PLANE FIGURES

AR Math 1
Solid Mensuration
INTRODUCTION
• Point, line, and plane are undefined terms in geometry. Using these
undefined terms, other geometric figures are defined.
• Plane geometry is the study of geometric figures that can be drawn on a
two-dimensional surface called plane.
• Figures that lie on a plane are called two-dimensional figures or simply plane
figures
• This chapter deals with different plane figures, and their properties,
relations, and measurements.
• The most common plane figures are the polygons.
POLYGONS
• A polygon is a closed plane figure formed by line segments.
• Parts of Polygon:
1. The side or the edge of a polygon is one of the line segments that make up
the polygon. Adjacent sides are pairs of sides that share a common point.
2. The vertices of a polygon are the end points of each side of the polygon.
Adjacent vertices are endpoints of a side.
3. A diagonal of a polygon is a line segment joining two nonadjacent vertices
of the polygon.
4. An interior angle is the angle formed by two adjacent sides inside the
polygon.
5. An exterior angle is an angle that is adjacent to and supplementary to an
interior angle of the polygon.
 Side or edge

Interior angle
vertex
HEXAGON

Diagonal

Exterior angle
•• Types
  of Polygons
1. Equiangular Polygon
A polygon where all of its angles are congruent.
2. Equilateral Polygon
A polygon where all of its sides are equal.
3. Regular Polygon
Regular polygons are both equiangular and equilateral.
4. Irregular Polygon
A polygon that is neither equiangular or equilateral
5. Convex Polygon
Every interior angle of a convex polygon is less than . If a line is drawn through the convex polygon, the
line will intersect at most two sides.
6. Concave Polygon
A concave polygon has at least one interior angle that measures more than . If a line is drawn through a
concave polygon, the line may intersect more than two sides.
Concave

Polygon

Convex
Polygon
 SIMILAR POLYGONS
••  
Two polygons are similar if their corresponding interior angles
are congruent and their corresponding sides are proportional.
• Similar polygons have the same shapes but may differ in size.
• The ratio of two quantities is the quotient of one quantity
divided by another quantity. The two quantities are of the
same kind.
•A proportion is an expression of equality between two ratios.
That is, if two ratios a:b and c:d are equal, then the equation is
a proportion.
•  

𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐
   
•  The following relations between the two polygons are obtained using the concept of
ratio and proportion:
1. The ratio of any two corresponding sides of similar polygons are equal.

2. The ratio of the areas of similar polygons is the square of the ratio of any two
corresponding sides.

3. The ratio of the perimeters of similar polygons is equal to the ratio of any two
corresponding sides.
 Properties of a Regular Polygon
•   regular polygon of n sides can be subdivided into n congruent isosceles triangles, whose
A
base is a side of the polygon. The common vertex of these triangles is the center of the
polygon.
s
a
•  Perimeter
To find the perimeter of a polygon, add the lengths of the sides of the polygon.
Since regular polygons are equilateral, the formula in finding the perimeter of a
regular polygon is

Where n is the number of sides and s is the length of each side.

• Central Angle
The angle that is opposite a side of a regular polygon is a central angle of the
polygon. It is the angle formed by two lines drawn from the center of the polygon to
two adjacent vertices. Regular polygons are equiangular. Thus the measure of each
central angle is given by
••  
Apothem
The altitude of the isosceles triangles that can be formed from a
regular polygon is the apothem of the regular polygon. The
apothem bisects the central angle and its opposite side. Thus, we
can compute for the apothem as;

a
••  
Interior Angle
In each isosceles triangle, the measure of the base angles can be
denoted by , and each interior angle of the regular polygon by Thus,
the measure of each interior angle is solved as;
•  Sum of Interior Angles
Since the number of sides equals the number of interior angles, then the sum of
interior angles is n times the measure of the interior angle. Hence,

• Area
Area is the amount of two-dimensional space that a plane figure occupies.
••  
Diagonal
From any given vertex of a regular polygon is drawn from
the vertex to a non-adjacent vertex. This means that you
n construct a diagonal from each vertex of a polygon with
n sides in n – 3 ways. Since there are n vertices and each
diagonal has two end points, you can do this in n/2 ways.
Thus, the total number of distinct diagonals of a regular
polygon is
 Exercises
• 
1. The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is Find the area of the polygon
if its perimeter is 45 centimeters.
2. Find the number of sides of each of the two polygons if the total number of sides
of the polygons is 15, and the sum of the number of diagonals of the polygons is
36.
3. Find the number of diagonals of a regular polygon whose interior angle measures
4. The ratio of areas between two similar tringles is 1:4. if one side of the smaller
triangle is 2 units, find the measure of the corresponding side of the other triangle.
5. A regular hexagon A has the midpoints of its edges joined to form a smaller
hexagon B. This process is repeated by joining the midpoints of the edges of
hexagon B to get a third hexagon C. What is the ratio of the area of hexagon C to
the area of hexagon A?
Solution:
•1.  The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is Find the area of the polygon if its
perimeter is 45 centimeters.
Given:
Red’d: A
•2.  Find the number of sides of each of the two polygons if the total number of sides of the
polygons is 15, and the sum of the number of diagonals of the polygons is 36.
Given:
Req’d:
Sol’n:
•  

ans.
•3.  Find the number of diagonals of a regular polygon whose interior angle measures

Given:
Req’d: D
Sol’n:
•4.  The ratio of areas between two similar triangles is 1:4. if one side of the smaller triangle is
2 units, find the measure of the corresponding side of the other triangle.
Given:
Req’d:
Sol’n:
•5.  A regular hexagon A has the midpoints of its edges joined to form a smaller hexagon B.
This process is repeated by joining the midpoints of the edges of hexagon B to get a third
hexagon C. What is the ratio of the area of hexagon C to the area of hexagon A?
Given: 3 hexagon  𝑠 𝐵
2
Req’d:  𝑠 𝐴
2

 𝑠 𝐴  𝑠 𝐵
2  𝑠 𝐶 2
 ∅ 2  ∅

 𝑠 𝐵 Fig a  𝑠 𝐶
2 2

Fig b Fig c
•Sol’n:
 
therefore
From fig b:

From fig c: similarly

•By
  ratio and proportion: