0

Plane &
Solid
Geometry
0
1

Lesson 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO GEOMETRY

Definitions:
1. Originated from two Greek words “geo” and “metron” which means earth and
measurement.

2. Geometry is all about shapes and their properties.

3. It is the study of relationships between two points, two lines and two planes; of
the sizes, properties and shapes of the plane and solid figures.

2 Branches of Geometry
 Plane Geometry is about flat shapes like lines, circles and triangles .
 Solid Geometry is the geometry of three-dimensional space, the kind of space
we live in.

Importance of the Study of Geometry

 The study of geometry will improve our thinking habits, enable us to express our
thoughts accurately and train us to reason logically.
 The study of geometry will give us many important facts of practical value.
 The study of geometry will prepare us for the study of higher mathematics,
physics, engineering and architecture.
 The study of geometry will help us understand and appreciate our natural and
man-made environment.

1.2 POINTS, LINES AND PLANES

The three basic terms of geometry are points, lines and planes. They are
considered undefined terms due to no formal definitions. Still there is agreement
about what they mean.

A location in space or a pinpoint suggests the idea of a point. A point has no

dimension, no width, no length and no thickness. It is represented by a dot , and is
named by a capital letter like points A, B and C below.

A straight path or a taut wire suggests the idea of a line. A line consists of
infinitely many points extending without end in both directions. It is represented by
opposite arrows and named by any two of its points or by a lowercase letter.

1
2

Subsets of Line

Rays and segments are subsets of a line.

The ray is a part of the line that has one endpoint and extends endlessly in
the other direction, away from the end point.

To name a ray, identify the starting point first and then another or other
point the ray passes through. Use only two letters to name a ray.

The green ray is named CD because it starts at the endpoint C and passes
through point D.

It is read as “ray CD.” The starting point is always mentioned first.

The purple ray is named FE because it starts at the endpoint F and passes
through point E.

The line segment is a part of the line that consists of two endpoints and all
the points that fall between them. A line segment is named by the two endpoints of
the segment. One endpoint is where the line segment begins and the other is where
the line segment ends.

The red section is the portion of the line that has a starting endpoint of A and
an stopping endpoint of B. Therefore the red portion is a line segment.

To name a line segment, identify the two endpoints and put a line with no
arrows above it.

AB this is read “line segment AB”.

A flat surface such as floor tile suggests the idea of a plane. A plane extends
infinitely in all directions. It has no thickness but it has length and width. It is usually
represented with a four- sided figure and are named by any three points in the plane
which are not on the same line or by a single script letter.

2
3

To give a clearer meaning to commonly used terms in Geometry, the

undefined terms, previously defined terms or even conventional words are used to
identify them. The following definitions used the undefined terms: points, lines and
planes.

Collinear points are points that are contained in one plane.

Points A, B and C are collinear points since they are contained in line k.

Noncollinear points on the other hand are points that are not contained in
one line. In the figure above, points A, B and D are noncollinear points since point D
is not on the line k.

Coplanar points and lines are points and lines that are contained in one plane.

Points A, B, C and D are coplanar, since each is contained in plane Z. Line m

and n are coplanar because they are both contained in plane z.

Noncoplanar points and lines are points and lines that are not contained in
one plane. Pointrs A, C, D and E are noncoplanar because point E is not on plane Z.
Lines m and l are also noncoplanar becausr line l is not on plane z.

1.2 POINT, LINE AND PLANE POSTULATES AND THEOREM

A theorem is a true statement that can be proven. A postulate or an axiom is

a statement that is accepted as true without any proof.

3
4

Points and Lines:

 The 2 Point Postulate: Through any two points there exists exactly one line.
 The Line-Point Postulate: A line contains at least two points.
 The Line Intersection Theorem: If two lines intersect, then they intersect in
exactly one point.

Points and Planes:

 The 3 Point Postulate: Through any three non-collinear points, there exists
exactly one plane.
 Plane-Point Postulate: A plane contains at least three non-collinear points.

Lines and Planes:

 Plane-Line Postulate: If two points lie in a plane, then the line containing them
lies in the plane.
 Line Intersection Theorem: If two lines intersect, then exactly one plane contains
both lines.
 Plane Intersection Postulate: If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a
line.
 Plane and Line Intersection Postulate: If a line and a plane intersect and the line
does not lie in the plane, then their intersection is a point.
 Point and Line contained in Plane Theorem: If a point lies outside a line, then
exactly one plane contains both the line and the point.