JOHN B. LACSON COLLEGES FOUNDATION (BACOLOD), INC.

BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

School ID No. 403019

LEARNING MODULE

Name: ______________________________________
Year & Section: ______________________________________
Contact Number: ______________________________________
Email: ______________________________________
Instructor: ______________________________________

Prepared by:
Edgie B. Camento, MAEd
 HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Welcome!

General Mathematics is a core subject offered for Academic Track, TVL, HUMMS and GASS. This course
covers develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills through mathematical concepts. Furthermore, this
course help students to prepare themselves for the mathematical skills needed for maritime related courses.

This module is a self-contained and self-sufficient unit of instruction for a learner to achieve the set of
systematically organized learning opportunities and well-defined objectives per unit. There are units with
compact detailed information and some where the learner has to conduct further research through guided
assessments to further his insights on the given topics.

After successfully completing each unit of this module, you should be able to comprehend and analyze the
introduced concepts and discussions devoted to the respective topics. Assessment tools given at the end of
every unit should be diligently accomplished to build learner competencies and measure knowledge.

Additional resources at the end of each unit provide further definitions of key terms and information for further
reading.

Outputs shall be submitted to the instructor/facilitator for checking, evaluation and recording. Outputs shall serve
as the learner’s proof for grading. You should always review the information sheets and be ready for duly
scheduled unit quizzes and periodic examinations.

Should you need further assistance, do not hesitate to communicate your concerns to the class instructor.
 INTRODUCTION!

Why Learn Mathematics?

Technology is everywhere around us, and you need mathematics to master it!
In fact, most top – paying jobs need good math skills:

• Doctors,
• Vets, Engineers,
• Scientists,
• Software Developers,
• Marketing Analysts,
• Financial Officers,
• Investment Manager,
• Seafarer
• and more...

Mathematics is not just numbers; it is about patterns too!

Mathematics is also useful in everyday life:

• Investing money (interest rates, profits, etc),

• Estimating costs,
• Shopping,
• Understanding Computers,
• Designing rooms and gardens,
• Planning trips
Mathematics also improves our mental ability as it teaches us logical ways of thinking.

Mathematics is pure. It does not rust or decay. It only needs your thought to make it work.

Mathematics goes beyond the real world.

Yet the real world seems to be ruled by it.

https://www.mathsisfun.com/mathematics.html

I’m your teacher. Since you’ll be spending much of your

learning time with your module, I will be guiding you
through your lessons. See you in the next pages!!
COURSE OUTLINE

FIRST QUARTER

Topic 1: fractions
Topic 2: Simplifying Expressions
Topic 3: Basic Operations of real numbers

SECOND QUARTER

Topic 1: Algebra
Topic 2: Indices
Topic 3: Graphs
TOPIC:
fractions

✓ Parts of Fractions

✓ Simplifying
fractions by
Cancellation

✓ Problem Solving
FRACTIONS
A fraction is a word that is originated from Latin. In Latin, “Fractus” means “broken”. A fraction
represents a numerical value, which defines the parts of a whole. A fraction is a rational number which can be
p
expressed as a division of numbers in the form of , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0. The number p is
q
called the numerator and q is called the denominator.
https://youtu.be/jgWqSjgMAtw

Yummy! Real life example of fractions is when you slice a cake.

Normally, in a celebration if there is a cake, celebrants slice the
cake according to the number of guests in a party. Right? In the
picture, how many slices of cake are there? If, I took 3 slices
from the cake, what part of the cake that was left? Represent
your answer in fraction form.

Let us discuss first the different types of fractions, so that you will understand clearly fractions.
(a) A proper fraction is a fraction where its numerator is less than the denominator.
1 1 2
For example: , , , …
4 2 5

(b) An improper fraction is a fraction where its numerator is equal to or greater than the
denominator.
9 8 7
For example: , , ,…
2 3 4

(c) A mixed fraction consists of an integer (except 0) and a proper fraction.

1 3
For example: 1 , 2 , …
4 4
1 2 3 4
Fractions with identical values called equivalent fractions. For example, , , , , they represent
2 4 6 8
identical values.

1 2 3 4
2 4 6 8

Equivalent Fractions
SIMPLIFYING FRACTIONS
1 2 1 2
, , , and 3 are fractions with the numerators and denominators have no common factors (except 1)
2 13 4
2 4 3 2
are said to be in its simplest form. While, , , , and are not in its simplest form because their numerators
6 8 15 10
and denominators have common factors. The process of changing a fraction to its simplest form is called
simplifying a fraction. Simplifying should be thought of as a process of renaming and not cancellation.

