CHAPTER 2

PLANE GEOMETRY:
CONCEPTS AND
APPLICATIONS
2.1 Circles
2.2 Polygons
2.3 Perimeter of Polygons
2.4 Area of Polygons
2.2 Polygons
❖ A polygon is a closed plane figure formed by line segments.
Each side must intersect exactly two others sides but only at
their endpoints.
❖ A polygon can also be defined as a union of line segments such
that each vertex is a common endpoint of two adjacent line segments,
no two line segments intersect except at an endpoint; and no two line
segments with the same endpoint are collinear.
Parts of a Polygon
1. Side/Edge – one of the line 4. Interior Angle – angle formed two
segments that make up a adjacent sides inside the polygon.
polygon. Adjacent sides are
pairs of sides that share a 5. Exterior Angle – angle that is
common endpoint. adjacent to and supplementary to an
interior angle of the polygon.
2. Vertex – endpoint of each
side of the polygon. Adjacent
vertices are endpoints of a side.

3. Diagonal – line segment

joining two non-adjacent
vertices of the polygon.
Types of Polygon
1. Equiangular Polygon –
polygon with congruent
angles.
R O
E S
2. Equilateral Polygon –
polygon with congruent
sides.
A C
S T
Types of Polygon
3. Regular Polygon –
polygon that is equiangular
and equilateral at the same
time.
4. Irregular Polygon –
polygon that is neither
equiangular nor equilateral.
5. Convex Polygon – polygon with all of its interior angles less
than 180 degrees. It also refers to a polygon in which a line
segment joining any two points in the interior lies completely within
the figure.
6. Concave Polygon – polygon with at least one interior angle
that measures more than 180 degrees. It also refers to a polygon
in which a line drawn through a concave polygon, depending on
exactly where you draw it, can intersect the polygon in more than
two places.
Nomenclature of Polygons
❖ Polygons are named according to their number of sides.
Generally, a polygon with n sides is called an n-gon. To
form the name of polygons with 13 to 99 sides, begin
with the prefix for the tens digit, then followed by kai
(Greek word for “and”); add the prefix for the units digit;
and lastly, attach the suffix “-gon”.
Similar Polygons
❖ Two polygons are similar if their corresponding interior angles are
congruent and their corresponding sides are proportional. Putting it
simply, similar polygons have the same shape but may differ in
size.
The following relations between the two polygons are obtained
using the concept of ratio and proportion:
•
Example:
The following relations between the two polygons are obtained
using the concept of ratio and proportion:
•
Example:
The following relations between the two polygons are obtained
using the concept of ratio and proportion:
•
Example:
2.2.1 Triangles
• Triangle is a closed
figure formed by
three noncollinear
points connected by
line segments called
sides. It can also be
defined as polygon of
three sides.
 2.2.1 Properties of Triangles
• Side - is a line segment that
connects two vertices. Triangle has
three sides, it is denoted by a, b,
and c in the figure below.
• Vertex - is the point of intersection
of two sides of triangle. The three
vertices of the triangle are denoted
by A, B, and C in the figure above.
Notice that the opposite of vertex A
is side a, opposite to vertex B is
side B, and opposite to vertex C is
side c.
2.2.1 Properties of Triangles
• Included angle is the angle
subtended by two sides at the
vertex of the triangle. It is also
called vertex angle. For
convenience, each included angle
has the same notation to that of the
vertex, that is, angle A is the
included angle at vertex A, and so
on. The sum of the included angles
of the triangle is always equal to
180˚.

A + B + C = 180˚
2.2.1 Properties of Triangles
• Altitude is a line from vertex perpendicular to the opposite
side. The altitudes of the triangle will intersect at a common
point called orthocenter.
2.2.1 Properties of Triangles
• Median of the triangle is a line from vertex to the midpoint
of the opposite side. A triangle has three medians, and these
three will intersect at the centroid. The figure below shows
the median through A, denoted by mA.
Classification of Triangles:
According to Sides:
1. Equilateral is a triangle with
three congruent sides and three
congruent angles. Each angle
measures 60˚.
2. Isosceles is a triangle with two
congruent sides and two
congruent angles.
3. Scalene is a triangle with no
congruent sides and no
congruent angles.
According to Angles:
1. Right Triangle is a triangle
with one angle that measures
exactly 90˚.
2. Obtuse Triangle is a
triangle with one obtuse angle.
3. Acute Triangle is a triangle
with three acute angles.
Exercise:
2.2.2 Quadrilaterals
Quadrilateral is a polygon of four sides and four
vertices. It is also known as tetragon or
quadrangle. The sum of its interior angles is
always 360˚. There are 6 types of quadrilaterals,
namely: square, parallelogram, rectangle,
rhombus, trapezoid, and trapezium. Each type of
quadrilateral has unique properties that make it
distinct form other types.
I. Complete the statement using all or some.
1. ______ rectangles are squares.
2. ______ rhombuses are parallelogram.
3. ______ squares are rhombuses.
4. ______ parallelogram are squares.
5. ______ squares are rectangles.
6. ______ rhombuses are squares.
7. ______ rectangles are rhombuses.
8. ______ rhombuses are rectangles.