Plane Geometry

PLANE GEOMETRY
REVIEW:
We have covered last year in class IX the following topics:
→ QUADRILATERALS:
Definition – convex – concave, types of quadrilaterals and its proportion: Trapezium 0 isosceles
trapezium, parallelogram, rectangle square and Rhombus with proof. Important theorems – mid-point,
and its converse, intercepts theorem, etc.,
→ LOCUS:
Definition – understanding of the concept through simple problem, where we have learnt the locus
may be a single point or two points or infinitely many points or doesn’t even exits, etc and also learnt
the locus may be a straight line or two straight lines, or a circle, etc.
→ CONCURRENT LINES:
Definition – specific concurrent lines pertaining to a triangle namely: Medians, altitude, angular
bisectors of the internal angle, and perpendicular bisectors of the side of a triangle are all concurrent
and the point of concurrence in centroid orthocenter, incenter, circumcentre respecting.
→ AREAS:
Theorems pertaining to areas a parallelogram and parallelogram – triangle, parallelogram – trapegium,
triangles, etc.
→ CIRCLES:
Theorems pertaining to chord(s) of a circle(s), arch of a circle(s), semi-circle, major and minor
segments, angle(s) in segment(s), etc.
→ CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL:
Definition – theorem on its properties – concept of con cyclic points.
→ GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS:
Construction of triangles, without direct measurements, i.e. when sum of the sides or difference of two
sides, or perimeter are known, etc. construct of triangle whose area is equal to a given quadrilateral,
a given pentagon, etc.
Now, we shall learn similar figures, i.e. similar triangle, similar polygons and theorems on them. Next about
tangents, circles and theorem on tangents and finally geometrical construction based on these theorems.
Let us recollect here the theorems covered in class IX:
1. MID-POINT THEOREM: The line joining the mid-point of any two sides of a triangle is parallel and
half of the third side.
2. CONVERSE OF MID-POINT THEOREM: A straight line drawn through the mid-point of one side and
parallel to another side of a triangle bisects the third side.
3. INTERCEPT THEOREM: If three or more parallel lines make equal intercepts on one transversal,
they make equal intercepts on any other transversal.
4. LOCUS of a point equidistant from TWO GIVEN POINTS is the perpendicular bisector of the line
segment joining them.
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5. LOCUS of a point equidistant from TWO INTERSECTING LINES is the union of pair of lines bisecting
the angles formed by the given lines.
6. CONCURRENT: Angular bisectors of the angles of a triangle.
7. CONCURRENT: Perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle.
8. CONCURRENT: Altitudes of a triangle
9. CONCURRENT: Medians of a triangle.
10. NONE – POINTS CIRCLE: An acute triangle in which no two sides are equal, there exists unique
circle, called NINE – POINT circle, which passes through (i) mid-points of its sides, (ii) the foot of the
perpendiculars drawn from the vertices to its opposite sides, and (iii) the mid-point of the line segment
formed by joining the vertices and its orthocenter.
11. AREA: A diagonal of a parallelogram divide it into two triangles of equal area.
12. AREA: Parallelograms standing on the same base (equal base) and lying between same parallels are
same (or equal) in areas.
13. AREA FORMULA OF PARALLELOGRAM: The area of a parallelogram is the product of any of its
side and the corresponding altitude.
14. AREA: TRIANGLES on the same (or equal) base(s) and between the same parallel lines are equal in
area.
CORALLARY: (1) Area of a triangle is half the product of any of its sides and the
corresponding altitude.
(2) MEDIAN DIVIDES THE TRIANGLE INTO TWO EQUAL
AREAS
(3) A triangle and a parallelogram are on the same (or equal)
base(s) and between the same parallel lines, the area of the
triangle is half of that of area of parallelogram.
(4) The area of a trapezium is half the product of its height and the
sum of the parallel side.
15. Triangles with equal areas and having one side of the triangle equal to one side of the other, have
their corresponding altitude equal.
CIRCLES: covered in class VIII
(i) The perpendicular bisector of a chord of a circle passes through the centre of
the circle.
(ii) The diameter which is perpendicular to a chord of a circle bisects the chord
(converse of the above).
(iii) There exits one and only one circle through three non-collinear points.
(iv) If two chords are equal in a circle, then they are equidistant from the centre of
the circle.
(v) If two chords of a circle are equidistant from its centre they are equal (converse
of the above)
16. CIRCLE: Two ARCS of a circle (or of congruent circles) are congruent then their corresponding
chords are congruent.
17. CIRCLE: If two CHORDS of a circle (or of congruent circle) are congruent their corresponding areas
are congruent (converse of the above).
18. CIRCLE: The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the center is double the angle subtended by
arc at the point on the remaining circle.
19. CIRCLE: Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
20. SEMI-CIRCLE: An angle in a semi-circle is right angle, COROLLARY. In a circle the angle
subtended in a minor segment in obtaine and whereas the angle in a major segment is acute.
21. SEMI-CIRCLE: The arc of a circle subtending a right angle at any point on the remaining circle is a
semi-circle (converse).
22. In equal circles (or in the same circle), if two arcs subtends equal angles at the corresponding
centers (or centre), they are equal.
23. In equal circle (or in the same circle), two arcs are equal, they subtends equal angle at their
respective centre (or centre) (converse).
24. Equal chords of a circle (or of equal circles), subtends equal angles at the centre (or at the
corresponding centers).
25. If the angles subtended by the chords of a circle (or of equal circles) at the centre (or at the
corresponding centers) are equal, then the chords are equal.
We also learned about cyclic quadrilateral and its two properties in the form of following theorem.
26. Con Cyclic: If a line segment joining two points, subtends equal angles at two points lying on the
same side of the line containing the four points are con cyclic.
27. Cyclic quadrilateral (property No.1): The sum of the apposits angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is
supplementary.
28. Cyclic quadrilateral (Converse): If the sum of any pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral in 1800, it
is con cyclic.
29. Cyclic quadrilateral (Property No.2): If a side of a cyclic quadrilateral is produced, the exter angle
formed is equal to its opposite interior angle.
30. Cyclic – Parallelogram: If a parallelogram is cyclic than it is a rectangle.
31. Cyclic – Isosceles Triangle: An isosceles trapezium is a cyclic.
___ ___
32. SIMSON’S LINE – OR – PEDAL LINE: P is a point on the circum circle of a triangle ABC, PL , PM
___   
, PN are perpendicular drawn on BC , CA , AB respectively then L, M, N are collinear, this line
_______
LMN is called the pedal line or Simon’s line.
33. BRAHMA GUPTA’s Theorem: In a cyclic quadrilateral whose diagonals are perpendicular to each
other. If a line through the point of intersection of the diagonals in perpendicular to one side, then
the line bisects its opposite side (Converse is also true).
We have already discussed earlier about the ------ figure. Now, we shall discuss about similar figure.
The figure are said to be similar if they have same shape but different sizes.
Ex: A circle with radius 2cm is similar to another circle with radius 3cm, as they have same shape (circle) by
different sizes. The circle with radius 2cm is smaller than the radius with 3 cm.
The concept similarity is used by many ……particularly architect engineers. They draw the structure to
constructed on a paper, which is of same shape as that of actual structure but the size is different. In other
words, the structure drawn on paper with the original structure are similar.
Let us study some important theorem on similar figures.
SIMILAR POLYGON
Definition: Two polygons are said to be similar if and only if
(i) The angles of one polygon are equal to the angles of another polygons.
(ii) The corresponding sides are proportional
EXAMPLE:
C1
D C D1
E
E1
B1 A1
B
A
ABCDE and A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 are two polygons
Such that (i) A = A1 , B = B1 , C = C1 , D = D1 and E = E1
AB BC CD DE EA
And (ii) 1 1
= 1 1= 1 1= 1 1= 1 1
AB BC CD DE EA
 Then these two polygons are similar.
NOTE: In the above example, both (i) and (ii) are necessary and sufficient condition.
EXAMPLE:
A square is NOT similar to a rectangle although the angles of square is equal o the angles of rectangle as
the sides of square are not proportional is the rectangle.
D C D1 C1
A B A1 B1
A = A1 , B = B1 , C = C1 and D = D1

