NDC – TAGUM FOUNDATION, INCORPORATED

Apokon Road, Tagum City, Davao Del Norte

Tel. #1(084)216-2552

NAME: Enriquez, Laika Y.

SUBJECT: Teaching Mathematics in the Primary Grades (EED 3)
COURSE/YEAR: BEED 1

Prof. REMEDIOS C. MAGHANOY

INSTRUCTOR
 MODULE TWO

FUNCTIONS

Learning Objectives:

After this lesson, students will be able:

a) To understand the concepts of function

b) To perform equivalent functions.
c) To compare and order functions.
d) To understand the addition of similar functions and mixed numbers.
e) To use subtraction of similar fractions and mixed numbers.

  CORE IDEA

Module one is an introduction to functions. This chapter focuses on

teaching and learning mathematical functions. Functions are all around us,
though students do not always realize this. A function relates an input to an
output. It is like a machine that has an input and an output. And the output is
related somehow to the input.

Unit Lesson:

LESSON 1.1: The Concepts of a Fraction

LESSON 2.1: Equivalent Fractions
LESSON 3.1: Comparing and Ordering Fractions
LESSON 4.1: Addition of Similar Fraction and mixed
numbers
LESSON 5.1: Subtraction of Similar Fractions and mixed
numbers
 LESSON 1.1 THE CONCEPT OF A
FRACTION

Learning Objectives

After this lesson, students will be able to perform the following:

a) Visualize, identify, and recognize fractions.

b) Name the shaded part of a fraction.
c) Solve problems involving fractions.

Introduction to Fraction

A fraction represents a portion of a larger total. This entire thing may be an

area or a collection. The term fraction is derived from the Latin word "fractio," which

means "to break." The Egyptians, the first culture to study fractions, employed

fractions to address mathematical issues such as the division of food and resources

and the lack of a metal currency. Fractions were only written using words in Ancient

Rome to describe a portion of the total. In India, fractions were initially written with

one number above another (the numerator and denominator) but without a line. Only

the Arabs added the line that separates the numerator and the denominator. When

an object or a group of objects is divided into equal parts, each part is a fraction. A

fraction is usually written as 1/2, 5/12, 7/18, and so on. It is divided into a numerator

and a denominator, where the denominator represents the total number of equal

parts into which the whole is divided. The numerator is the number of equal parts
that are taken out. For example, in the fraction 3/4, 3 is the numerator and 4 is the

denominator. 

PRE- TEST 1. 1

Andy has prepared a pizza which is equally divided into 8 parts.

She gave one part of this to Ana. What fraction of pizza did she give to Ana?

LET’S DISCUSS

What is a Fraction?

Fraction – is a part of a whole or a set. In Mathematics, fractions are

represented as a numerical value, which defines a part of a whole. A fraction can be
a portion or section of any quantity out of a whole, where the whole can be any
number, a specific value, or a thing. Let us understand this concept using an
example.

For example:

1 5
⅜ ⅔ 4 12

Parts of a Fraction
All fractions consist of a numerator and a denominator and they are separated
by a horizontal bar known as the fractional bar.
 The denominator indicates the number of parts in which the whole has been

divided into. It is placed in the lower part of the fraction below the fractional bar.
 The numerator indicates how many sections of the fraction are represented or
selected. It is placed in the upper part of the fraction above the fractional bar.

Numerator – tells us the

number of parts taken from
whole.

1
Numerator 5 Fraction Bar – A fraction bar
separates the numerator and
denominator of a fraction
Fraction Bar
Denominator – tells us the
Denominator
total number of part in a
whole.
Types of Fractions

Based on the numerator and denominator, which are parts of a fraction, there
are different types of fractions as listed below:

Proper Fraction
Proper fractions are the fractions in which the numerator is less than its
denominator. For example, 5/7, 3/8, 2/5, and so on are proper fractions.

Improper Fraction
An improper fraction is the type of fraction in which the numerator is more
than or equal to its denominator. It is always the same or greater than the whole. For
example, 4/3, 5/2, 8/5, and so on.

Unit Fraction
Fractions in which the numerator is 1 are known as unit fractions. For
example, 1/4, 1/7, 1/9, and so on.

