Nueva Vizcaya State University

College of Engineering
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Name
REVIEW MATH PLANE GEOMETRY
Course & Yr

DEFINITIONS: Right Triangles: Parallelogram:

Altitude of a Triangle - is the perpendicular If a perpendicular is drawn from the 1. The opposite sides of a
from any vertex to the side opposite vertex of a right angle to the parallelogram are equal, and so also
Apothem of a polygon – is the radius of its hypotenuse of a right triangle: are the opposite angles.
inscribed circle a) the two triangles formed are 2. The diagonals of a parallelogram
Center of a regular polygon – is the common similar to each other and to the bisect each other.
center of its inscribed and circumscribed given triangle;ABC, ADC, 3. If two sides of a quadrilateral are
circles and BDC are similar. equal and parallel, then the other
Concurrent lines – three or more lines which b) the perpendicular is the mean two sides are equal and parallel, and
have one point in common proportional between the the figure is a parallelogram.
Locus – is a figure containing all the points, segments of the hypotenuse;
and only those point, which fulfill a given BD:CD=CD:AD or (CD)2 =
requirement (BD)(AD)
Regular Polygon – a polygon whose angles c) the square of either side about
and sides are equal the right angle equals the Given diagonals and included angle :
Similar polygons – two polygons whose product of the whole A= 1
d1d 2 sin 
corresponding angles are equal and their hypotenuse and the segment
2

corresponding sides are proportional adjacent to that side. Given two sides and one angle :
Tangent to a curve – a straight line which (BC)2 = (AB)(BD) and A = ab sin A
touches the curve at only one point (AC)2 = (AB)(AD)
Vertical angles – two angles which have the Rhombus:
same vertex and the sides of one are the D A parallelogram with four equal sides.
prolongation of the sides of the other The diagonals of a rhombus intersect
each other at right angles.
I. PLANE AREAS

A. TRIANGLES
Theorems and Properties of Triangles B. QUADRILATERALS
1. The sum of the angles of a triangle Rectangle:
is equal to 180o. Area = Length x Width Given diagonals and included angle :
2. The sum of two sides of a triangle is Perimeter = sum of the
sides A= 1
d1d 2
greater than the third side, and their 2

difference is less than the third side. Square: Given two sides and one angle :
3. If the sides of a triangle are unequal, Area = (side)2 A = a 2 sin A
then the angles opposite are Perimeter = sum of the
unequal, and the greater angle is Sides Trapezoid:
opposite the greater side, and General Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral with only two sides
conversely. parallel.
4. If the sides of a triangle are equal,
the angles opposite those sides are
equal, and conversely.
5. Two triangles are congruent if two
angles and the included side of one
are equal respectively to the two A = 12 (a + b)h
angles and included angle of the Given diagonals and included angle :

other. A = 12 d1 d 2 sin  Length of dividing line parallel to the

6. Two triangles are congruent if two Given four sides and sum of two opposite angles two parallel sides of a trapezoid:
sides and the included angle of one A = ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)( s − c)( s − d ) − abcd cos 2 
A1
are equal respectively to two sides s=
a+b+c+d c
and included angle of the other. 2
A2
7. Two triangles are congruent if the A + C B + D
= or =
three sides of one are equal 2 2
Given four sides and two opposite angles :
respectively to the three sides of the
Divide into two triangles.
other.
 ma 2 + nb2 m A1 =
360
c= ; = n
m+n n A2
n 2 n
A = R sin  = ( xr )
2 2
Cyclic Quadrilateral:
A quadrilateral whose vertices lie on the P = (n)( x)
circumference of a circle. n−2 ( AE )( BE ) = (CE )( DE )
= x180o
n  = 12 (arc AC + arcBD )
 = ADC = ABC
BAD = BCD
D. CIRCLES 8. An angle included by a tangent and
a chord drawn from the point of
contact is measured by half the
intercepted arc.

A = ( s − a)( s − b)( s − c)( s − d )

a+b+c+d
s=
2
Ptolemy’s Theorem: For any cyclic Theorems on Circles:
quadrilateral, the product of the diagonals 1. Through three points not in a straight 9. An angle formed by two secants, two
equals the sum of the products of the line, one circle, and only one, can be tangents, or a tangent and a secant,
opposite sides. drawn. drawn to the circle from an external
d1d 2 = ac + bd point, is measured by half the
difference of the intercepted arcs.
10. If from a point outside the circle, a
C. POLYGONS
secant and a tangent are drawn, the
Convex Polygon – one in which any side, 2. A tangent to a circle is perpendicular tangent is the mean proportional
when extended, WILL NOT pass inside to the radius at the point of between the whole secant and its
the polygon tangency, and conversely. external segment.
Concave polygon – one in which any
side, when extended, WILL pass inside
the polygon.

3. The tangents to a circle drawn from

an external point are equal, and  

make equal angles with the line 

joining the point to the center.