AB BC CD DA
1 1
 1 1 1 1 1 1
AB BC CD DA
EQUIVALENCE RELATION
We have already learnt about the concept of “Relation” i.e. Reflexive, Symmetric, Transitive and Equivalence
relation.
Here, SIMILAR FIGURES ARE EQUIVALENCE RELATION as they satisfy the following relations:
(i) REFLEXIVE: Every figure is similar to itself.
(ii) SYMMETRIC: If a figure A is is similar to a figure B, then figure B is similar to figure A
i.e. If AB, then BA (‘’ is a symbol for similarity).
(iii) TRANSITIVE: If a figure A is similar to figure B and figure B is similar to figure C, then figure A is
similar to figure C. i.e. If AB and BC, then AC.
SIMILAR TRIANGLES:
Since triangles are also polygon of three sides. Similar triangle means the same as similar polygons. Then
TWO TRIANGLES ARE SAID TO BE SIMILAR IF THE THREE ANGLES OF ONE TRIANGLE ARE
EQUAL TO THE THREE ANGLES OF THE OTHER TRIANGLE, as well as THEIR
CORRESPONDING SIDES ARE PROPORTIOAL (corresponding side means the sides opposite to
the equal angles of the triangles).
i.e. ∆ABC∆PQR, if (1) A = P, B = Q and C = R
___ ___ ___
AB BC CA
and (2) = =
PQ QR RP
NOTE: IF TWO FIGURES ARE CONGRUENT, THEY ARE ALSO SIMILAR BUT THE CONVERSE IS NOT
TRUE.
Let us learn some theorems on similar triangle
THEOREM NO 1: BASIC PROPORTIONALITY or (THALES THEOREM)
A line drawn parallel to a side of a triangle divide the other two sides (internally or externally) of the triangle
are proportionally, i.e. in the same ratio.
SOLUTION:
Q P
A A b
y x y x
X Y
P Q l B c
A
p
B C P Q
Fig. (i) Fig. (ii) B
Fig. (iii)
C
For any figure,

GIVEN: ABC is a triangle ‘l’ is a straight line drawn parallel to BC cuts AB and AC at P and Q in fig(i)
internally, in fig(ii) externally by extending AB and AC , and in fig(iii) also externally by extending BA and
CA respectively.
AB AQ
TO PROVE: =
PB QC
CONSTRUCTION: Draw PX, QY perpendicular to AC, AB respectively. Join P, C and also B, Q for all
figure.
PROOF: l BC , i.e. PQ BC , ar. ∆BPQ = ar. ∆CQP……..(1)
( both triangle lie on the same base, PQ and between same parallel l and BC)
1
 AP  YQ
1 1 ar.AQP 2 AP
ar. ∆APQ =  AQ  PX and ar.∆CQP =  PB  YQ,  = . ……..(2)
2 2 ar.BPQ 1  PB  YQ PB
2
1
similarly, ar. ∆AQP =  AQ  PX and ∆CQP
2
1
 AQ  PX
1 ar.AQP 2 AQ
= CQ  PX ,  = = …………….(3)
2 ar.CQP 1  CQ  PX QC
2
AP AQ
 from (1), (2) and (3) =
PB QC
Hence proved.
THEOREM NO. 2: CONVERSE OF BASIC PROPORTIONALITY / THALES

If any straight line divides two sides of a triangle in the same (or equal) ratio, then the line is parallel to its
third side.
A A Q P l
A
P Q
l
B C
P
Q
l B C
B C
Fig (ii) Fig (iii)
Fig (i)
GIVEN: ABC is a triangle. A line ‘l’ is intersecting the side AB and AC internally fig(i) or externally fig(ii) and
AP AQ
fig(iii) at P, Q respectively in such a way that =
PB QC
___ ___
To Prove: l BC , i.e. PQ BC
___ ___ ___

Proof: If PQ is not parallel to BC , let PR is parallel to BC , where R is a point on AC
AQ AR AQ + QC AR + RC
 +1 = +1  =
QC RC QC RC
AC AC
 =  CQ = CR  ' R ' coincide with Q
QC RC
PQ BC  l BC
Hence proved.
COROLLARY:
AP AQ1
In the above theorem No.1, we have seen that if PQ BC , then =
PB QC
AP AQ
 +1 = +1
PB QC
AP + PB AQ + QC
 =
PB QC
AB AC
 =
PB QC
AP AQ
Also, =
PB QC
PB QC
 +1 = +1
AP AQ
PB + AP QC + AQ
 =
AP AQ
AB AC
 = ……….(II)
AP AQ
Thus, in a triangle ABC, straight line PQ parallel to BC intersects AB and AC sides, internally or externally at
P and Q respectively then
AP AQ AB AC AB AC
(I) = , (II) = , (III) =
PB QC AP AQ PB QC
AP
NOTE: It is NOT always possible to express in whole numbers
PB
AP : PB = x : 2x
=1: 2
The ratio is not in whole numbers.
THEOREM NO. 3 (VERTICAL ANGLE BISECTOR)

The bisector of a vertical angle internal (or external) of a triangle divides its base in the ratio of its other two
sides.
E A
A E
B D C C
B D
Fig (i) internal bisector
Fig (ii) external bisector
GIVEN: ABC is a triangle AD is the bisector of A ,
For internal bisector, fig(i), D is internal points, and BAD = DAC
(for external bisector, fig(ii), D is external point, and CAD = DAX
AB BD
TO PROVE: =
AC DC
CONSTRUCTION: Through C draw CE DA meets BA produced at E for fig(i) [ meets BA
at E for fig(ii) ]
PROOF: AD is the bisector of A
For fig(i) internal, BAD = DAC [for fig(ii) external, CAD = DAX ]
Again, DA CE , the alternate angle, DAC = ACE (for both figure)

And the corresponding angle, BAD = AEC (fig(ii)) [ DAX = AEC , fig(ii)]
Now, in triangle AEC, AEC = ACE ( BAD = DAC , given from fig(i)
Or CAD = DAX given from fig(ii)
 AC = AE (hold for both figure)
In fig(i) triangle BCE, (in fig(ii) triangle BAD)
BD BA BA BD BA
DA CE ,  = =  =
DC AE AC DC AC
Hence proved
NOTE: The theorem can also be stated ad “the bisector of an angle of a triangle divide its opposite side in
the ratio of the other two sides”
THEOREM NO.4 (CONVERSE OF VERTICAL ANGLE BISECTOR)