Mixed Fraction
A mixed fraction is a mixture of a whole number and a proper fraction. For
example, 513513, where 5 is the whole number and 1/3 is the proper fraction,
or, 225225, 79117911, and so on.

Equivalent Fraction
Equivalent fractions are the fractions that represent the same value after they
are simplified. To get equivalent fractions of any given fraction:
We can multiply both the numerator and the denominator of the given fraction by
the same number.
We can divide both the numerator and the denominator of the given fraction
by the same number.
Example: Find the two fractions that are equivalent to 5/7.
Solution:
Equivalent Fraction 1: Let us multiply the numerator and the denominator with
the same number 2. This means, 5/7= (5 × 2)/(7 × 2) = 10/14
Equivalent Fraction 2: Let us multiply the numerator and the denominator with the
same number 3. This means, 5/7 = (5 × 3)/ (7 × 3) = 15/21
Therefore, 10/14, 15/21, and 5/7 are equivalent fractions.

Like and Unlike Fractions

Like fractions are the fractions that have the same denominators. For
example, 5/15, 3/15, 17/15, and 31/15 are like fractions.
Unlike fractions are the fractions which have different denominators. For example,
2/7, 9/11, 3/13, and 39/46 are unlike fraction

Fraction on a Number Line

The representation of fractions on a number line demonstrates the intervals

between two integers, which also shows us the fundamental principle of fractional
number creation. The fractions on a number line can be represented by making
equal parts of a whole, i.e., from 0 to 1. The denominator of the fraction would
represent the number of equal parts in which the number line will be divided and
marked.
For example, if we need to represent 1/8 on the number line, we need to
mark 0 and 1 on the two ends and divide the number line into 8 equal parts. Then,
the first interval can be marked as 1/8. Similarly, the next interval can be marked as
2/8, the next one can be marked as 3/8, and so on. It should be noted that the last
interval represents 8/8 which means 1. Observe the following number line that
represents these fractions on a number line.

Fraction on a Number Line

 Let’s write the following fractions in words symbols.

For example:

1 1 1
6
one-sixth 4
one – fourth 3
one - third

1 1 1
10 9 2

One-tenth one-ninth one - half

Activity 1. 1

Name the fraction (symbol and words) of the shaded part.

1.) 2.) 3.)

 Problem Solving

A. Read and analyze each problem. Write your answer in symbols and
words.

1. There are 8 students inside the classroom. Among them, 3 are girls.
What is the fraction of the girls?

2. Grandmother has 10 fruits inside the basket. Among these 4 are apples.
What is the fraction of the apples?

B. Multiple–choice

1.) What fraction is represented with an 'x' on the number line?

a. 1/8
b. 1/9
c. 2/9
d. ¼

2.) What fraction is represented at point A?

 a. 4/5
b. 3/4
c. 3/1
d. 1/3

3.) What fraction is represented at point C?

a. 3/6
b. 2/6
c. 3/7
d. 3/6

4.) What fraction is represented at point G?

a. 3/4
b. 2/1
c. 2/3
d. 1/5

5.) What fraction is represented at point S?

a. 1/4
b. 1/5
c. 2/6
d. 2/5
 Activity 1. 2

1. 6. 11.

2. 7. 12.

3. 8. 13.

4. 9. 14.

5. 10. 15.

EQUIVALENT FRACTION
 LESSON 2.1

Learning Objectives

After this lesson, students will be able to perform the following:

a. define numerator, denominator, and equivalent fractions

b. identify and create equivalent fractions using various methods

Equivalent Fractions

Equivalent fractions are the fractions that have different numerators and

denominators but are equal to the same value. For example, 2/4 and 3/6 are
equivalent fractions, because they both are equal to the ½. A fraction is a part of a
whole. Equivalent fractions represent the same proportion of the whole. 

For each fraction, we can find its equivalent fraction by multiplying both
numerator and denominator with the same number. For example, we have to find the
third equivalent fraction of ⅔; then we have to multiply 2/3 by 3/3. Hence, 2/3 x (3/3)
= 6/9, is the fraction equivalent to 2/3. 

Pre- test 2. 1
 Multiple-choice.

