Introduction to Basic

Geometry
Geometry is the study of shapes, sizes, and spatial relationships. It is a
fundamental branch of mathematics that underpins our understanding of the
physical world around us.

by Keyshla Ortiz-Rodriguez
Fundamental Geometric Shapes
Circles
Defined by a single point (the center) and a
constant distance (the radius), circles are the
most basic closed curve shape.
Rectangles
Rectangles are quadrilaterals with four right
angles. They are characterized by two pairs of
parallel sides of equal length.
Triangles
Triangles are the simplest polygons, with three
straight sides and three angles. They serve as
the building blocks of more complex shapes.
Spheres
Spheres are three-dimensional shapes where
every point on the surface is equidistant from
the center. They are the 3D equivalent of circles.
Defining Dimensions: 2D and 3D
2D Shapes 3D Shapes Dimensions Visualization

Two-dimensional Three-dimensional Dimensions are the Visualizing and

shapes like squares, shapes like cubes, measurements that understanding the
circles, and triangles spheres, and define the size and relationship between
exist in a flat, planar pyramids occupy shape of an object. 2D and 3D shapes is
space. They have space, with length, 2D shapes have two key to applying
length and width, width, and height. dimensions - length geometric principles
but no depth or They have volume and width, while 3D in the real world,
thickness. and can be shapes have three from engineering to
measured in terms of dimensions - length, art and design.
surface area. width, and height.
Properties of Polygons
1. Polygons are closed shapes formed by ✨three or more straight line
segments✨.

2. Each vertex of a polygon is where two line segments intersect, creating an angle.
3. The number of sides and angles in a polygon is equal, and the sum of all
interior angles is (n-2) × 180°, where n is the number of sides.
Classifying Triangles

Acute Triangles Right Triangles Obtuse Triangles Equilateral

Triangles
Triangles with all Triangles with one 90 Triangles with one
angles less than 90 degree angle. These angle greater than 90 Triangles with all three
degrees. These are the are important in fields degrees. These have sides of equal length
most common type of like architecture and unique properties and all three angles of
triangle. engineering. compared to acute and 60 degrees. These have
right triangles. perfect symmetry.
Quadrilaterals and Their
Characteristics
Quadrilaterals are four-sided polygons with unique properties. They can be
classified into various types, such as squares, rectangles, rhombi, and trapezoids,
each with distinct features like parallel sides, equal angles, and equal side lengths.

Understanding the characteristics of different quadrilaterals is crucial for solving

geometric problems and applying principles in various fields, from architecture to
engineering.
Circles and Their Elements
Defining a Circle
A circle is a closed, two-
dimensional shape defined by a
fixed distance from a central
point. This distance is called the
circle's radius, and the line
running through the center is the
diameter.
Circle Components
Circles are composed of the
circumference, which is the
distance around the circle, and
the arc, which is a curved section
of the circumference. The ratio
of a circle's circumference to its
diameter is represented by the
constant pi (π).
Calculating Circle Area
The area of a circle is determined
by the square of its radius,
multiplied by the constant pi.
This formula allows us to
precisely measure the two-
dimensional space enclosed by a
circular shape.
Surface Area and Volume Formulas
Geometric formulas are essential for calculating the surface area and volume of various shapes. Understanding
these formulas allows for accurate measurement and efficient design in engineering, architecture, and more.

Shape Surface Area Volume

Cube 6s^2 s^3

Sphere 4πr^2 (4/3)πr^3

Cylinder 2πrh + 2πr^2 πr^2h

Pyramid Bh + nps (1/3)Bh

Mastering these fundamental geometric formulas enables engineers, architects, and designers to precisely
calculate measurements, optimize materials, and create innovative structures and products.
Applying Geometric Principles
Measure and Calculate
Use geometric formulas to
precisely measure and
calculate dimensions, areas,
and volumes of 2D and 3D
shapes and objects.
Optimize Designs
Apply geometric principles to
create efficient, aesthetically
pleasing designs for buildings,
products, and art. Leverage
shapes and proportions to
maximize function and
beauty.
Solve Real-World
Problems
Harness geometric reasoning
to address practical
challenges, from packing
shipping containers to
mapping efficient
transportation routes.
Conclusion and Key Takeaways
Mastering the Fundamentals
Geometric principles form the foundation for
understanding shapes, dimensions, and
spatial relationships in our world. Mastering
these fundamental concepts unlocks a
deeper appreciation for the elegant structures
that surround us.
Continued Exploration
The world of geometry is vast and ever-
evolving. By continuing to explore and apply
these principles, you can expand your
understanding, uncover new insights, and
push the boundaries of what's possible.
Practical Applications
Geometry has countless real-world
applications, from architecture and
engineering to art and design. Employing
geometric principles can solve problems,
enhance creativity, and unlock new
possibilities in diverse fields.
Embrace the Beauty
Ultimately, geometry is not just a set of
formulas and theorems - it's a testament to
the inherent beauty and order in our universe.
Appreciating the elegance of geometric forms
can inspire awe and wonder.