If a straight line through a vertex of a triangle divides its opposite side in the ratio of its other two sides, then
the straight line bisect the angle of the vertex.
E X
A
A E
C
B D
Fig(i) Internal B C D
Fig (ii) External
BA BD
GIVEN: ABC is a triangle. A line through the vertex A meet BC in D such that =
AC DC
(internal or externally).
CONSTRUCTION: Through C, draw a line CE DA meet BA produced at E (or BA in E)
PROOF: fig(i) in ∆BCE, DA CE (construction)
BA BD BA BD
 = but = (given)
AE DC AC DC
BA BA
Hence =  AE = AC  ACE = AEC
AE AC
Fig(ii) in ∆BAD, CE DA (construction)
BA BD BA BD
 = but = (given)
AE DE AC DC
BA BA
Hence =  AE = AC  ACE = AEC
AE AC
Again for fig(ii), CE DA , BAD = AEC (corresponding angle)
And BAD = AEC (alternate angles)
But ACE = AEC (proved)
 BAD = DAC
Similarly for fig(ii), we can prove that CAD = DAX
Hence, DA is bisector of A external for fig(ii)
Illustration 1: Find the point which divides a given line in 3 : 1 internally and also externally.
SOLUTION: X
___ A4
GIVEN: let AB a straight line. A3
A2
A1
AP 3
To Find: P internally and doo externally such that =
PB 1 A P B
CONSTRUCTION: draw a line AX making an acute angle Fig(i) internal
Y
with AB. 1
A 4
Make 3 + 1 =4, equal segments A13

A12
From A on AX, such A11
AA1 = A1A2 = A2A 3 = A3A4
A1 B1 P1
Join A4B. through their point A3
Fig(ii) external
Draw a line parallel to A4B
Meet AB at P. p is the required point which divide
AB internally.
AP 3
Such than = i.e. AP : PB = 3 : 1
PB 1
For external: refer fig(ii), draw a line AY making an acute angle with A 1 B 1.
Make 3 equal segments (bigger of 3,1) from A1, on A1Y, such that
A1A11 = A11A12 = A12A13
Join A12B1. Through 3rd point, A13, draw a line A13P1 to A12B1 meet A1B1 extended at P 1. P1
is the required point which divide A 1B1 externally such that
A1 P1 3
= I.E. A1P1 : P1B1 = 3 : 1
PB1 1
Illustration 2: ABCD is a trapezium in which AB CD . If its diagonals AC and BD intersect at P. Prove that
DP CP
= .
PB PA
SOLUTION:
GIVEN: ABCD is a trapezium in which AB CD . Its diagonal AC and BD intersect at P

D C
DP CP
To Prove: = P
PB PA
Construction: Through P draw a straight line PQ AB ( DC )
A B
meets BC in Q
PC CQ
PROOF: In ∆ABC, PQ AB  = ………….(i)
AP QB
DP CQ
Similarly, in ∆BCD, PQ DC  = ……..(ii)
PB QB
PC DP
From (i) and (ii) = .
AP PB
Hence proved.
Illustration 3: ABCD is a triangle. The internal bisector of A meets BC internally BC in D and the external
bisector of A meets BC extremely BC in E. Prove that BD : DC = BE : EC
GIVEN: ABC is a triangle. AD is internal bisector of

A
A , and AE is external bisector of A .
BD BE
To Prove: =
DC EC B D C E
BA BD
PROOF: AD is internal bisector of A ,  = …..(i)
AC DC
BA BE
 AE is external bisector of A ,  = ……….(ii)
AC EC
BD BE
From (i) and (ii),  =
DC EC
Illustration 4: Two circles touch internally at P. two chords PA and PB are drawn to the bigger circles, which
intersect the smaller circle in C and D respectively. Prove that PA : PB = PC : PD (assuming
that P and the centers of the circles are collinear).
SOLUTION:
GIVEN: Two circles where centers are X and Y are respectively small and big. The chords PA and PB of
the bigger circle intersect the smaller circles at C and D respectively. A
C
Also P, X and Y are collinear.
To Prove: PA : PB = PC : PD
X Y R
P Q
CONSTRUCTION:
P, X and Y are collinear and X, Y are centers of small and big circles. D
B
 The straight line through P, X and Y meet the smaller
and bigger circles at R and Q respectively. Join CR, DR, QA and QB.
PROOF: PR is diameter of small circle, PAQ = 900 = PDR (angle in semi-circle)

Similarly PQ is diameter of bigger circle,  PAQ = PBQ = 900 (angle in semi-
circle)
PA PQ
Now, in ∆PAQ, CR AQ [ PCR = PAQ = 900 ] = ………(1)
PC PR
PB PQ
Similarly, in ∆ABQ, DR BQ [ PDR = PBQ = 900 ] = …..(2)
PD PR
PA PB PA PC
From (1) and (2), =  =   PA : PB = PC : PD
PC PD PB PD
Hence proved.
EXERCISE 1:
1. If the diagonals AC and BD of a quadrilateral ABCD divide each other at O such that AO : OC = BO :
OD, then ABCD is a trapezium.
2. Find the point which divide a given line segment
(i) Internally in the ratio of 1 : 2
(ii) Externally in the ratio 3 : 2
3. Two circle touch internally at O. OPQ, OAB are straight lines, the later pass through the centre of
the circles. Prove that OP : OQ = OA : OB.
4. A is any point on the diagonal SQ of a quadrilateral PQRS. AB and AC are parallel to SP and SQ
respectively meeting PQ and RQ respectively in B and C. show that BC PR

5. A triangle, whose sides are 3, 4 and 5 is similar to another triangle. The ratio of their perimeters in 1
: 2. Find the ratio of their areas.
SIMILAR TRIANGLES AND RELATED THEOREMS:

Definition: Two triangles are said to be similar if and only if (i) three angles of one triangle are equal to three
angles of another triangle. And (ii) the corresponding sides are proportional i.e. ∆ABC and ∆PQR are similar
AB BC CA
than (1) A = P , B = Q and C = R , then (2) = = .
PQ QR RP
NOTE: (i) Only in case of triangle, if two triangle have respective angle equal. Then their
sides are proportional.
(ii) Let us take a rectangle and a square they are equiangular but their sides are
NOT Proportional.
Rectangle
Square
THEOREM 5: If the triangles are equiangular, then they are similar (i.e. their corresponding sides are
proportional).
A P A
P
B C
Q R
B C Q R
A
A
B C
X Y
X Fig (ii) Y
B C
Fig (i)
Solutions:
GIVEN: ABC and PQR are two triangles, in which A = P , B = Q and C = R
AB BC CA
R.T.P  = = .
PQ QR RP
PROOF: There axis three cases for the theorem.
Case (i): ∆ABC  ∆PQR, then AB = PQ, BC = QR and CA = RP
AB BC CA
 = = =1, hence the sides are proportional.
PQ QR RP
Case(ii): In size ∆ABC is bigger than ∆PQR. Pick the ∆PQR, let P coincide with A
and PQ be along AB, such that AX = PQ, A = P , PR also lie along
AC such that AY = PR. Join QR