1.) Which fraction is equivalent to 1?

a. 1/2
b. 5/5
c. 1/10
d. 5/ 1

2.) Which is NOT an equivalent fraction to one half?

a. 2/4
b. 4/8
c. 2/3
d. 3/6

3.) Find the missing numerator: 2/3 =? /9

a. 1/9
b. 6/9
c. 4/9
d. 7/9

4.) Which of the following is an equivalent fraction to 5/6?

 a. 9/12
b. 8/12
c. 10/12
d. 14/18

5.)

a. 1
b. 9
c. 3
d. 8

6.)

a. 6/9

b. 9/9

c. 6/6

d. 2/3
 LET’S DISCUSS

Equivalent Fractions
Learn what equivalent fractions are and how they’re taught at school. You’ll find
examples of fractions equivalent to 8/12, 1/3, 5/6, and more.

What are equivalent fractions?

Some fractions can be turned into simpler ones. This makes it easier to
understand and read the fraction. These are known as equivalent fractions. You can
always convert an equivalent fraction back to the original by multiplying
the numerator and denominator by the same number.

You wonder how's that possible? Let’s look at the example below. The

fractions 1/4 and 2/8 have different numerators and denominators. But, if you look at
the bars, the same amount has been shaded overall - one-quarter of an amount.

This means that 1/4 and 2/8 are equivalent fractions as they show the same amount

A fraction can have multiple equivalent ones. For example, 2/3 is a fraction

equivalent to 8/12, 6/9, 4/,6, and so on.

Now that we’ve established what equivalent fractions are, let’s dive deeper
and see what else children will learn. Read on to find out:

 examples of equivalent fractions;

 how to find equivalent fractions of a given fraction;

 how to order fractions with different denominators;

 a guide to what your child will learn about equivalent fractions in each year throughout
KS2;

 supporting resources to help you teach in the classroom or at home;

 Some example problems, which children can try solving.

When it comes to this page you’ll find a mixture of questions being answered.
Questions such as what are equivalent fractions, how to do an equivalent fraction, or
how to find equivalent fractions can all be answered within this teaching wiki.

You’ll also be able to find resources that help with any classroom or living
room being full of fractions being displayed. Fun activities such as challenge cards
can be found to bring some exciting and engaging content to your teaching world as
well as worksheets that can be distributed across three difficulty levels - lower,
middle, and higher.

One more thing you’ll find on this page is a great example of teacher-made
resources being available for the ordinary classroom or living room. You’ll be able to
dive deep into what teachers across the country feel about equivalent fractions
meaning and needs in any learning environment. This is why this teaching
resource/wiki is so important.

Examples of Equivalent Fractions

Children will often come across some commonly used fractions while solving
maths problems. The curriculum requires them to be able to write the equivalent
fractions of 1/2, 1/4 a, an nd 3/4, for example. But these are not all.

Let’s have a look at examples of some equivalent fractions.

Fractions equivalent to 1/2: 2/4, 3/6, 4/8, 5/10, and so on …

Fractions equivalent to 1/3: 2/6, 3/9, 4/12, 5/15, and so on ...

Fractions equivalent to 2/3: 4/6, 6/9, 8/12, 10/15, and so on …

Fractions equivalent to 1/4: 2/8, 3/12, 4/16, 5/20, and so on ...

Fractions equivalent to 2/4: 4/8, 6/12, 8/16, 10/20, and so on ...

Fractions equivalent to 3/4: 6/8, 9/12, 12/16, 15/20, and so on ...

Fractions equivalent to 1/5: 2/10, 3/15, 4/20, 5/25, and so on ...

Fractions equivalent to 2/5: 4/10, 6/15, 8/20, 10/25, and so on …

 Of course, learning these by heart would be incredibly tricky and pointless.
Equivalent fractions calculators do exist as well, but pupils won’t use them as part of
the learning process.

Instead, it’s better to learn what the method of finding equivalent fractions is.
By doing this, children will be able to find the equivalent values of any given
fractions. Let’s have a look.

How to Find Equivalent Fractions of a Given Fraction

When given a fraction, the easiest way of finding its equivalent values is
by multiplying the numerator and denominator by the same number.

For example, let’s find three equivalent fractions to 2/3.