4 1
Example 1: its simplest form is
8 2
4÷4 1
= 4 is the common factor of 4 and 8.
8÷4 2

3
Example 2: What is the simplest form of ?
15
3÷3 1
= 3 is the common factor of 3 and 15.
15÷3 5

OPERATIONS WITH FRACTIONS

ADDITION OF FRACTIONS
In adding fractions, we have two considerations, the similar fractions and dissimilar fractions. In
adding similar fractions, you can directly add the numerator and copy the denominator. While adding
dissimilar fractions you need to look for its least common denominator (LCD).

Find the sum:

1 5 6
Example 1: +2= or 3 ✓ Similar fractions, directly add the numerator and copy
2 2 the denominator.
✓ If the numerator and denominator of the sum has
common factor, simplify the fraction.
2 5 7 1 ✓ But if the numerator and denominator of the sum has
Example 2: + = or 2 no common factor, no need to simplify the fraction.
3 3 3 3

4 3
Example 3: +4=? ✓ Find the least common denominator (LCD).
5
✓ Two ways to find LCD, either you multiply the
4 16
× = denominator or find the common multiples of
4= 5 ÷ 20 LCD the denominator.
5x4=20
×3 15 Multiples: 5 = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25
= 4 = 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24
5 = 4 ÷ 20 LCD
✓ LCD divided by the denominator multiplied to
numerator
31 11
or 1 20 ✓ Answers must be in its simplest form.
20
 ✓ Similar fractions with whole numbers, directly add
1 1
Example 4: 1 + 2 15 =? the whole numbers and the numerators and copy
15
the denominator.
1+1 2 ✓ If the numerator and denominator of the sum has
1+2 = 3 15 common factor, simplify the fraction.
15
✓ But if the numerator and denominator of the sum
has no common factor, no need to simplify the
fraction.

1 1
Example 5: 1 + 2 =? ✓ Directly add the whole numbers
2 3
✓ Find the least common denominator (LCD).
✓ Two ways to find LCD, either you multiply the
1 3
12 = 16 denominator or find the common multiples of
the denominator.
+ 2x3=6
1 2 Multiples: 2 = 2, 4, 6, 8
2 =2 3 = 3, 6, 9
3 6
✓ LCD divided by the denominator multiplied to
5 numerator
3
6 ✓ Answers must be in its simplest form.

SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS
In subtracting fractions, we have two considerations, the similar fractions and dissimilar fractions.
In subtracting similar fractions, you can directly subtract the numerator and copy the denominator. While
subtracting dissimilar fractions you need to look for its least common denominator (LCD).

Find the difference:

5 1 4 1 ✓ Similar fractions, directly subtract the numerator and

Example 1: − = or 1
3 3 3 3 copy the denominator.
✓ If the numerator and denominator of the difference
has common factor, simplify the fraction.
✓ But if the numerator and denominator of the
4 2 2 difference has no common factor, no need to simplify
Example 2: −5=5
5 the fraction.

✓ Find the least common denominator (LCD).

1 1
Example 3: −3=? ✓ Two ways to find LCD, either you multiply the
2 denominator or find the common multiples of
the denominator.
1 3 2x3=6
× =
3 = 2 ÷ 6 LCD Multiples: 2 = 2, 4, 6, 8
3 = 3, 6, 9
1 2 ✓ LCD divided by the denominator multiplied to
× =
2=3 ÷ 6 LCD numerator
✓ Answers must be in its simplest form.
 MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS
In multiplying fractions, directly multiply the numerator by numerator and denominator by
denominator.

2 1 2 2 1
Example 1: × 4 = 12 ÷ 2 = 6
3

3 10
Example 2: × 15 =?
5 ✓ Cross cancellation may apply, since there
1 2 is a common factor.
3 10 2
× 15 = 3
5
1 3

DIVISION OF FRACTIONS
In dividing fractions, first, get the reciprocal of the second fraction. Next is to change the operation
with multiplication. Last is to multiply both the numerator and both the denominator. Cross cancellation
may use if there is common factor.

1 3
Example 1: ÷ 4 =?
3

3 4 ✓ Get the reciprocal of the second fraction.

=3 ✓ Reciprocal means the inverse of a number or a value.
4
✓ After getting the reciprocal of the 2nd fraction.
1 4 4 ✓ Copy the 1st fraction and change the operation to
×3= 9
3 multiplication.
✓ Multiply both the numerator and both the
denominator.

PROBLEM SOLVING WITH FRACTIONS

1 2
Example 1: Rachel rode her bike for of a mile on Monday and of a mile on Tuesday. How many miles did she
5 5
ride altogether?

Solution:
1 2 3
+ 5 = 5 miles she rides altogether
5
 9 3
Example 2: A warehouse has 12 meters of tape in one area of the building, and 8 meters of tape in another
10 5
part. How much tape does the warehouse have in all?
Solution:
9 3
12 + 8 =?
10 5

9 9
12 10 = 12 10
+ 3 6
8 = 8 10
5

15
20 10 Note: Make sure to simplify the answer.

5
20 + 1 10

5 1
21 10 or 21 2 meters of tapes do the warehouse have