∆AXY  ∆PQR, given that Q (i.e. AQR) = B , the corresponding angle (ASP
proportional)
AB AC AB AC
 AX = PQ, XY = PR, AY = PR QR BC ,  =  =
AQ AR PQ PR
AC BC
AXY = Q ( = B ) ,  AXY = B , similarly, we can prove =
PR QR
AB BC CA
Then = =
PQ QR RP
Case (iii): In size ∆ABC is smaller than ∆PQR. In the case pick the ∆ABC and proceed as
done with ∆PQR. We can prove similarly
AB BC CA
= =
PQ QR RP
THEOREM 5: (AAA similarity)
If the angle of a triangle are equal to the angles of another triangle, then the two triangle are similar (i.e. their
corresponding sides are proportional)
A P A P A P
A
B C
Q R
Q R
B C B C
B C Q Case (iii) size of ∆ABC < size of ∆PQR
R Case (ii) size ∆ABC > size of ∆PQR
Case (i) ∆ABC  ∆PQR
SOLUTION:
GIVEN: ABC and PQR are two triangles in which A = P, B = Q and C = R .
AB BC CA
TO PROVE: = =
PQ QR RP
PROOF: There are three possible cases.
Case (i): ∆ABC  ∆PQR, then AB = PQ, BC = QR and CA = RP
AB BC CA
 = = =1
PQ QR RP
Case (ii): Size of ∆ABC is bigger than size of ∆PQR.
___
Pick the ∆PQR and make P coincide with A of ∆ABC and place the side PQ along
___ ___ ___
AB such that AX = PQ ,
____ ___ ___ ___
A = P,  PR is also placed along AC such that AY = PQ
Now, ∆PQR  ∆AXY (under AS conqruence) QR = XY , Q = AXY
Q = B,  AXY = ABC (corresponding angle)  XY BC .
AB AC AB AC AB BC
 =  = , similarly, we can prove =
AX AY PQ PR PQ QR
AB BC CA
Hence = =
PQ QR RP
Case (iii): In the same way as done in case (ii) by picking ∆ABC, we can prove
AB BC CA
= = Hence proved.
PQ QR RP
COROLLARY: (AA similarity): If the angles of a triangle is equal ot two angle of another triangle the
triangles are similar.
THEOREM 6 (Converx of theorem 5) – (SSS similarity):

If three sides of a triangles are proportional to three sides of another triangle, then the triangles are similar
(i.e. corresponding angle of the two triangles are equal)
A P
X Y
B C
Q R
AB BC CA
GIVEN: ∆ABC and ∆DEF are such that = =
PQ QR RP
TO PROVE: A = P, B = Q and C = R (i.e. similar triangles)
CONSTRUCTION: Let us assume that size of ∆ABC is less than size of ∆PQR.
Take a point X on PQ such that AB = PX.
PROOF: similarly take a point Y on PR such that AC = PY.
____ ____
AB AC PQ QR PQ QR
=  =  =  XY QR
PQ QR AB AC PX PY
PXY = Q, PYX = R, XPY = P.
___
PQ QR RP PQ QR
AB  = = but =
AB XY AC AB BC
QR QR
=  XY = BC
XY BC
Now, AB = PX, AC = PY (by constructive) and BC = XY
 ∆ABC  ∆PXY  A = P, B = X , C = Y
 A = P, B = Q and C = R
Hence proved.
THEOREM – 7 (S.A.S. Similarity):
If two sides of a triangle are proportional two side of another triangle and the included angle of the first
triangle in equal to the included angle of the second triangle, then the triangle are similar.
A P
X Y
B C
Q R
SOLUTION:
AB AC
GIVEN: ABC and PQR are two triangles in which = and A = P
PQ PR
AB BC CA
TO PROVE: ∆ABC  ∆PQR (i.e. = = and A = P, B = Q and C = R )
PQ QR PR
CONSTRUCTION: Let X and Y be two points on PQ and PR respectively such that AB = PX and AC =
PY. Join XY
PROOF: In ∆ABC and ∆PXY, AB=PX and AC=PY (by construction)
And included BAC = included XPY ,  ∆ABC  ∆PXY (SAS property)
 PXY = Q and PYX = R
Hence B = Q and C = R
Then three angle of ∆ABC is equal to three angle of ∆PQR.

Hence, the triangle ABC is similar to triangle PQR
NOTE: If A, B and C of ∆ABC are respectively equal to Q, P and R then name the triangles
as ∆ABC and ∆PQR, which will help us to write the corresponding sides are proportional. In the above
AB BC CA
triangles, = =
QP PR RQ
Conversely, if the ratio is known, then we can write the corresponding angles.
THEOREM: 8 (PYTHOGORAS THEOREM):

The square of the hypotonus of a right angled triangle is equal to the sum of the square of the other two
sides of the triangle.
SOLUTION:
GIVEN: Let ABC be a right angled triangle with B = 90

0
A
TO PROVE: AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 90-
CONSTRUCTION: Drop a perpendicular BD from B on AC
and meeting CA in D D
In ∆BDC, BDC = 90 (by construction)
0
PROOF:
Let BDC =  , then DBC = 90 −  (BDC = 90 ) 0


 C
Again, ABC = 900 , ABD = 90 − ( 90 −  ) =  , and BAD
B = 90 − 
In ∆ABC, ∆BDC and ∆ADB are similar as
CAB = DAB = DBC = 90 −  and ABC = ADB = CDB = 900

The side of the triangle are proportional taken any two triangles at a time.
AB BC AC
 = = ……….(1)
BD DC BC
BD DC BC
= = ………..(2) and
AD DB AB
AC AB BC
= = ………..(3)
AB AD DB
BC AC AB AC
From (1) and (3), we have = and =
DC BC AD AB
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
 DC . AC = BC 2 and AD . AC = AB 2
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
Adding these two DC . AC + AD . AC = BC + AB
2 2
 ____ ____ 
____ ____ ____
 AC  DC + AD  = BC 2 + AB 2
 
 
____ ____ ____ ____
 AC  AC  = BC 2 + AB 2
 
2
 ____ 
____ ____
  AC  = BC 2 + AB 2
 
Hence proved
THEOREM 9: (CONVERSE OF PYTHOGORAS THEOREM)

In a triangle, if the square of one side is equal to the sum of its squares of the other two sides, then the angle
opposite to the first side is a right angle.
PROOF: Left to the students
Illustration 5: The square of the perpendicular dropped from the right angle of a right-angled triangle on its
hypotence is equal to the product of the lengths of the two points of the hypotonnes divided by
the perpendicular.
Solution: Left to the students
___ ____
Illustration 6: In a triangle ABC, PQ BC meeting AB and AC at P and Q respectively. Prove that the median
A
___
AD through A of ∆ABC bisects PQ .
___ ___
P Q
Solution: Let median AD intersects PQ at R.
AP AR PR
PR BD,  = = ………..(1) B D C
AB RD BD
AQ AR RQ
Similarly RQ DC  = = ……..(2)
AC RD BD
PR RQ
From (1) and (2), = ……….(3)
BD DC
AD is the median, it bisects the base bc in d
i.e. BD = DC…………..(4)
from (3) and (4), PR = RQ
Hence proved.
Illustration 7: Angle A of ∆ABC is equal to angle P of ∆PQR, and the bisector of these two angles AD and PS
respectively divides its opposite sides BC and QR in the same ratio is D and R. prove that ∆ABC
 ∆PQR
A P
B D C Q S R
AB BD
SOLUTION: AD is bisector of A,  = …………(1)
AC DC
PQ QS
Again, PS is bisector of P,  = ………(2)
PR SR
BD QS
But it is given that A = P and = …………(3)
DC SR
AB PQ AB AC
From (1), (2) and (3), we have =  = ………(4)
AC PR PQ PR
And also the included angle A is equals to included angle P
 Under SAS similarity,  ∆ABC  ∆PQR
Hence proved.
___
Illustration 8: P, Q any two point of the side BC of the acute triangle ABC, such that PQ = 2cm. the distance
of P from AB and AC are respectively 2cm and 4cm and the distance of Q from AB and AC are
___
respectively 6cm and 3cm. find the length BC
Solution: Let PM and PN the distance from AB and AC A
From P equal to 2cm and 4cm respectively
PM ⊥ AB, PN ⊥ AC …………..(1)
Let QX and QY the distance from AB and AC from Q N
X
equal to 6cm and 3cm respectively M Y
6 4
 QX ⊥ AB, QY ⊥ AC …………..(2) 2
3
From (1) and (2),