Theorems on Polygons:
1. The sum of the angles of a convex
polygon of n sides is 2(n – 2) x 90o.
2. The sum of exterior angles of a Two Secants:
( AB )( AC ) = ( AD )( AE )
polygon, made by extending each of 4. An inscribed angle is measured by
its side in succession, is equal to one-half the intercepted arc. = 1
2
(arcCE − arcBD )
360o. CBE = CDE; BCD = BED
3. Homologous parts of congruent Secant and a Tangent
figures are equal. ( AB ) 2 = ( AD )( AC )
4. The diagonal of a polygon is the line
 = 12 (arcBC − arcBD )
segment joining two non - adjacent
sides. The number of diagonals is  = 12   = 12 arcBD
n 11. A perpendicular from a point on the
given by: D = (n − 3) 5. An angle inscribed in a semi-circle is
circumference to a diameter of a
2 a right angle.
circle is a mean proportional
6. An angle formed by two chords
between the segments of the
Regular Polygons: intersecting within the circle is
diameter. h = ab
2
Polygons with sides and angles equal. measured by half the sum of the
intercepted arcs.
7. If two chords intersect in a circle, the
h
product of the segments of one is
equal to the product of the segments a b
of the other.
12. The circumferences of two circles 5. Circle inscribed in a quadrilateral
are in the same ratio as their radii,
and the arcs of two circles PRACTICE PROBLEMS:
subtended by equal central angles 1. Two sides of a triangle measure 36
are in the same ratio as their radii. m and 49 m. One possible
dimension of the third side is:
Circumference of a circle: C = 2r = D Aquad a. 84 m c. 85 m
r=
b. 12 m d. 13 m
D 2 s
Area of a circle: A = r 2 = Aquad = abcd
2. The altitude of the hypotenuse of a
4 right triangle divides the hypotenuse
Sector of a circle: into two segments of 8 cm and 2 cm
E. PARABOLIC SEGMENT in length. Find the area of the
s = r ( radians ) triangle.
A = 23 bh a. 10 cm2 c. 30 cm2
A = 12 r 2 ( rad )
b. 20 cm2 d. 40 cm2
Segment of a circle: 3. A cord 93 cm long is divided into two
b2 parts from which two equilateral
A = Asec tor  Atriangle ABC = e + ln(m + e) triangles are formed. If the total area
Length of Arc: 8h
of the triangles is 220 cm2, find the
A = r  ( r )  r sin 
1
2
2 1
2
2
m=
4h
e = 1 + m2 ratio of the perimeter of the smaller
b and the larger triangle.
A = AADB − AADE + ABFC + ACFE a. 0.66 c. 0.72
Radius of Circles: b. 0.75 d. 0.61
1. Circle circumscribed about a triangle A = 23 ( AC )(h) 4. The sides of a triangle are 127 m,
(circumcircle) Spandrel of a Parabolic Segment 188 m, and 203 m. It is divided into
A = 13 bh two equal parts by a line parallel to
abc the 188 m side. Find the length of
r= F. ELLIPSE
4 Atriangle the dividing line.
A = ab a. 123.94 m c. 116.94 m
G. AREA BY APPROXIMATION b. 132.94 m d. 161.94 m
2. Circle inscribed in a triangle (incircle) Trapezoidal Rule: 5. The sides of a parallelogram are
17.78 cm and 10 cm. If one of the
r =
Atriangle A=
d
h1 + 2(h2 +  + hn −1 ) + hn  diagonals is 16 cm long, compute
s 2 the length of the other diagonal.
a+b+c Simpson’s 1/3 Rule: n must be odd a. 24.01 cm c. 20.93 cm
s=
2
A=
d
3

