MODERN GEOMETRY

A Course Module in MATH 113

Rey A. Añonuevo

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 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
Impig, Sipocot, Camarines Sur
Website: www.cbsua.edu.ph

Euclidian Geometry
Week 9-11 NEUTRAL GEOMETRY

I. INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we will discuss Neutral Geometry. It includes the following: Geometry without the
parallel postulate, Alternate interior angle theorem, Exterior angle theorem, Measure of angles and
segments, Saccheri-Legendre theorem, Equivalence of parallel postulates and Angle sum of a triangle

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the chapter, the students should be able to:
1. Define Neutral geometry
2. Discuss the different postulate and theorems under neutral geometry

II.PRE-COMPETENCY CHECKLIST
Before reading and studying the discussion part of this module, read the questions below and think
about the possible answers.

1. Using your own word, please define Neutral geometry

2. Discuss the different postulate and theorems under neutral geometry

3. LEARNING RESOURCES/MATERIALS
This part contains the instructional materials that are used to convey the elaboration of the content of
the subject matter for Week 9-11: “Neutral Geometry.”

Learning Resource 1.1

GEOMETRY WITHOUT THE PARALLEL POSTULATE

Neutral geometry is a geometry based on an axiom system for Euclidean

geometry without the parallel postulate or any of its alternatives. Traditionally, this has meant
using only the first four of Euclid's postulates, but since these are not sufficient as a basis of
Euclidean geometry, other systems, such as Hilbert's axioms without the parallel axiom, are used.
The term was introduced by János Bolyai in 1832.

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ALTERNATE INTERIOR ANGLE THEOREM

Alternate interior angles are the angles formed when a transversal intersects
two coplanar lines. They lie on the inner side of the parallel lines but on the opposite
sides of the transversal. The transversal crosses through the two lines which are
Coplanar at separate points. These angles represent whether the two given lines are
parallel to each other or not. If these angles are equal to each other, then the lines
crossed by the transversal are parallel.

Alternate Interior Angles Definition

The angles which are formed inside the two parallel lines, when intersected by a
transversal, are equal to its alternate pairs. These angles are called alternate interior angles.

In the above-given figure, you can see, two parallel lines are intersected by a
transversal. Therefore, the alternate angles inside the parallel lines will be equal.
∠A = ∠D and ∠B = ∠C

Properties

 These angles are congruent.

 The Sum of the angles formed on the same side of the transversal which are inside
the two parallel lines is always equal to 180°.
 In the case of non – parallel lines, alternate interior angles don’t have any specific
properties

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 EXTERIOR ANGLE THEOREM

What is Exterior Angle?

Exterior angles are defined as the angles formed between the side of the polygon and
the extended adjacent side of the polygon. The exterior angle theorem states that when a
triangle's side is extended, the resultant exterior angle formed is equal to the sum of the
measures of the two opposite interior angles of the triangle. The theorem can be used to find
the measure of an unknown angle in a triangle. To apply the theorem, we first need to identify
the exterior angle and then the associated two remote interior angles of the triangle

What is Exterior Angle Theorem?

The exterior angle theorem states that the measure of an exterior angle is equal to the
sum of the measures of the two opposite (remote) interior angles of the triangle. Let us recall
a few common properties about the angles of a triangle: A triangle has 3 internal angles which
always sum up to 180 degrees. It has 6 exterior angles and this theorem gets applied to each
of the exterior angles. Note that an exterior angle is supplementary to its adjacent interior
angle as they form a linear pair of angles.

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We can verify the exterior angle theorem with the known properties of a triangle. Consider
a Δ ABC.
The three angles a + b + c = 180 (angle sum property of a triangle)
Equation 1
c= 180 - (a+b)
Equation 2 (rewriting equation 1)
e = 180 – c
Equation 3 (linear pair of angles)
Substituting the value of c in equation 3, we get
e = 180 - [180 - (a+b)]
e = 180 - 180 + (a + b)
e=a+b
Hence verified.

Proof of Exterior Angle Theorem

Consider a ΔABC. a, b and c are the angles formed. Extend the side BC to D. Now
an exterior angle ∠ACD is formed. Draw a line CE parallel to AB. Now x and y are the angles
formed, where, ∠ACD = ∠x + ∠y

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Important notes

 The exterior angle theorem states that the measure of an exterior angle is equal to the
sum of the measures of the two remote interior angles of the triangle.
 The exterior angle inequality theorem states that the measure of any exterior angle of a
triangle is greater than either of the opposite interior angles.
 The exterior angle and the adjacent interior angle are supplementary. All the exterior
angles of a triangle sum up to 360º.