B x Q 2 P y C
PM ⊥ AB, QX ⊥ AB,  PM QX
PM BP 2 x
In ∆BQX, =  =  x + 2 = 3x  2 = 2 x  x = 1
QX BQ 3 x+2
 BP = 1cm
QY CA 3 y
In ∆CPN, =  =  3 y + 6 = 4 y  6 = y  CQ = 6
PN CP 4 y+2
 BC = BP + PQ + QC = x + 2 + y = 1 + 2 + 6 = 9cm
Illustration 9 A man standing 3 meter away from to a pole of 5meter high look through its top the top of a
tower whose height is 60meter. Find the distance between the pole and the tower (ignore the
height of the man).
SOLUTION: A = Man’s eye (ignore his height)

C
PQ = Pole height = 5m
Tower
BC = Tower’s height = 60m PQ BC
Q
∆APQ  ∆ABC Pole
60m
AB BC 3 + x 60
=  =  3 + x = 36  x = 36 5m
AP PQ 3 5
 The distance between tower and pole =32m A 3m P xm B
Illustration 10: If the angles of one triangle are respectively equal to the angles of another triangle, prove that
the ratio of the corresponding sides is the same as the ratio of the corresponding (i) medians,
(ii) segment of bisector of angles and (iii) altitudes (source: State syllabus)
SOLUTION: A, B, C of ∆ABC are respectively equal to P, Q, R of ∆PQR
A P
c b r q
B a/2 D a/2 C Q 1/2 S 1/2 R

 their corresponding sides are proportional
___ ___ ___
a b c
i.e. = = , when a, b, c are BC , CA, AB respectively
p q r
___ ___ ___
and p, q, r are QR, RP, PQ respectively
(i) Median: Let AD be median of ∆ABC and PS be median of ∆PQR.

b a b a/2 BC DR
 =  =  = and included angle C = R
q p q p/2 PR SR
___
b a / 2 AD
 under SAS similarity, ∆ADC  ∆PSR  = =
q p / 2 ___
PS
___
a b c AD
That is, = = = ___
p q r
PS
Hence proved.
(ii) Segment of Bisectors of angles: In this case, let AD be the segment of bisector of A and PS be of
P
___
b AD a b c
 under AA similarity  = ___ , but = =
q PS p q r
___
a b c AD
 = = = ___
p q r
PS
Hence proved.
(iii) Altitudes: In this case, let AD be altitude from A on BC, and so two PS from P on QR
 ADC = PSR = 900 and C = R (given)
___
b AD a b c
 Under AA similarity, ∆ADC  ∆PSR,  = ___ but = =
q PS p q r
___
a b c AD
 = = = ___
p q r
PS
Hence proved.
Illustration 11: If the triangles are similar, then their area are in the ratio of a the square of their corresponding
(i) altitude, (ii) medians and (iii) segment of the angle bisector.
SOLUTION: A, B, C of ∆ABC are respectively equal to P, Q, R of ∆PQR
a b c
Their corresponding sides are proportional i.e. = =
p q r
A P
b q
c r
C R
B D a Q S p
___ ___ ___
Where a, b, c are BC , CA, AB respectively
___ ___ ___
p. q. r are QP, RP, PQ respectively
Case (i): ALTITUDES: (AD, PS be altitude of ∆ABC, ∆PQR respectively)
1 ___ 1 ___
Area ∆ABC = a. AD , and area ∆PQR = p. PS
2 2
___ ___
a b c AD a AD
In Illustration No.10, = = = ___ ,  = ___
p q r p PS
PS
___
1 ___ ___ ___ ___ 2
a. AD
Area ABC 2 a AD AD AD AD
Now = =  ___ =  =
Area PQR 1 p. PS ___
p PS ___
PS
___
PS
___ 2
PS
2
Case (ii) MEDIANS: (AD, PS be considered as Median of ∆ABC, ∆PQR respectively)
a b c Corresponding Median ABC AD
In Illustration No.10, = = = =
p q r Corresponding Median PQR PS
Area ABC a altitude AD a a a 2

In the above case =  =  = 2
Area PQR p altitude PS p p p
Area ABC a 2 ( Median AD )
2
 a Median AD 
i.e. = =  b = Median PS 
Area PQR p 2 ( Median PS )2  
Case (iii) SEGMENTS OF THE ANGLE BISECTOR:
(AD, PS be consider a angle bisector of ∆ABC, ∆PQR respectively)
a b c angle bi sec tor AD
In Illustration No. 10, = = =
p q r angle bi sec tor PS
Area ABC a 2 ( bi sec tor AD )
2
= =
Area PQR p 2 ( bi sec tor PS )2
Hence proved all the three cases.
EXERCISE – II
6. The line segments joining the mid-points of the sides of a triangle form four triangles. prove
(i) Each of the four triangles are similar,
(ii) Areas of the four triangles are equal.
7.  ABC :  PQR, whose perimeter are respectively 32cm, 20cm of AB = 18cm, then find the
___
corresponding side PQ
8. If area of ΔABC = area of ΔPQR, and also ΔABC : ΔPQR, then prove that
ΔABC  ΔPQR
9. ABCD is a square. An equilateral triangle is constructed on one of its side, AB and also on the
diagonal, AC. Find the ratio of areas of the respective equilaterals.
10. Locate a point on the side AB of a ΔABC through the point a line is drawn parallel to BC, which
divides the triangle into a triangle and a trapezium in such way that the ratio of their respective area
are 1 : 8.
THEOREM NO. 10 (OBTUSE-ANGLED THEOREM)

A
B is obtuse of a ΔABC. If AD ⊥ BC , then
__ _ 2 __ _ 2 __ _ 2 __ _ 2
= AB + BC + 2 BC . BD
AC2
Given: ABC is an obtuse angled triangle with B as
obtuse AD ⊥ BC
Proof: AC2 = AB2 + DC2
= AD2 + (DB + BC)2
__ _ __ _ D B C
= (AD2 + DB2) + BC2 + 2 DB . BC
__ _ __ _
= AB2 + BC2 + 2 DB . BC
THEOREM NO. 11 (ACUTED-ANGLED THEOREM)

A
ABC is an acute triangle. If AD ⊥ BC, then
__ _ __ _
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 - 2 BD . BC
Given: ABC is an acute angled triangle
AD ⊥ BC
__ _ __ _
To Prove: AC2 = AB2 + BC2 - 2 BD . BC
= AD2 + (BC – BD)2
B D C
= AD2 + BC2 + BD2 – 2BC.BD
= (AD2 + BD2) + BC2 – 2BC.BD
= AB2 + BC2 – 2BC.BD
THEOREM NO. 12 (APOLLONIUS THEOREM)

A
The sum of the squares of two sides of a triangle is equal to twice the
square on half the third side plus twice the square on the median which
bisects the third side.
Given: ABC is a triangle. D is mid-point of BC

