*GEOMETR

Y
 UNDEFINED TERMS

The basic geometric concepts

for which no definitions are
given. These are the points,
lines and phrases.
COLLINEAR POINTS

 Points that lie on

the same line.
 Betweenness
 Point y is between x
and z if and only if x, y
and z are collinear and
xy + yz = xz.
 Coplanar points
 Points that lie on the same
plane.

Concurrent lines
 Three or more lines that
meet at the same point.
 Line segment
 A part of a line consisting of two
points, called endpoints, and all the
points in between them.
Ray
 A part of a line having one
endpoint and extending infinitely
in one direction.
 Opposite rays
 Rays with a common endpoint
but extending in opposite
directions.

Concurrent segments
 Two segments having the same
measure or length.
 Angle
It is formed by two non-collinear
rays with a common endpoint. The
two rays are the sides of the angle.
The common endpoint of the two rays
is the vertex of the angle.

Space
 The set of all points.
POSTULATES
Space contains at least 4 non-
coplanar points.
Every plane contains at least
three non-collinear points.
Every line contains at least two
points.
Two points determine a line.
 Three non-collinear points
determine a plane
 If two points are in a plane, then
the line containing the points are
in the same plane.
 If two lines intersect, then their
intersection is a point
 If two planes intersect, then their
intersection is a line
POLYGONS
 Polygon
A closed plane figure
formed by fitting
together segments end
to end with each
segment intersecting
exactly two others.
 Diagonal of a Polygon
A line segment that connects
two non-consecutive vertices
Convex polygon
No diagonal is in the
exterior of the polygon
 Concave polygon
At least one diagonal is in
the exterior of the polygon
Equilateral polygon
All the sides have equal
lengths
 Equiangular polygon
 All the angles have equal measure.

Regular polygon
 It is both equilateral and
equiangular.
 Interior angle of a polygon
 An angle formed by the sides of a
polygon.

Exterior angle of a polygon

An angle which forms a linear pair
with one of the interior angles of a
polygon.
THEOREMS
Angle-Sum Theorems for
Triangles
The sum of the measures of the three
angles of any triangle is 180°.

Angle-Sum Theorems for

Quadrilaterals
The sum of the measures of the four
angles of any quadrilateral is 360°.
Angle-Sum Theorems for
Polygons
 The sum (s) of the measures of the
interior angles of any polygon with n
sides is given by s = (n – 2) 180°.

Exterior Angle for Polygons

 The sum of the measures of the
exterior angles of a convex polygon
(one at each vertex) is 360°.
TRIANGLES
Classifying Triangles According to Sides

Scalene
 No two of its sides are
congruent.

Equilateral
 All of its sides are congruent.
Isosceles
 At least two of its sides are
congruent.
The two congruent sides are the legs.
The third side is called the base. The
angle opposite the base is the vertex
and the angles adjacent to the base are
the base angles.
 Classifying Triangles According to Angles

Acute
 All of its angles are acute

Right
 Has one right angle.
The hypotenuse is the longest side.
The legs are the other two sides.
Obtuse
 One of its angles is
obtuse
Equiangular
 All of its angles are
congruent
Secondary Parts of a Triangle
Altitude of a triangle
 A segment from a vertex
perpendicular to the line that
contains the opposite side.
Median of a triangle
 A segment form one vertex to the
midpoint of the opposite side.
QUADRILATERALS
 a four-sided polygon.
Kinds of Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if
and only if one of the following is
satisfied:
o Both pairs of opposite sides are
parallel.
o Both pairs of opposite sides are
congruent.
o Both pairs of opposite angles
are congruent.
o Consecutive angles are
supplementary.
o Diagonals bisect each other.
o Each diagonal divides the
quadrilateral into two congruent
triangles.
A quadrilateral is a rectangle
if and only if it is a
parallelogram and one of the
following is satisfied:
oIt has four right angles.
oIts diagonals are congruent.
A quadrilateral is a rhombus if
and only if it is a parallelogram
and one of the following is
satisfied:
oIts sides are all congruent.
oIts diagonals are perpendicular.
oIts diagonals bisect the angles of the
quadrilateral.
 A quadrilateral is a square if it is
both a rhombus and a rectangle.
 A quadrilateral is trapezoid if it has
a pair of parallel opposite sides.
The parallel sides are the bases and
the non-parallel sides are its legs. If
the legs are congruent, the trapezoid
is said to be an isosceles trapezoid.
A trapezoid is isosceles if it
satisfies one of the following:
Its legs are congruent.
Each pair of base angles is
congruent.
Diagonals are congruent.
CIRCLES
Circle
The set of all points in a plane at a
five distance (radius) from a given
point (center) in the plane.

