Don Honorio Ventura State University

Bacolor, Pampanga

College of Engineering and Architecture

A. Course Code / Title : SOLMEN 112 – SOLID MESURATION

B. Module Number : Module 1 - Plane Geometry - Introduction and Triangles

C. Time Frame : 1st week ( 2 hours)

D. Description : This module looks into the definition and theorems relating to plane
and solid geometry; properties and formula relating to triangles.

E. Objectives : At the end of these module, the learner should be able to:
1. Learn the significance of plane and solid geometry and other
important definitions
2. Have a deeper understanding about theorems, properties,
formula relating to triangles.
3. Solve problems relating to triangles.

F. Contents :

 Introduction

Solid mensuration or Solid Geometry is the study of various solids. It is the study of the
measure of volume, area, height, length and many more.

Mensuration is the mathematical name for calculating the areas, volumes, length of sides,
and other geometric parts of standard geometric shapes such as circles, spheres, polygons prisms,
cones, cylinders, etc., through the use of mathematical equations or formulas.

Mensuration of solids is divided into two parts:

I. Mensuration of the surfaces of solids

II. Mensuration of the solidities

 Definition of terms:

1. Plane - a surface that a straight line joining two points in it lies wholly in the surface.
2. Plane Geometry – is about flat shapes like lines, circles, triangles, etc. shapes that can be drawn on a
piece of paper. Figures which lie on a plane are called plane figures.
3. Solid Geometry – is about three dimensional object like cubes, prisms, cylinders, spheres, etc.
Figures which occupy a three dimensional space are called solid figures.
4. Altitude of a Triangle – an altitude of a triangle is a perpendicular from any vertex to the side
opposite, produced if necessary.
5. Angle – A plane angle is the opening between two straight lines drawn from the same point.
6. Apothem – the apothem of a polygon is a radius of its inscribed circle.
7. Area – the area of a plane figure is the number which expresses the ratio between its surface and
the surface of the unit square.
8. Center of Polygon – the center of a regular polygon is the common center of its inscribed and
circumscribed circles.
9. Circle – a circle is a closed plane curve every point of which is equally distant from a point in the
plane of the curve.
10. Complementary Angles – two angles are called complementary when their sum is equal to a right
angle; and each is called the complement of the other.
11. Concurrent Lines – three or more lines which have one point in common are said to be concurrent.
12. Definition of - the number used in calculations on the circle, is the number obtained by dividing
the circumference of a circle by its diameter, that is . Hence of or ,
(to 4 decimal places).
13. Diagonal – a diagonal of a polygon is a line joining any two non-consecutive vertices.
14. Hypotenuse – the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the side opposite the right angle.
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SOLMEN 112 MODULE 1 : Introduction and Triangles S.Y. 2021 – 2022 1st Semester

15. Isosceles Triangle – An isosceles triangle is a triangle which has two equal sides.
16. Locus – a locus is a figure containing all the points, and only those points, which fulfill a given
requirement.
17. Parallel Lines – Parallel lines are lines that lie in the same plane and do not meet however far they
are.
18. Parallelogram – a parallelogram is a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel.
19. Perpendicular – if one straight line cuts another so as to make any two adjacent angles equal, each
line is perpendicular to the other.
20. Quadrilateral – a quadrilateral is a portion of a plane bounded by four straight lines.
21. Rectangle – a rectangle is a parallelogram whose angles are right angles.
22. Regular Polygon – a regular polygon is a polygon all of whose angles are equal and all of whose sides
are equal.
23. Similar Polygons – two polygons are similar if their corresponding angles are equal and their
corresponding sides are proportional.
24. Supplementary Angles – one angles is the supplement of another if their sum equals two right
angles (or 180 ).
25. Tangent – a tangent to a circle is a straight line which, however far it may be produced, has only one
point in common with the circle.
26. Trapezoid – a trapezoid is a quadrilateral two and only two of whose sides are parallel.
27. Triangle – a triangle is a portion of a plane bounded by three straight lines.
28. Vertical Angles – when two angles have same vertex, and the sides of one are the prolongations of
the sides of the other, they are called vertical angles.

 Triangle: Theorems and Properties

1. The sum of the three angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles or 180 .
2. The sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side, and their difference is less than the
third side.
3. If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the angles opposite are unequal, and the greater angle is
opposite the greater side; and conversely.
4. If two sides of a triangle are equal (an isosceles triangle), the angles opposite these sides are equal;
and conversely.
5. The perpendicular bisector of the sides, and the bisectors of the angles of a triangle, meet in points
which are the center of the circumscribed circle and the inscribed circle, respectively.
6. The altitudes of a triangle meet in a point (called orthocenter).
7. The medians of a triangle are concurrent at a point which is two-thirds of the distance from the
vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side. The point of concurrency is the centroid of the triangle.
8. Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the including side of the one are equal, respectively,
to two angles and the included side of the other.
9. Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the including angle of the one are equal, respectively,
to two sides and the included angle of the other.
10. Two triangles are congruent if the three sides of the one are equal, respectively, to the three sides of
the other.