(i.e. BD = DC)
(i.e. AD is the median) AE ⊥ BC
ADB is an acute. Then ADC is obtuse
B E C
__ _ __ _ 2 obtuse angle
2 DB + BC 2 Acute angle
To Prove: AB2 + BC2 =
Proof: ΔADC is obtuse and ADC is obtuse angle.
__ _ __ _
 AC 2 = AD 2 + DC 2 + 2 DC . ED …………….(1)
ΔABD is acute,
__ _ __ _
 AB 2 = AD 2 + BD 2 + 2 BD . DE …………….(2)
Adding (1) and (2), we have
__ _ 2 __ _ __ _ __ _
AB 2 + AC 2 = 2 AD + BD 2 + DC 2 + 2 AD . ED − 2 BD DE
__ _ 2
= 2 AD + BD + BD
2 2
__ _ 2 __ 2
= 2 AD + 2 BD
If AD ⊥ BC, then AB = AD + BD and AC = AD + DC
2 2 2 2 2 2
 AB 2 + AC 2 = AD 2 + BD 2 + AD 2 = 2 AD 2 + 2 BD 2 ( Q BD = DC )
Then the theorem is true for AD being median are perpendicular bisector of
BC
EXERCISE – III
11. Show that the sum of the square of the sides of a rhombus is equal to the sum of the square of its
diagonal.
12. In ΔABC, B =900. from B a perpendicular BD is dropped on AC. Prove that
__ _ __ __ _ __
1 1 1
(i) BD . AC = AB . BC and (ii) 2
= 2
+
BD AB BC 2
13. Prove that in a triangle, the sum of the square of its sides in four times the sum of the square of its
median.
14. ABCD is a rectangle. Prove that OA2+OC2 = OB2 + OD2, where ‘O’ is any point inside the rectangle.
15. In ΔABC, ‘O’ is its interior point. From O perpendicular, OD, OE and OF are drawn on BC, CA and
AB respectively. Prove that
(i) AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = OA2 + OB2 + OC2 – OD2 – OE2 - OF2 c
(ii) AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = AE2 + CD2 + BF2 Q

P
X
TANGENTS TO A CIRCLE
We have already learnt about a circle and its various parts like centre, A
R
radius, diameter, chord, etc and also about cycle quadrilateral and its
y
properties. Let us recollect them. B
O = center
__ _
OP = radius
__ _
QR =diameter (the longest chord)
__ _
AB =chord
__ _
TC = Tangent to the circle touch at c
We have studied many theorems on circle and the same has been given at the beginning of the chapter.
Now we will be studying above tangents to a circle or circles.
TANGENT
Definition: A straight line which touches a circle at only one point is called a tangent to the circle at that
point. ( They may also be said that a straight line which intersects a circle at one and only one point is called
the tangent. In the above figure TC is called tangent to the circle at C.
SECANT
Definition: A straight line which intersects the circle at two points is called the secant. In the above figure
sur
xy is the secant which intersects the circle at two points x and y.
THEOREM NO. 13
S P T
A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to its radius at the point of contact.
Given: O is the centre of the circle. SPT is a tangent to the

circle at P. OP is the radius.
To Prove: OP ⊥ ST at P
sur
Proof: Any point on the tangent ST from the center is greater than the radius of the circle except P as the
points are outside the circle except P.  OP is the shortest distance from O on ST. We know that the
shortest distance from any point to a straight line is perpendicular to the straight line. Hence OP (the radius)
perpendicular to the tangent PT. Hence proved.
THEOREM NO. 14
If the radius of a circle perpendicular to a straight line, then the straight line P T
1
is a tangent to the circle at the end of the radius. T
Given: ‘O’ is the centre of a circle OP is the radius, which is ⊥ r to PT at

P
To Prove: PT is a tangent to the circle at P.
Proof: If PT is not a tangent to the circle at, then let PT1 be the tangent, to the circle at P. We have already
seen that, PT1 the tangent is ⊥ r. the radius, OP at P.  OPT 1 =900 but given that
OPT = 900
 T1 must coincide with T
THEOREM NO. 15
The two tangents that can be drawn to a circle from an external point has its length A
equal.
Given: P is an external point of a circle whose centre is O. PA and

PB are two tangents drawn from P, which touch the circle at A P
and B respectively.
__ _ __ _
B
To Prove: PA = PB
Construction: Join OA and OB and also OP
Proof: OA and OB are radii of the circle

 OA ⊥ PA and A and so too OB ⊥ PB at B
In right angled triangles AOP and BOP,
OA = OB (radii)
Bypo OP is common side.
OAP = OBP900
 ΔAOP  ΔBOP
 PA = PB.
Hence proved.
Note: 1. We also get from the above proof that OP bisects APB , as OPB
2. Also we find that circles can be drawn to arch intersecting line and the centre of
such circles lie on the bisector of the angles formed at the point of intersection
THEOREM NO. 16
If two chords of a circle intersect internally or externally (when produced), then the rectangle contained by
the segments of one chord is equal to the rectangle contained by the other chord.
A
D
A
0 B
P B P
C
C D
C
Fig (i) Fig (ii)
Given: AB, CD are two chords of a circle with O as centre AB, CD intersect internally at D fig(i), and
externally at P fig(ii)
To Prove: Ap.PB = CP.PD
Construction: Join AC and BD
Proof:
CASE I: internal Point P: fig(i)
APC = DPB (vertically opposite angles)
 CAP =  BDP (angles in the same segment, are CB)
 ΔAPC ΔDPB (i.e similar)
AP PC  AC 
 = =   AP.PB = CP.PD
DP PB  DB 
CASE II: External point P: fig(ii)

ABDC is a cyclic quadrilateral
External  PDB =  CAB, internal opp. Angle
Similarly, external  PBD =  BAC
 ΔAPC ΔDPB (i.e similar)
AP PC  AC 
 = =   AP.PB = CP.PD
DP PB  DB 
Hence proved the theorem.
THEOREM NO. 17 (Alternate segment theorem)

The angle between a chord of a circle and the tangent drawn at one the end of the chord is equal to the
angle in the alternate segment.
P

C

0
S B
90-
A D
Given: AB is a chord of a circle whose centre is 0/ SAT is tangent at A, C, D are points in the
segment on either side of the chord.
To Prove:  BAT =  ACB (and  CAS =  ADB)
Construction: Join AO and produced to mee the circle in P  AD in the diameter of circle join BD ( or CD)
Proof: We know that the diameter is perpendicular to the tangent at on one of its end
 PA ⊥ AT.   DAT = 900 let  BAT = 

 ADBP is a semi-circle,   PAB =90 - (90 -  ) = 
But  ACB,  APB are angle in the same segment which is alternate to the segment ADB.
  ACB =  APB = 
  ACB =  BAT
Similarly, we can prove that  CAS =  ADB
THEOREM NO. 18 (Converse of Alternate Segment Theorem)

If the angle between a chord of a circle and a line through one end of the chord in equal to the angle in the
alternate segment, then the line is a tangent at the end point of the chord.
C

B

T1
A
T
Given: AB is a chord of a circle
AT is a line through A
 BAT =  ACB, the angle in the alternate segment.
To Prove: AT is a tangent
Proof: If AT is not a tangent at A, then let AT1 be the tangent at A.
 by the alternate segment theorem,
 BAT1 =  ACB. But  ACB =  BAT.
  BAT1 = BAT, which implies
AT1 coincide with AT
Hence AT is the tangent
INTERSECTION OF TWO CIRCLES