h1 + 2 hodd + 4 heven + hn  b. 30.62 cm d. 25.49 cm
6. The diagonals of a rhombus
3. Circles escribed about a triangle measure 32 cm and 40 cm. How far
(excircle) is the intersection of the diagonals
from the sides?
a. 12.49 cm c. 14.29 cm
b. 9.11 cm d. 17.80 cm
7. The base angles of a trapezoid are
34o and 48o, respectively. If its upper
AT AT and lower bases are 120 m and 220
ra = rb =
s−a s −b H. AREA BY COORDINATES m, respectively, compute the area of
A the trapezoid.
rc = T a. 400 m2 c. 460 m2
s−c (X1, Y1) b. 440 m 2 d. 420 m2
4. Circle circumscribed about a 8. A trapezoid with bases and altitude
quadrilateral measuring 100 m and 160 m, 12 m,
(X2, Y2)
respectively, is to be divided into two
(Xn, Yn) equal parts by a line parallel to the
bases. Find the length of the dividing
(X5, Y5) line.
a. 133.42 m c. 120.53 m
(X3, Y3)
b. 145.16 m d. 126.09 m
(ab + cd )(ac + bd )(ad + bc) 9. A quadrilateral ABCD has sides AB
r=
4 Aquad
(X4, Y4)
= 57 m, BC = 32 m, CD = 41 m, and
DA =25 m. If its area is 1,300 m2,
x x2 x2 x3 xn x1  one possible measurement of BAD
A = 12  1 + ++ 
 y1 y2 y2 y3 yn y1  is:
 a. 122.82o c. 68.69o road will be prolonged across the 6), (4, 1), and (-7, 4) as consecutive
b. 103.19 o d. 89.97o lake, find the length of the bridge to vertices.
10. A quadrilateral is inscribed in a be constructed. a. 22 c. 32
circle. Its consecutive sides are a. 1.92 mi c. 2.13 mi b. 44 d. 48
68.50 m, 155.54 m, 101.61 m, and b. 2.09 mi d. 2.17 mi 25. The area of a decagon inscribed in a
127.11 m. Find the radius of the 17. A regular hexagon is inscribed in a circle of 15 cm diameter is:
circle. circle. The area of the circle outside a. 156 sq. cm c. 165 sq. cm
a. 69.91 m c. 90.57 m the hexagon is 122.2912 cm2. What b. 158 sq. cm d. 177 sq. cm
b. 83.47 m d. 102.64 m is the area of the circle in cm2? 26. A circle is circumscribed about a
11. Find the length of the common a. 804.25 c. 615.75 triangle. The radius of the circle is 9
external tangents to two circles of b. 530.93 d. 706.86 cm. The area of the triangle is 43.23
radii 10 cm and 18 cm if the distance 18. A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in sq. cm and one of its side measures
between their centers is 32 cm. a semicircle with side AD coinciding 18 cm. Determine the measure of
a. 37.33 cm c. 43.10 cm with the diameter of the circle. Side one of the other two sides of the
b. 33.16 cm d. 30.98 cm AB = 8 cm, BC = 10 cm, and CD = triangle.
12. Find the area of the shaded region 12 cm. What is the diameter of the a. 15.32 cm c. 13.25 cm
shown in the figure. circle? b. 8.98 cm d. 17.29 cm
a. 312.88 cm2 c. 256.08 cm2 a. 22.3 c. 18.5 27. The owner of a rectangular parcel of
b. 282.74 cm2 d. 305.31 cm2 b. 20.1 d. 24.7 land that is 50 m x 200 m wishes to
19. Three circles of different diameters double the area of the lot. She wants
are tangent externally. The triangle to acquire a strip of land to the end
formed by the line joining their of the lot and another strip exactly
centers have sides 16 cm, 20 cm, the same width to add to the side of
and 24 cm, respectively. Find the the lot. What should be the width of
area of the biggest circle in square the strips?
cm. a. 24.12 m c. 52.36 m
a. 897.67 c. 678.98 b. 45.87 m d. 35.08 m
b. 543.21 d. 615.75 28. A regular hexagon have sides
36 cm
20. A chord is 24 cm long and its measure equal to “h”. Find the area
13. A railroad curve is to be laid on a
midpoint is 8 cm from the midpoint of of the largest equilateral triangle that
circular path. What should be the
its shorter arc. Find the radius of the can be inscribed in this hexagon.
radius if the track is to change
circle. a. 1.3h2 c. 1.4h2
direction by 30o at a distance of 300
a. 15 cm c. 8 cm b. 1.2h 2 d. 1.5h2
m?
b. 5 cm d. 13 cm 29. The area of a rhombus is 132 sq.
a. 303.77 m c. 275.48 m
21. Two sides of a parallelogram cm. If its shorter diagonal is 12 cm,
b. 572.96 m d. 325.31 m
measure 68 cm and 83 cm and the find the length of the longer
14. A goat is tied outside a triangular
shorter diagonal is 42 cm. Determine diagonal.
fenced garden at point A. The sides
the smallest interior angle of the a. 20 cm c. 22 cm
of the fence are AB = 8 m, BC = 9
parallelogram. b. 21 cm d. 23 cm
m, and CA = 12 m. If the rope with
a. 23.87o c. 49.45o 30. A trapezoid has an area of 36 m2
which the goat is tied is 14 m, find
b. 30.27 o d. 12.65o and an altitude of 2 m. Its two bases
the area over which the goat can
22. Determine the area of the have ratio of 4:5. What are the
graze outside the fence?
quadrilateral ABCD shown if OB = length of the bases in meters?
a. 565.87 m2 c. 500.32 m2
80 cm, OA = 120 cm, OD = 150 cm, a. 12 and 15 c. 16 and 20
b. 597.34 m 2 d. 532.64 m2
and  = 25o. b. 7 and 11 d. 8 and 10
15. In the figure, find the area of the
shaded region. a. 2272 sq cm c. 2572 sq. cm
b. 7222 sq. cm d. 2722 sq. cm
a. 35.16 m2 c. 30.95 m2
23. In the figure shown, ABCD is a
b. 39.27 m2 d. 25.13 m2
square and PDC is an equilateral
5m triangle. Find .
A  B
P
5m

16. A road is tangent to a circular lake. C D

Along the road and 12 miles from
the point of tangency, another road a. 5o c. 20o
opens towards the lake. From the b. 15 o d. 25o
intersection of the roads to the 24. Determine the area, in square units,
periphery of the lake, the length of of the quadrilateral having (8, -2), (5,
the new road is 11 miles. If the new