PLANE FIGURES

AR Math 0
Solid Mensuration
Topics: Triangle
• Classification of Triangles According to Angles
• Congruent and Similar Triangles
• Parts of a Triangle
• Properties of a Triangle Center
• Altitude, Median and Angle Bisector Formula of a Triangle
• Formulas of an Area of a Triangle
• Application
Objective:
• To classify triangles
• To identify parts of a triangle
• Determine properties of a triangle
• Apply formulas to solve problems in triangles
Triangles
•  
The most fundamental subset of polygons is the set of triangles. Triangles are
polygons with the least number of sides. These polygons are widely used in the field
of mathematics and engineering.

• Classification of Triangles According to Sides

1. Equilateral – a triangle with three congruent sides and three congruent angles.
Each measures
2. Isosceles – a triangle with two congruent sides and two congruent angles.
3. Scalene – a triangle with no congruent sides and no congruent angles.
•  
•Classification of Triangles According to Angles
1.Right – a triangle with a right angle
2.Oblique – a triangle with no right angle.
a) Acute – a triangle with three acute angle
b) Equiangular – a triangle with three congruent
angles. Each
measures
c) Obtuse – a triangle with one obtuse angle
••  
Congruent Triangles
The word congruent is derived from the Latin word
congruere, which means agree. Two triangles are
congruent when they have the same shape and size.
Congruent triangles can be made to coincide part by
part. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are
congruent. The symbol for congruent is .
Similar Triangles
••  
Two triangles are similar if their corresponding angles are
congruent and their corresponding sides are proportional.
•
•  Since the two triangles are similar, then the
relations that exist between two similar polygons
also holds. Thus, it follows that:
• a)
• b)
• c)
 Parts of a Triangle
•A triangle has three possible bases and three possible vertices. Any of
the three sides of a triangle maybe considered as the base of the
triangle. The angle opposite of the base is called vertex angle. The two
angles adjacent to the base is called base angles.
• A line segment drawn from a vertex perpendicular to the opposite side
is called altitude. The point of intersection of the altitudes of a triangle
is called orthocenter. A median of a triangle is the line segment
connecting the midpoint of a side and the opposite vertex. The
centroid is the point of intersection of the medians of a triangle. An
angle bisector divides an angle of the triangle into two congruent
angles and has end points on a vertex and the opposite side. The point
of intersection of the angle bisectors of a triangle is called incenter.
•A perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle divides
the side into two congruent segments and is
perpendicular to the side. The circumcenter is the point
of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides
of a triangle. The Euler line is the line which contains the
orthocenter, centroid, and circumcenter of a triangle. The
centroid is located between the orthocenter and the
circumcenter. However, in an equilateral triangle, the
centroid, circumcenter, incircle, and orthocenter are
coincident.
Properties of Triangle Centers
• 1. Orthocenter – the orthocenter is not always in the
interior of the triangle. In an obtuse angle and the
corresponding altitudes are extended to meet at a point
outside the triangle. In a right triangle, the orthocenter is
on a vertex of the triangle.
• 2. Centroid – the centroid is known as the center of mass of
the triangle. Unlike the orthocenter, the centroid is always
inside the triangle and for right, isosceles and equilateral
triangles, the centroid is located one-third of the altitude
from the base.
• 3. Incenter – the incenter is the center of the largest
circle that can be inscribe in a triangle.
• 4. Circumcenter – the circumcenter is the center of
the center of the circle circumscribing a triangle. It
is not always inside the triangle. The vertices of the
triangle lie on the circle and are equidistant from
the circumcenter.
Altitude, Median, and Angle Bisector Formulas
••  
Consider an arbitrary triangle with sides a, b, and c, and angles A, B,
and C. Let be the lengths of the altitude, median, and angle bisector
from the vertex C, respectively. Then,
• Altitude:

• where s is the semi-perimeter of the triangle

• and
••  
Median:

• Angle Bisector:
•
Formulas for the Area of a Triangle
•
•  In general, the area of any triangle is one-half the
product of its base and its altitude.
•
•  To solve for the area of a triangle given the measures of
two sides and an included angle, use the SAS (side-
angle-side)formula:
• The area of a triangle is one-half the product of any
two sides and the sine of their included angle.
•
•  When the measures of the three sides of a triangle are
given, the area of the triangle is determined by Heron’s
Formula (SSS-three sides formula).

Where
Exercises
• 1. Find the altitude and the area of an equilateral triangle
whose side is 8 cm long.
• 2.The ratio of the base of an isosceles triangle to its
altitude is 3:4. Find the measures of the angles of the
triangle.
• 3.In a right triangle, the bisector of the right angle
divides the hypotenuse in the ratio of 3 is to 5. Determine
the measures of the acute angles of the triangle.
••  
4. The lengths of the sides of a triangle are in the ratio
17:10:9. Find the lengths of the three sides if the area of
the triangle is 576
• 5. Given the triangle ABC whose sides are AB = 15 in., AC
= 25 in., and BC = 30 in. From a point D on side AB, a line
DE is drawn to a point E on side AC such that angle ADE is
equal to angle ABC. If the perimeter of triangle ADE is 28
in., find the lengths of line segments BD and CE.
 Solutions:
•   Find the altitude and the area of an equilateral triangle whose side is 8 cm
#1.
long.
Given: Equilateral triangle, s = 8 cm
Req’d: h, A
S=8 cm
h
𝜃
 
•#2.
  The ratio of the base of an isosceles triangle to its altitude is 3:4. Find the
measures of the angles of the triangle.
Given:
Req’d: angles of the triangle

 𝛽

h
 𝜃  𝜃

b/2
•#3.
  In a right triangle, the bisector of the right angle divides the hypotenuse
in the ratio of 3 is to 5. Determine the measures of the acute angles of the
triangle.
Given: rt tria.;
Req’d: acute angles of the triangle
Sine Law:
𝜃  𝑐  1

𝑐  2
; 45  0
45  0  𝛽
•  

ans.

ans.
•   The lengths of the sides of a triangle are in the ratio 17:10:9. Find the lengths of the three sides if the area of the
#4.
triangle is 576
Given: A = 576
Req’d: length of the sides of the triangle
Let x = denotes side of the triangle
Heron’s formula:
17 x
10 x
9x

Length of the sides are: 17x = 68 cm ; 10x = 40 cm ; 9x = 36 cm ans.

•#5.
  . Given the triangle ABC whose sides are AB = 15 in., AC = 25 in., and BC = 30 in. From a point D
on side AB, a line DE is drawn to a point E on side AC such that angle ADE is equal to angle ABC. If
the perimeter of triangle ADE is 28 in., find the lengths of line segments BD and CE.
Given: sides of the triangle: AB = 15 in., AC = 25 in., and BC = 30 in

Req’d: lengths of segments: BD and CE

Perimeter,
By ratio and proportion: B
30
D
15 C
A E
25