A
There are possible ways of intersection of two circle
1. Intersection at two distinct points
2. Intersection at only one point B P

Fig 1.
(circles touch each other)
Case (i) internally P
Case (ii) externally
Fig 2a. Fig 2b
3. Intersection at no point
(neither intersect nor touch each other)
Case (i) internally
Case (ii) externally
Fig 3a. Fig 3b
COMMON TANGENT TO TWO CIRCLES
A line which is a tangent to two circle, then the line is called the COMMON TANGENT to the two circles.
THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF COMMON TANGENTS TO TWO CIRCLES, they are
(i) DIRECT COMMON TANGENT (DCT)
Direct Common Tangent is a common tangent to two circles in which the circles are on the same
side of the tangent at TWO DISTINCT POINTS.
B A B A
DCT B
A
DCT
DCT
Fig (i)
Fig (iii)
Fig (ii)
(ii) TRANSVERSE COMMON TANGENT (TCT)

Transverse Common Tangent is a common tangent two circles in which the circles are on either
side of the tangent at two DISTINCT POINTS.
B TCT
(iii) SIMPLE COMMON TANGENT (SCT)

Tangent to two circles become a simple common tangent if the point of contact of the tangents to
two circles coincide.
CT
CT
P P
Fig (i) Fig (ii)

THEOREM NO. 19
If two circles touch each other externally or internally, then their centros and the point of contact of the circles
are collinear
T
T
C
A B
0 A
B
Fig (i) Fig (ii)

Given: Two circles with centre A and B touch each other externally fig(i) and internally fig (ii) at C.
To Prove: A, B O and C are collinear.
Construction: Let TC be the common tangent at C, the point at which the circles touch each other
externally or internally.
Proof: TC is tangent to the circle of centre A at C

  TCA = 900
Also TC is tangent to the circle of centre B at C
  TCB = 900
CASE (i) Externally touch each other. In fig(i),  TCA +  TCB = 900 + 900 = 1800
 ACB is a straight line, Hence A, C, B are collinear.
CASE (ii) Internally touch each other. In fig (ii),  TCA =  TCB = 900.
 ACB is a straight line. hence B, A, C are collinear
Thus, proved the theorem.
THEOREM NO. 20 (Ptolemy’s Theorem)

The rectangle contained by the diagonals (i.e product of the diagonals) of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the
sum of the rectangles contained by its opposite sides (i.e sum of the product of its opposite sides)
D
E
B
A
Given: ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

To Prove: AC . BD = AB . CD + BC. AD
Proof: In ∆ADE and  BDC

 ADE =  BDC (by construction)
 DAE =  DBC (angles in the same segment)
 ∆ADE ∆BDC
AD DE AE
= =
BD DC BC
AD AE AD.BC
 = AE …………..(1)
BD BC BD
Similarly, In ∆DEC and ∆DAB
 CDE =  ADB (  ADE=  BDC)
And  DEC =  DBA (angles in the same segment)
DE EC DC
 = =
DA AB DB
EC DC DC. AB
 =  EC = ……………(2)
AB DB DB
AD.BC AB.CD
Adding (1) and (2), AE + EC = +
BD BD
 AC.BD = AD.BC + AB.CD
Hence proved.
Let us study the number of common tangent that can be drawn to two different circle (radii are different)
1. No common tangents can be draw, when the two circle neither intersect nor touch INTERNALLY.
Fig (i) Fig (ii)

Note: It may or may not be CONCENTRIC CIRCLES.
2. One and only one simple common tangent can be drawn, when the two circles touch each after
INTERNALY
CT
3. Only two DIRECT COMMON TANGENTS can be drawn, when the two circles intersect each other.
DCT
DCT
4. Only three common tangents, i.e. two direct common tangents and one simple common tangent, can
be drawn. When the two circles touch each other EXTERNALLY.
A
B
DCT
DCT
CT
5. Only four common tangents, i.e. two DCT and two TCT can be drawn when the circles neither
intersect nor touch.
TCT
A
B
DCT
DCT
CT
TCT
THEOREM NO. 21.

If a circle is inscribed in a quadrilateral, then sum of the opposite side of the quadrilateral are equal
D R C
Q
S
B
A P
Given: ABCD is a quadrilateral A circle in inscribed in the quadrilateral touching the sides AB, BC,
CD and DA at P, Q, R and S respectively.
To Prove: AB + CD = BC + DA
Proof: AB, BC, CD and DA are tangents to the circle at P, Q, R and S respectively.
 AP = AS, BP = BQ, CQ = CR and DR = DS
LHS = AB + CD
= AP + PB + CR + RD
= AS + BQ + CQ + DS
= AS + SD + BQ + QC
= AD + BC
= RHS
Hence LHS = RHS.
Illustration 12: AC and BD are two parallel tangents to a circle with 0 as centre, at A and B respectively. The
line segment CD is also a tangent at E to the circle. Prove that  COD = 900
A C
E
0
B
____ ____
Solution: OA , which is radius of the circle is ⊥ to the tangent AC
  OAC = 900
____
AO when produced meet the tangent
____ ____ ____ ____
BD at B as AC BD . Thus AB is the diameter of the circle.
____ ____
Similarly,  OBD = 900, and OE ⊥ DC , i.e.  OED =  OEC = 900
∆AOC  ∆EOC, under SSS congruency,
____ ____ ____ ____ ____
 OA = OE (radii ), AC = CE (given) and OC is common.
  AOC =  COE = x, let’s say
Similarly, we can prove that ∆BOD  ∆EOD under RHS co
____ ____ ____
as OB = OE (radii), OD is common,  OBD =  OED = 900
  BOD =  EOD = y, let’s say
  AOC +  COE +  EOD +  DOB = 1800
 x + x + y + Y = 1800
 2x + 2y = 1800
 x + y =900
   COE +  EOD =900, then   COD = 900
Hence proved.
Illustration 13 Two circles of centers P and Q has same radii intersect at A and B. A straight line RS is drawn
through A meeting the circles P and Q in R and S respectively. Again through A, a tangent
(XAC) is drawn to the circle Q to meet the circle, P in C. Prove that CR = AS.
C
B

P
S
A
R
X
Proof: Join CP, CR, AQ, SQ
Let  CAR =. then  SAX = 
Also  CPR = 2, so two  AP = S = 2