MEASURE OF ANGLES AND SEGMENTS

Congruent Line Segments

One of the most important words in geometry is congruent. This term refers to geometric
objects that have exactly the same size and shape. Two segments are congruent if they have
the same length.

Notation Notes:

̅̅̅̅ is
1. When two things are congruent we use the symbol ≅. For example if 𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅, then we would write 𝐴𝐵
congruent to 𝐶𝐷 ̅̅̅̅ ≅𝐶𝐷
̅̅̅̅
2. When we draw congruent segments, we use tic marks to show that two segments
are congruent.

3. If there are multiple pairs of congruent segments (which are not congruent to each
other) in the same picture, use two tic marks for the second set of congruent
segments, three for the third set, and so on. See the two following illustrations.

[Figure 1]

[Figure 2]
4.

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SACCHERI-LEGENDRE THEOREM

Theorem (Saccheri-Legendre Theorem). If one assume Euclid’s postulates other than the parallel
postulate, then the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is at most 180◦ .

Proof.
Step 1: Prove that the angle sum of any two interior angles of a triangle is less than 180◦ . (For
example, given 4ABC, to show that m(∠BAC) + m(∠ACB) < 180◦ , let E be the midpoint of the side
opposite B as in the diagram, and let F be on the line through B and E with E between B and F such that

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BF is twice BE. Justify the angle congruences shown in the diagram and conclude that m(∠BAC) +
m(∠ACB) < 180◦ .)

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STATEMENTS EQUIVALENT TO EUCLID'S PARALLEL (5TH) POSTULATE

In Neutral Geometry (Euclid's Postulates 1 - 4 clarified and made precise) the following
statements are equivalent:
(Euclid's 5th) If two lines are intersected by a transversal in such a way that the sum of the two
interior angles on one side is less than 180°, then the two lines meet on that side of the transversal.
• Through a given point not on a given straight line can be drawn exactly one straight line parallel to the
given line.
• Two lines parallel to the same line are parallel to each other.
• A line that intersects one of two parallel lines intersects the other also.
• Any two parallel lines have a common perpendicular.
• If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, alternate interior angles are equal.
• Parallel lines are everywhere equidistant from one another.
• The sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles.
• For any triangle, there exists a similar noncongruent triangle.
• There is no upper limit to the area of a triangle.
• The area of a triangle is half its base times its height.
• The Pythagorean Theorem.
• The converse of the Pythagorean Theorem.
• Opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.
• The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
• If in a quadrilateral a pair of opposite sides are equal and if the angles adjacent to a third side are right
angles, then the other two angles are alsoright angles.
• If in a quadrilateral three angles are right angles, then the fourth angle isalso a right angle.
• There exists a circle passing through any three noncollinear points.
• The circumference of any circle of radius r is 2πr.
• The area of any circle of radius r is πr2.
• Through a point within an angle less than 60° there can always be drawn a straight line intersecting both
sides of the angle.
• A line cannot lie entirely in the interior of an angle

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Learning Resource 1.2:
YouTube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yf9rpankosc

4. EXPLORE

This part contains the specific instructions on what are you going to do with the learning resources.
This part contains as well the learning activities and tasks anchored on the learning resources that you have
read, studied, watched, or visited.

Learning Resource 1.1: Reading Material

The reading material is attached in pages 2-12. Read on your own pace but make sure that you are
not to compromise comprehension and understanding of the material. After studying the reading
material, accomplish the task/quiz on the post-competency page.

Learning Resource 1.2: YouTube Video

This learning resource will cater the online learners. Go to the YoutTube app and search for the
link provided in learning resource section on page 12. Make sure to take some notes that will help you
understand further the Topic.

5. DISCUSSION BOARD
Accomplish the things embedded on this part because this will serve as your recitation/participation.

For the online learners: Check our Facebook messenger group chat and wait for the meeting code
and password of our google meeting. Prepare yourselves for the sharing of thoughts with regards to

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 the etymology of literature. Also, in our google meeting, the topic will be discussed briefly to
enlighten your queries and questions.

For the offline learners. You may share your thoughts in a form of a short paragraph on our chat
group on facebook messenger. Should you have no data/internet connection, you may send your
thoughts via text messaging and send it to my mobile number that I provided.

6. POST-COMPETENCY CHECKLIST

TASK 1.1 Upon learning the concepts of “Neutral Geometry”, please do the following task.

A. Use the concept you have learned in the previous topic to solve the following.

1.

2.

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3.

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