First, you can try multiplying the numerator and denominator by the number
two - see the equations below. We can say that 4/6 is an equivalent fraction to 2/3.

Now, let’s try multiplying the numerator and denominator of 2/3 by the number
three this time. Again, we can say that 6/9 is an equivalent fraction to 2/3

Finally, let’s multiply the fraction’s numerator and denominator by four. You’ll
find out that 2/3 is one of the fractions equivalent to 8/12.

After looking at these examples, there are a few important things to

remember:

 When we’re finding the equivalent fractions, it’s important to multiply both the
numerator and denominator by the same number. Multiplying only one of them won’t
give you the right answer.

 Fractions have multiple numbers of equivalent fractions. As long as you multiply the

numerator and denominator by a whole number, you'd continue to get more and more
equivalent fractions
 We’ve found three equivalent fractions equivalent to 2/3. But, you can say that 2/3,
4/6, and 6/9 are also fractions equivalent to 8/12. So, the equivalence goes both ways.

How to Order Fractions with Different Denominators

In primary school, pupils will learn to order fractions with different
denominators. And how does this link to equivalent fractions?

Well, to order fractions with different denominators, you need to change all the
denominators so that they are the same. And to do this, you need to multiply the
numerator and the denominator by the same number. Sounds familiar? Exactly,
children do this when finding equivalent fractions.

So, pupils will use the knowledge they have of equivalent fractions to order
fractions with different denominators. Let’s have a look at an example and the step-
by-step guide of how that’s done.

Example: Let’s put in order the fractions below.

1. The first thing you need to do is change all the denominators to be the
same. This means you need to find a common denominator. In this case, 24 is the
lowest common denominator.

2. Then, you need to multiply all fractions, so that their denominator is 24. For
8/12, you need to multiply the numerator and denominator by two, for 2/6 - by four,
for 1/2 - by 12, and 3/4 by six. 4/24 stays the same, as its denominator is already 24.

3. Now that all fractions have the same denominator, you can put them in
order from the smallest to the largest. Remember, you need to write the original
fractions in your answer. See below.
 Assessment 2. 2

A. Equivalent Fractions

Fill in the equivalent fractions below. Equivalent fractions have the same
value, even though they use different numbers .
 B. Multiple-choice

Equivalent Fractions & Comparing Fractions

1. The top number of a fraction is called the __________.

a. factor
b. denominator
c. numerator
d. multiple
2. The bottom number of a fraction is called the __________.

a) Factor
b) Denominator
c) Numerator
d) Divisor

3.

a.) 3

b.) 2
c.) 6
d.) 4

4.

a.) 2

b.) 1
c.) 3
d.) 4
 5.

a.) <

b.) =
c.) >
d.)?
6.

a.) <

b.) =
c.) >
d.)?

7.)

a.) <

b.) =
c.) >
d.)?

8.)
 a.) <

b.) =
c.) >
d.)?
9. Which is an example of an equivalent fraction?

a.) 1/2 and 2/6

b.) 2/3 and 4/6
c.) 2/4 and 1/3
d.) 1/4 and 4/8
10. Fractions that are equal are called __________.

a.) Twin Fractions

b.) Least Common Multiples
c.) Greatest Common Factors
d.) Equivalent Fractions

11.)

a. )1 b.) 2
c.) 4 d.) 3

12.)

a.) 3 c.) 1
b.) 12 d.) 2
 Lesson 3. 1 COMPARING AND
ORDERING FRACTION

Learning Objectives

After this lesson, students will be able to perform the following:

a) They will compare fractions.

b) They will represent equivalent fractions.
c) They will then order fractions.
d) They will put fractions with different numerators and
denominators in order from least to greatest.

Introduction

The learner will learn that when comparing and sorting fractions, they must
have a common denominator in this lesson. The learner can simply compare the
numerators of the fractions after identifying a common denominator. If the fraction
comprises a whole number, the full number will be compared before the common
denominator is found. The words "less than" (), "greater than" (>), and "equal to" are
used to compare and rank numbers. To compare numbers, look at the number of
digits in each number first. Comparing the place values of integers with the same
amount of digits is the next step.
 What’s In

Compare the fractions, and write >, < or = in the box.