( angle between a tangent and a chord is equal to the angle in the alternate segment,
which is the half of the angle at the centre of the circle).
Now in ∆CPR and ∆AQS
CP = AQ
PR = QS [ The circle of P, Q have same radii]
Included  CPR = Included  AQS = 28
 ∆CPR  ∆AQS
 CR = AS
Illustration 14: A square and an equilateral are inscribed in a circle. Show that the ratio of their sides are
3: 2.
D
D C
R
Q S
B
A
SOLUTION: Let ‘a’ be the sides of the square,
Then its diagonal = 2a 2 = 2 a
 The diameter of the circle = 2a ………….(1)
‘b’ be the side of the equilateral triangle then its
Median is divided by its centroid (coincidence with the centre of the circle) in 2 : 1
2 ___ 2 3 3
 OP =  PS =  .b = b
3 3 2 3
3 3
But OP = radius, b=
 Diameter of the circle 2. b ………….(2)
3 3
2 3 a 3 2 3
 from (1) and (2) 2a = b = =
3 b 2 3 2
 a:b= 3: 2
Hence proved.
EXERCISE 14
16. Through B of a ∆ABC, a perpendicular BD is drawn on AC and P and Q are mid-point of AB and BC
respectively. If D, OQ are tangent and D of the circumcircle of ∆BCD respectively. Prove that 
ABC = 900.
17. Two circles x and y touch each other externally at P. a straight line through P touch the circles at P
and Q respectively. Prove that the diameter through P is parallel to the diameter through Q.
18. ABCD is a rectangle, in which AB > AD. P is a point on AB such that AP = AD and DP is joined and
produced to meet the circumcircle of rectangle ABCD in Q. Show that QA = QC.
19. A line drawn from the vertex A of an equilateral triangle ABC intersect BC at D and meets the
circumference of the triangle ABC in P show that.
1 1 1
(i) PA = PB + PC (ii) = + (Hint: AB.PC + AC.PB = AP.BC)
PD PC PB
20. An equilateral triangle and a regular hexagon are inscribed in a given circle, ‘a’ and ‘b’ denote the
length of their sides respectively. Prove that
1
(i) Area of triangle = (area of hexagon)
2
(ii) a2 = 3b2.
CHAPTER PRACTICE QUESTIONS

SUBJECTIVE
1. If two sides and an altitude on one of these sides of a triangle are respectively proportional to the
two side and the corresponding altitude of another triangle. Prove that the triangles are similar.
___ A
2. P is a point inside a ∆ABC. Through P a straight line DE is
drawn parallel to BC to meet AB, AC in DE respectively. Similarly G H
through p two move straight line FG and HI are parallel to CA and
AB respectively such that FG to meet BC, BA in F, G and HI is D
9 P 49
E
meet CA, AB in H, I respectively. In the areas of ∆DPC, ∆IPF and
∆EPH are 9, 16 and 49 respectively. Find the area of the ∆ABC
16
B I F C
3. P, Q and R points on the sides of AB, BC and CA respectively A

of A ∆ABC such that they divides the respective sides in 1 : 2,
2 : 3 and 3 : 4 in that order. Find the ratio of the areas of R
P
∆PQR with ∆ABC.
B Q C
___
4. Let AB =10cm as diameter a circle is drawn with C as its
___ ___
centre. With AC and CB as diameter two circle are drawn.
Two more circles are drawn inside the big circle touching it A C B
internally and touching the other two circles externally (figure).
Find the area inside the bigger circle (AB as diameter) but
outside the area of the four inner circles.
5. ABCD be a circumscribed quadrilateral, then prove that the circles inscribed in two triangles ABC
and ADC touch each other.
1
[Hint: Prove PQ = AQ – AP = 0, AQ = (AD + AC –DC)]
2
6. A Triangle is divided into 4 pieces and the area of the 4 regions

are given inside the corresponding regions (refer figure). Find x.
x
8 5
10
7. The tangent PT through the point P of circle meets the extension of a diameter AB of the circle at T.
If PN ⊥ AB and BM ⊥ PT, show that BM = BN.
8. If the altitude AD meets the circumcircle of ∆ABC at P and if 0 is the otthocentre, then prove that D is
the mid-point of OP.
9. ABC is an acute scalene triangle and 0 is its othocentre D, E and F are mid-points of BC, CA and AB
respectively. If P is the mid-point of AO, then prove that FPD = FED
10. A and B are two distinct fixed points on a line, l. two circles are drawn touching the line l at the
points A and B and also touching each other at the point M. find the locus of the point M.
ANSWERS
 250 
2. 196 3. 2:7 4.   6. 22
 36 

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PLANE GEOMETRY

We have covered last year in class IX the following topics:

Let us recollect here the theorems covered in class IX:

ABCDE and A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 are two polygons

Such that (i) A = A1 , B = B1 , C = C1 , D = D1 and E = E1

A = A1 , B = B1 , C = C1 and D = D1

For any figure,

PROOF: l BC , i.e. PQ BC , ar. ∆BPQ = ar. ∆CQP……..(1)

THEOREM NO. 2: CONVERSE OF BASIC PROPORTIONALITY / THALES

___ ___ ___

THEOREM NO. 3 (VERTICAL ANGLE BISECTOR)

Again, DA CE , the alternate angle, DAC = ACE (for both figure)

THEOREM NO.4 (CONVERSE OF VERTICAL ANGLE BISECTOR)

CONSTRUCTION: Through C, draw a line CE DA meet BA produced at E (or BA in E)

PROOF: fig(i) in ∆BCE, DA CE (construction)

Make 3 + 1 =4, equal segments A13

GIVEN: ABCD is a trapezium in which AB CD . Its diagonal AC and BD intersect at P

bisector of A meets BC extremely BC in E. Prove that BD : DC = BE : EC

GIVEN: ABC is a triangle. AD is internal bisector of

PROOF: PR is diameter of small circle, PAQ = 900 = PDR (angle in semi-circle)

respectively meeting PQ and RQ respectively in B and C. show that BC PR

SIMILAR TRIANGLES AND RELATED THEOREMS:

AC such that AY = PR. Join QR

THEOREM 6 (Converx of theorem 5) – (SSS similarity):

THEOREM – 7 (S.A.S. Similarity):

Then three angle of ∆ABC is equal to three angle of ∆PQR.

THEOREM: 8 (PYTHOGORAS THEOREM):

GIVEN: Let ABC be a right angled triangle with B = 90

Let BDC =  , then DBC = 90 −  (BDC = 90 ) 0

CAB = DAB = DBC = 90 −  and ABC = ADB = CDB = 900

THEOREM 9: (CONVERSE OF PYTHOGORAS THEOREM)

From (1) and (2),

SOLUTION: A = Man’s eye (ignore his height)

B a/2 D a/2 C Q 1/2 S 1/2 R

(i) Median: Let AD be median of ∆ABC and PS be median of ∆PQR.

Area ABC a altitude AD a a a 2

THEOREM NO. 10 (OBTUSE-ANGLED THEOREM)

THEOREM NO. 11 (ACUTED-ANGLED THEOREM)

THEOREM NO. 12 (APOLLONIUS THEOREM)

Given: ABC is a triangle. D is mid-point of BC

(ii) AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = AE2 + CD2 + BF2 Q

Now we will be studying above tangents to a circle or circles.

Given: O is the centre of the circle. SPT is a tangent to the

Given: ‘O’ is the centre of a circle OP is the radius, which is ⊥ r to PT at

To Prove: PT is a tangent to the circle at P.

Given: P is an external point of a circle whose centre is O. PA and

Proof: OA and OB are radii of the circle

To Prove: Ap.PB = CP.PD

Construction: Join AC and BD

CASE II: External point P: fig(ii)

THEOREM NO. 17 (Alternate segment theorem)

 PA ⊥ AT.   DAT = 900 let  BAT = 

THEOREM NO. 18 (Converse of Alternate Segment Theorem)

INTERSECTION OF TWO CIRCLES

2. Intersection at only one point B P

Fig 2a. Fig 2b

Fig 3a. Fig 3b

COMMON TANGENT TO TWO CIRCLES

(ii) TRANSVERSE COMMON TANGENT (TCT)

(iii) SIMPLE COMMON TANGENT (SCT)

Fig (i) Fig (ii)

Fig (i) Fig (ii)

To Prove: A, B O and C are collinear.

_ _ ___

_ _ _ _ _ _