subtrahendo – If a: b = c: d, then value of each ratio is a – c: b – d
 Dividendo – If a: b = c: d, then a – b: b = c – d: d
 Componendo – If a: b = c: d, then a + b: b = c + d: d
 Alternendo – If a: b = c: d, then a: c = b: d
 Invertendo – If a: b = c: d, then b: a = d: c
 Componendo and dividendo – If a: b = c: d, then a + b: a – b = c + d: c – d
Application

A. Use cross multiplication to solve the following proportions.

Let’s Wrap up