Management of Forms

and Spaces
Stage 2
Properties of Polygons
Polygons
A polygon is any portion of space limited by line segments. These
segments are called the sides of the polygon.
 Polygons
Regular polygon
It has its equal sides and equal internal angles.

Convex Polygon

The line segment that joins any of its points is totally inside it.
All of its internal angles measure less than 180°.

Concave Polygon
At least one line segment that joins any of its points is on its exterior.
Classification of polygons according to the number of sides:

Polygon Number on sides

Triangle 3-sided polygon
Quadrilateral 4-sided polygon
Pentagon 5-sided polygon
Hexagon 6-sided polygon
Heptagon 7-sided polygon
Octagon 8-sided polygon
Nonagon 9-sided polygon
Decagon 10-sided polygon
Hendecagon 11-sided polygon
Dodecagon 12-sided polygon
Tridecagon 13-sided polygon
. .
Tetradecagon . 14-sided polygon .
Pentadecagon . 15-sided polygon .
 Elements of the polygons
Internal angles: are the angles formed by every two
consecutive sides.
External angles: are the angles adjacent to the
External angle interior angles, obtained by extending their sides.
Diagonal: Line segment that joins a vertex with
internal angle another that is not consecutive to it.
Radius: It is the radius of the circumscribed circle in a
apothem polygon and is obtained by means of the line segment
that joins the center of the latter with one of the
vertices of the polygon.
Apothem: The line segment perpendicular to any of
Central angle
the sides of a regular polygon, drawn from the center
of the circumference inscribed in it.
radius Central angle: It is the angle formed by the radius
Diagonal
that pass through two consecutive vertices in a
regular polygon.
Properties of convex polygons

For an n-sided convex polygon.

Sum of interior angles

Sum of exterior angles

Number of diagonals
Properties of regular polygons
For a regular polygon with n sides, in addition to the properties of convex
polygons, we have:

Measurement of each interior angle

Measurement of each exterior angle

Measurement of a central angle

Example

Since it is a regular
For a regular decagon, calculate: decagon, the value of n = 10
This value is substituted in
a) The sum of its interior angles. the formula:

b) The measure of each interior angle.

c) The measure of each exterior angle.
d) Number of diagonals.
e) The measure of each central angle.
Example

Since it is a regular
For a regular decagon, calculate: decagon, divide the sum of
the interior angles by the
a) The sum of its interior angles. number of sides.

b) The measure of each interior angle.

c) The measure of each exterior angle.
d) Number of diagonals.
e) The measure of each central angle.
Example

For a regular decagon, calculate:

a) The sum of its interior angles.

b) The measure of each interior angle.
c) The measure of each exterior angle.
d) Number of diagonals.
e) The measure of each central angle.
Example

For a regular decagon, calculate:

a) The sum of its interior angles.

b) The measure of each interior angle.
c) The measure of each exterior angle.
d) Number of diagonals.
e) The measure of each central angle.
Example

For a regular decagon, calculate:

a) The sum of its interior angles.

b) The measure of each interior angle.
c) The measure of each exterior angle.
d) Number of diagonals.
e) The measure of each central angle.
 Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a polygon with 4 sides.
In every quadrilateral the sum of its interior angles is 360°.
Quadrilaterals are classified into:

Parallelograms
Its opposite sides are parallel

Trapezoids
Only two opposite sides are parallel.

Trapezoids

It has no parallel sides.

PARALLELOGRAMS
Properties:
1. The opposite sides of a parallelogram are
parallel. E
2. The opposite sides of a parallelogram are
congruent.
3. The opposite angles of a parallelogram
are congruent.
4. The consecutive angles of a parallelogram
are supplementary.
5. Each diagonal of a parallelogram divides
it into two congruent triangles.
6. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect
each other.
Example:
Determine the measures of the interior angles of quadrilateral ABCD, if:
A=(x +10)°, B=(7x – 5)°, C=(8x) °, D=(9x + 5)°
The sum of
the interior
angles of a
quadrilateral
is 360°.
 The opposite
Example: angles of a
parallelogram
If ABCD is a parallelogram, are
determine the values of "x" and "z" congruent.

B C
(2x + 3)°

The consecutive
angles of a
(6x + 5z)° 118° parallelogram
A D are
supplementary.
 The opposite
Example: sides of a
It is a system of parallelogram
If ABCD is a parallelogram, linear are congruent.
determine the values of "x" and "z" equations.