Radius
The line segment from the center
to any point of the circle.
Chord
A line segment whose endpoints
lie on the circle.
Diameter
A chord containing the center.
Secant
A line that intersects the circle in
two points.
Tangent
 A line lying on the same plane as the
circle that intersects the circle in
exactly one point.
Point of Tangency
 The point where the tangent touches
the circle.
Congruent circles
 Two or more circles having the same
radius.
Congruent circles
Two or more
coplanar circles
sharing the same
center.
 RELATIONS INVOLVING
SEGMENTS AND ANGLES
Midpoint of the segment
A point that bisects a segment
or divides a segment into two
congruent segments.
Bisector of the line segment
A ray, line or line segment that
contains the midpoint.
Angle Bisector
A ray that contains the vertex
and divides the angle into two
congruent parts.
 PERPENDICULAR LINES
AND BISECTOR OF A LINE
Perpendicular lines
 Two lines that intersect at right
angles.
Perpendicular bisector of a
segment
 The line which is perpendicular to the
segment at its midpoint.
Theorem
 The shortest segment
from a point to a line is
the perpendicular
segment.
 ANGLE PAIRS
Adjacent angles
Two angles with a common vertex, a
common side, and no common interior
points.
Supplementary angles
Two angles whose measures have a
sum of 180°.
Complementary angles
Two angles whose measures
have a sum of 90°.
Linear Pair
Two angles which are adjacent
and supplementary.
Vertical angles
 Two angles are vertical if and
only if their sides form two
pairs of opposite rays and
their angles are nonadjacent
formed by two intersecting
lines.
Theorems
Supplements of congruent
angles are congruent.
Complements of congruent
angles are congruent.
Vertical angles are congruent.
 ANGLES AND SIDES OF A
TRIANGLE
Exterior angle of a triangle
An angle which forms a linear pair with
one of the triangle’s interior angles.
Remote Interior angles
Two interior angles of the triangles not
adjacent to the exterior angle.
Theorems
The measure of an exterior angle of
a triangle is equal to the sum of the
measures of the two remote interior
angles.
The sum of the lengths of any two
sides of a triangle is greater than
length of the third side.
In a triangle, if one side is
longer than the other side, the
angle opposite the longer side is
the larger angle.
In a triangle, if one angle is
larger than the other angle, the
side opposite the larger angle is
the longer side.
 PARALLEL LINES AND
TRANSVERSALS
Intersecting lines
Lines having a point in common
Perpendicular lines
Lines that intersect at right angles
Parallel lines
Coplanar lines that do not intersect
Skew lines
 Non-coplanar lines.
Transversal line
 A line intersecting two or
more coplanar lines at
different points.
 1 2
3 4

5 6
7 8
Interior angles

Exterior angles

Corresponding angles
Alternate Interior angles

Alternate exterior angles

Same-side interior angles

Postulates
If parallel lines are cut by a transversal,
then:
 the alternate interior angles are
congruent.
 the corresponding angles are
congruent.
 the alternate exterior angles are
congruent.
 the same-side interior angles are
supplementary.
ADDITIONAL
INFORMATIO
N
The sum of the interior angles of any
polygon having n sides is 180° (n-2)
The measure of one angle of a regular
polygon is
The sum of the measures of all the
exterior angles of any polygon is 360°
All exterior angles of a regular polygon
are congruent
The measure of one exterior
angle of a regular n sided
polygon is .
The number of diagonals in a
polygon with n sides is .
The number of triangle in a
polygon with n sides = (n – 2).
THE END!

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