1.) 4 12

6 12

2.) 12 10
12 11

3.) 11 10
12 12

4.) 1 1
11 6

5.) 2 2
9 2

6.) 2 1
9 2

7.) 2 1
8 2

8.) 7 3
7 10
9.) 6 6
9 9

10) 7 1
10 2

LET’S DISCUSS

Compared to Ordering Fractions

When comparing and ordering fractions, you must have a common

denominator. After you find a common denominator, you can simply compare the
numerators of the fractions. If the fraction also includes a whole number, you would
compare the whole number before finding the common denominator. For example, 6
¾ would be greater than 5 1/2. We can see that because the whole number is larger
in 6 ¾ than it would be in 5 ½.

Finding the Common Denominator

When getting ready to compare fractions, there are several ways to find a
common denominator. The easiest method to find a common denominator is to
multiply your denominators together. After you have multiplied the denominators
together, the product will become your new denominator. For example, when
comparing 7/8 and 5/6, the two denominators are 8 and 6. To find a common
denominator, I would multiply the 8 and 6 together, which equals 48. The common
denominator for this problem would be 48.
Now that we know our common denominator is 48, we must get equivalent
fractions. Looking at the fraction 7/8, 8 times 6 is 48, so we must also multiply the
numerator times 6. 7 multiplied by 6 equals 42. The fraction 7/8 is equivalent to
42/48.
Now we must find the equivalent of 5/6. Since we multiplied the denominator
6 times, we must also multiply the numerator 5 times, which equals 40. The fraction
5/6 is equivalent to 40/48.

Comparing Like Fractions

When comparing two fractions with the same denominator, the larger fraction
is the one with the greater numerator.
Let's illustrate through an example.

Example

 
Imagine you take 1 of a birthday cake and your sister takes 3 Who has more cake?
6 6

Comparing Unlike Fractions

To compare fractions with different denominators, we must convert the

fractions to equivalent fractions with a common denominator and then look for
numerators.

 
Example

Compare 3 and 2
6 3
 

Convert these fractions to equivalent fractions with a common denominator to

compare them.

Follow these steps:

List out the multiples.

Multiples of 6 = 6, 12, 18, 24, ......

Multiples of 3 = 3, 6, 9, 12, ......

The smallest multiple the two denominators have in common is 6.

The least common denominator (LCD) of the fractions is the least common multiple
of their denominators.
Now, convert these fractions to equivalent fractions with a denominator 6. As we can
notice the first fraction already has the denominator 6.

So, convert the other fraction with denominator 6.

 2 x 2 4
3x2=6

Now, we have 3 and 4 with the same denominator.

6 6

Let's look for numerators to compare.

We know, 4 is greater than 3.

So,3 < 4

6  6

We can rewrite the answer as 1 < 2

2 3

Ordering Fractions
 If the denominator is the same, look at the numerators, and put the fractions
in order.
If the denominator is different, we need to convert our fractions to equivalent
fractions of the same denominator and then compare them to put them in order .

Example

Order these fractions from least to greatest: 1 12 7, 9

10 10 10 10

 Here the denominator of all the fractions is same so we look at the numerators.

1 is the smallest number, followed by 7, 9, and 12.

1 < 7 < 9 < 12

Arrange the fractions from least to greatest:

1 < 7 < 9 < 12

10 10 10 10
 What I Can Do

1 4. 7.

2. 5. 8.

3. 6. 9.

Assessment
 1. 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5. 10.

Summary of Lesson

Compared to ordering fractions

 When comparing two fractions with the same denominator, the larger fraction is the
one with the greater numerator. To compare fractions with different denominators, we must
convert the fractions to equivalent fractions with a common denominator and then look for
numerators. If the denominator is the same, look at the numerators and put the fractions in
order. If the denominator is different, we need to convert our fractions to equivalent fractions
of the same denominator and then compare them to put them in order.

ADDITION OF SIMILAR
FRACTION AND MIXED
NUMBERS
 Lesson 4. 1

Learning Objectives

After this lesson, students will be able to perform the following:

a) They will compare fractions.

b) They will represent equivalent fractions.
c) They will then order fractions.

They will put fractions with different numerators and denominators in order from
least to greate