A simple closed curve

Quadrilaterals :

A quadrilateral is a polygon made up of 4 line

Made up of line segments segments. A

Polygons
D B

With 4 sides
With 4 angles and 4
vertices
C and 2 diagonals

Quadrilateral
 KINDS OF QUADRILATERALS

TRAPEZIUM PARALLELOGRAM KITE

A kite is a
Trapezium is a A parallelogram is quadrilateral with
quadrilateral with a quadrilateral two distinct
a pair of parallel whose opposite consecutive pairs of
sides. sides are parallel. sides of equal
length.
 Parallelogram
We know , Elements of
A A
B parallelogram
parallelogram
is a
1, opposite sides
quadrilateral and angles
whose 2. Adjacent sides
opposite and angles
C D
sides are 3. Diagonals
parallel
Activity 1 :
Cut out a parallelogram from a sheet of paper and cut it along a diagonal (see Fig). You
obtain two triangles. What can you say about these triangles?

Place one triangle over the other. Turn one around, if necessary. What do you observe?
Observe that the two triangles are congruent to each other.

Repeat this activity with some more parallelograms. Each time you will observe that each
diagonal divides the parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
Other way :

.
 Once we prove they are congruent
i.e. ,

AB = CD , AD = BC ,
1 . Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal

Angle B = Angle D ,
Is Angle C = Angle A ? Think
2 . Opposite angle of a parallelogram are equal

What can we say about

Angle C + Angle B

Yes as CD ll AB ,
Angle C + Angle B = 180 degrees
3. The adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary.

Now let us see what can we say about the diagonals of

parallelogram .
Home activity 2:
Take a cut-out of a parallelogram, say, ABCD .

Let its diagonals AC and DB meet at O.

Find the mid point of AC by a fold, placing C on A.
Is the mid-point same as O? Does this show that diagonal DB bisects the
diagonal AC at the point O?

Repeat the activity to find where the mid point of DB could lie.

Other way

We know , as AD ll BC taking BD as transversal ,

Angle BDA = Angle DBC
And , Angle DAC = Angle DBC
Also , AD = BC (opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal )

By , ASA , ΔODA is congruent to Δ OBC

Which concludes OD = OB , OC = OA

The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other (at the point of their intersection, of course!)
Questions :
Based on Property of quadrilaterals ( parallelogram , Kite and
Trapezium )

1. In a quadrilateral ABCD , it is being given that ABllDC .

Find the measure of each angle of quadrilateral ABCD .

2.In the adjoining figure , the sides BA and DC of a quadrilateral ABCD has
been produced to E and F respectively . Prove that a + b = x + y
3. In kite WEAR, ∠WEA = 70° and ∠ARW = 80°. Find the remaining two
angles.

4. In parallelogram LOST, SN⊥OL and SM⊥LT. Find ∠STM, ∠SON

and ∠NSM.

Solution :
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AeGi9SA2MtE_9ZDfSOjZMqHqxffIlz9F/view?usp=sharing
 Some special types of parallelograms

1. Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal

2. Opposite angle of a parallelogram are equal
3. The adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary.
4. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other

Rhombus Square
Rectangle
A rectangle with
A parallelogram with A sides of equal
sides of equal length. parallelogram length
with a right
angle
 A parallelogram with sides of equal length.
Rhombus
A rhombus has all the properties of a parallelogram and also that of a kite.

Let us see what can we say about the diagonals and angle between them.

What we already know , 1. all sides are equal , AB = BC = DC= AD

2. Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other , AO =OC , BO
= OD.

To find the mystery of the angle between the two diagonals

Consider the triangles AOB and AOD
We know ,
AB = AD ( from 1 )
AO =AO (common side )
BO = OD (from 2 )
By SAS , AOB is congruent to AOD.
Conclusion :

Angle AOB = Angle AOD =x

Also ,
Angle AOB + Angle AOD = 180 degrees
x + x = 180
2x = 180
x = 90 degrees
That is angle AOB and AOD IS 90 degrees .
That is the angle form by intersection of these two diagonals is 90 degrees .
That is ,
The two diagonals are perpendicular to each other also they bisect ( by property
of
parallelogram

Hence,
The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular bisectors of one
another
1
.

2
.
Q4
.

Q5

Solution Link :
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1w3XP2VDmeXQCKtHKq2u_3e9DLeZZpxWq/view?usp=sharing
 Activity 2:
Rectangle

Diagonals of a rectangle are

Let see if we can generalise the above statement
mathematically
To prove : Diagonals of the rectangle are equal .

Proof :
We will be considering two triangles to proof that the two diagonals are
equal .

Which two triangles should we consider ?

The triangles which includes both the diagonals .

Let us consider triangles DAB and CBA .
CB = AD ( opposite sides of a rectangle/parallelogram )
AB = AB ( common side )
Angle DAB = Angle CBA

By SAS , Triangle DAB is congruent to triangle CBA.

By CPCT, AC = BD
Is the diagonal of rectangle also perpendicular bisector of each
other ?

What are the other conclusions you can make .

Think
☺
Question
1
s
.

Solution link :
2
https://drive.google.co
.
m/file/d/1x3NbU8IGP
0p5rsGcBXDYuC316-
ru6hj0/view?usp=shar
ing
 Square

It is a rhombus with all

It is a rectangle with
angles equal to 90
equal sides
degrees

It will satisfy all the properties of both rectangle and rhombus ( including
parallelogram )

Hence ,
In a square the diagonals.

(i) bisect one another (square being a parallelogram)

(ii) are of equal length (square being a rectangle) and
(iii) are perpendicular to one another.

Try to prove these properties using congruence .

Try solving the other two properties
too
Basic questions for discussion :
1. Two sticks each of length 7 cm are crossing each other such that they bisect each other at right
angles.
What shape is formed by joining their end points? Give reason.

2. Two sticks each of length 5 cm are crossing each other such that they bisect each other.
What shape is formed by joining their end points? Give reason.

3. A photo frame is in the shape of a quadrilateral. With one diagonal longer than the other. Is it a
rectangle?
Why or why not?

4. The point of intersection of diagonals of a quadrilateral divides one diagonal in the ratio 1:2.
Can it be a parallelogram? Why or why not?
Questions
:
1. RICE is a rhombus. Find x, y, z. Justify your findings. Hence, find the perimeter of the
rhombus.
2. In the following figure of a ship, ABDH and CEFG are two parallelograms. Find the
value of x.

3
.
4.

5.

Solution :
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1r1FAkc1pjNz2vT3BLRfdaIjudD7nDGBy/view?usp=sharing