 Right triangles

1. Theorem of Pythagorean, in any right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum
of the squares of the other two sides.
2. Two right triangles are equal if a side and the hypotenuse of the one are equal, respectively, to a
side and the hypotenuse of the other.
3. Two right triangles are equal if the hypotenuse and an adjacent angle of one are equal,
respectively, to the hypotenuse and an adjacent angle of the other.
4. If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right angle to the hypotenuse of a right
triangle;
a. The two triangles formed are similar to each other and to the given triangle.
b. The perpendicular is a mean proportional between the segments of the hypotenuse
c. The square of either side about the right angle equals the product of the whole hypotenuse
and the segment adjacent to the side.

(a)
(b) ( ) ( )( )
(c) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
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SOLMEN 112 MODULE 1 : Introduction and Triangles S.Y. 2021 – 2022 1st Semester

 Similar triangles

1. Two triangles are similar if the angles of one are respectively equal to the angles of the other; or
if two angles of the one are respectively equal to two angles of the other.
2. Two triangles are similar if an angles of one equals an angles of the other and the sides
including these angles are proportional.
3. Two triangles are similar if their sides are in the same ratio.
4. If two triangles have their side respectively parallel, or respectively perpendicular, each to each,
they are similar.

 Formulas relating triangles

 Right triangle

Pythagorean Theorem:

( )

 Oblique triangle

Given base b and altitude h

Given two sides a and b and included angle :

Given three sides a b and c: (Heron’s Formula)

√ ( )( )( )

The area under this condition can also be solved by finding one angle using cosine law and
apply the formula for two sides and included angle.

Given three angles A, B and C and one side a:

The area under this condition can also be solved by finding one side using sine law and
apply the formula for two sides and included angle.

To be able to solve mathematical problems, we need to remember RUN which stands for: Read,
Understand, and Note. This includes the important things of the problems, like the given, required,
and formulas needed to be used So don’t RUN away from the problems but RUN towards it because
it is BASIC! (Believe that you can Achieve Success through Integrity and Competency).

Now, are you ready to solve problems regarding triangles? If yes prepare your calculator to
verify the answers.

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SOLMEN 112 MODULE 1 : Introduction and Triangles S.Y. 2021 – 2022 1st Semester

Problems:

1. The sides of a right triangle have lengths (a – b), a, and (a + b). What is the ratio of a to b if a is
greater than b and b could not be equal to zero?

Given:
Lengths
( )
( ) x = (a + b)
z=a
Required:

Ratio of a to b.
y = (a - b)
Solution:
Note: The longest or hypotenuse side is (a + b), the others are the adjacent and opposite
sides.

By Pythagorean Theorem:

( ) ( )

: :

2. In a triangle BCD, BC = 25 m and CD = 10 m. The perimeter of the triangle may be.

a. 72 m
b. 70 m
c. 69 m
d. 71 m

Given:
Lengths

Required:
Find the perimeter of the triangle.

Solution:
From the triangle shown; the length of x is should
be less than 35m and should be more than 15m

Therefore; the perimeter should be less than

70 and should be more than 50 or:

In the choices given, the possible perimeter is 69m.

3. A triangular piece of wood having a dimension 130 cm, 180 cm, and 190 cm is to be divided by a
line bisecting the longest side drawn from its opposite vertex. Determine the area of the part
adjacent to the 180 cm side.
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SOLMEN 112 MODULE 1 : Introduction and Triangles S.Y. 2021 – 2022 1st Semester

Given:
Lengths
y = 180 cm
x =130 cm

z = 190 cm
Required:
The area of the part adjacent to 180 cm side is?

Solution:

( )( )

By cosine law, we determine the angle consider the whole triangle:

cos ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
cos ( )
( )( )

sin( )

4. The corresponding sides of two triangles are in the ratio 3:2. What is the ratio of their areas?

Given:
Ratio 3:2

Required:
Ratio of the area.

Solution:
It two triangles are similar, the ratio of their area is equal to the square of the ratio of their
corresponding sides.
( )
( )

5. Two triangles have equal bases. The altitude of one triangle is 3 units more than its base the
altitude of the other is 3 units less than its base. Find the altitudes, if the areas of the triangles differ
by 21 square units.

Given:
Let b be the base of the triangle.

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SOLMEN 112 MODULE 1 : Introduction and Triangles S.Y. 2021 – 2022 1st Semester

Required:
Find the altitudes.

Solution:

{ ( ) ( ) }{ }
( ) ( )

( )

Thanks for spending time for the lesson. I know you got tired while studying the unit. You are now
about to dig in to the lesson more and submerge yourself into it. Please be reminded that you only have
2 hours to complete the whole Module 1, so please manage your time properly.

“Honesty is the first chapter of the book of wisdom”. - Thomas Jefferson

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