B 33 C

3x+2z 22

A D
2x+5z
 Properties:
Particular Cases of
1. All interior angles of the
Parallelograms:
rectangle measure 90º.
2. Each diagonal of a
RECTANGLE rectangle divides it into two
congruent right triangles.
3. The diagonals of a
rectangle bisect each other
and are congruent.
Particular Cases of
Parallelograms:
Properties:
SQUARE
1. Parallelogram that has its
four sides congruent and
all its interior angles are
right.
2. Each diagonal of a square
divides it into two
congruent right and
isosceles triangles.
3. The diagonals of a
square bisect each other,
are congruent, and
perpendicular to each
other.
Examples:
If ABCD is a rectangle, determine the measure of segment AC.
B C

A D

The diagonals
of a rectangle
bisect each
other and are
congruent.
Particular Cases of
Parallelograms: RHOMBUS Properties:
1. Parallelogram that has its
four congruent sides.
2. Each diagonal of a
rhombus divides it into two
congruent and isosceles
triangles.
3. The diagonals of a
rhombus bisect each other,
are congruent, and
perpendicular to each
other.
4. The interior angles of a
rhombus are generally not
right.
Example:
If ABCD is a rhombus, determine the values of "x" and "y", e r h o m b u s has its
Th
and the value of their interior angles. nt
four congrue
sides.
al of a
B 2x Each diagon
ides it
rhombus div
C t o t w o c o ngruent
in
s
and isoscele
33 triangles.

60°
A
5y – 12
D
TRAPEZOID
Quadrilateral with only two parallel opposite sides.
Properties:

midsegment
1. The angles adjoining
each of the non-parallel
sides are supplementary.
2. The angles of the base of
Trapezoid an isosceles trapezoid are
congruent.
3. The length of the
midsegment
midsegment is:

Isosceles trapezoid
The non-parallel sides
are equal in length.
 Example:
For the following trapezoid, determine the values of "a" and "b".
B C
120° (4b+30)°
The angles
ch of
adjoining ea
llel
the non-para
A 3a° 2b° D sides are
ry.
supplementa

Although the figure looks

like an isosceles
trapezoid, if the problem
does not specify it, it
cannot be taken as such.
Example:
For the following trapezoid, if the segment is the midsegment, determine the
value of "m" if b = 40 and b' = 30.

The midsegment is the semisum of its bases.

Areas of polygonal regions
The area of a rectangle is given by the product of its base and its height.

Example:
Determine the area of a rectangle whose base is 18 cm and its perimeter is 48 cm.
Areas of polygonal regions
The area of a square is given by the square of the length of one of its
sides.

Example:
Determine the area of a square if each side is 9 cm.
Areas of polygonal regions
The area of a parallelogram is given by the product of its base and its
height.

Example:
Determine the area of a parallelogram whose base is 12 cm and its height is 8 cm.
Areas of polygonal regions
The area of a triangle is equal to the semiproduct of the base times the
height.

Example:
Determine the area of a triangle if its base is 12 cm and its height is 9 cm.
Areas of polygonal regions
The area of a trapezoid is equal to half the product of the sum of its
bases and the height.

Example:
Determine the area of a trapezoid if its longest base is 25 cm, its shortest
base is 12 cm, and its height is 3 cm.
Areas of polygonal regions
The area of a rhombus is given by the product of its diagonals divided by
two.

Example:
Determine the area of a rhombus if its diagonals are 17 and 21 cm, respectively.
Circumference and circle
Circumference is a flat and closed curve whose points are equidistant from a
fixed interior point called the center.
Circumference and circle
Circle is the set of points within a circle.
Elements of a circle
tangent
Radius: any line segment that joins the center with
a point on the circumference.
Chord: Any line segment joining two points on the
chord circumference.
diameter
Diameter: Any line segment joining two points on the
circumference and passing through the
radius
center.
It is the longest chord.
Its size is twice the radius.
Secant: Any line that cuts the circumference at two
points.
Tangent: Any line that touches the circumference at
a point.
secant
 Arc: any portion of the circumference.
arc
Arc AB = AB
Central Any angle with a vertex in the center and
central angle
angle: whose sides are radii of the circumference.

C inscribed angle AOB = AB

Inscribed Any angle that has its vertex on the
angle: circumference and its sides are chords of the
circumference.

ACB = AB = AOB
2 2
Example:
According to the figure, what is the value of “x” and “z”?
The angle 120° and the
angle z add up to 180°

The inscribed angle is half the

central angle.
Bibliographic source

Cuellar, J., Charles, C., Contreras, F., García, O.,

Gutiérrez, J., & Nava, A. (2020). Manejo de Formas y
Espacios (1.a ed.).México: Proveedora de Textos
Monterrey.