1

MODULE 1

Art as a Humanistic Discipline

Lesson 1.1. Understanding Humanities

Lesson 1.2. The Humanities in Western Civilization

Lesson 1.3. The Humanities and the Filipino Personhood (Pagkatao)

Lesson 1.4. The Filipino Concept of Art

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 Chapter Overview

In the age of Instagram and Facebook, it is very easy to come across a work of
art which is made, remade, or reused to fit a certain purpose or value. You must
have pressed that “like” or “love” button as you deem a graphic post so relatable.
YouTube offers lots of tutorials and techniques for painting, calligraphy,
watercolor and others; lots of young artists have been exposed to a wide range of
art techniques because of them. Art and information is now within our reach.
There are so many sources available to learn from.
The downside of this quick information is that it is very scattered. We do
not know which to prioritize and are unsure if we are getting the right
information.
Art Appreciation on the other hand is a discipline offered in an academic to
direct our often ambivalent feelings toward art which is a good starting point:
YOU. 3
 Originally, the term "humanity" implied the distinguishing between human
beings and those considered to be less than human, whether that mean dogs,
goldfish, or the literal "less than humans" known as the barbarians and slaves.
But with the dawning of what we now refer to as the Middle Ages, an interest in
the divine arose and man began looking at what was greater than himself. And
with this recollection came the understanding that if some humans were
considered subhuman, then what must humans appear as to God? And thus a
new definition of "humanitas" began infiltrating the vernacular, one that implied
our certain mortality rather than superiority over one another. This new
definition and conception lead to what we now call "humanism" which
Panofsky describes as maintaining our rationality and freedom while still
keeping in mind our own fallibility and frailty. Thus, responsibility for ourselves
and tolerance to others.
4
 With the rise of humanism in the Middle Ages, it is no
wonder that new artistic styles emerged everywhere and played
off one another versus the soon to come Renaissance which
radically shifts to looking at the past as something to be
reconstructed. The humanists learned and grew from what they
could study of the past but didn't emulate it. As Panofsky says
so beautifully, "For, if human existence could be thought of as a
means rather than an end, how much less could the records of
human activity be considered as value in themselves.”

5
 Lesson 1.1. Understanding Humanities

1. Survey the Place of the Humanities in the History of Western

and Eastern
Civilization.
2. Distinguish the Humanities and the Sciences as Fields of Learning.
REFERENCES
Readings
Panofsky, E. (1955). The History of Art as a Humanistic Discipline. Meaning in the Visual Arts. Australia:
Penguin Books.
Dhakhwa, S. & Enriquez, S. (2008). The Relevance of Confucian Philosophy to Modern Concepts of
Leadership and Followership
(2008). All Volumes (2001-2008). 5.
http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/ojii_volumes/5 CANVAS Network. Module 1 -
Introductions and Definitions. WHAT IS ART?
https://learn.canvas.net/courses/24/pages/m1-what-is-art?
module_item_id=44378
Study.com. Christian Humanism: Definition & Role in the Renaissance. Chapter 1, Lesson 14.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/christian-humanism-definition-role-in-the-
renaissance.html#:~:text=Christian%20Humanism%20was%20a%20Renaissance,helped%20encourage%20the%20Protestant%2

0Reformation.

Video 6
Who Am I. (Dec. 4, 2010). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBcqria2wmg
 Among all these pictures, which do you think gives the
right
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description of the crucifixion of Christ? Explain your answer?
 The Renaissance & Humanism

The word 'renaissance' literally means rebirth. Between the 14th and 16th centuries, Europe
experienced a rebirth of Greco-Roman culture, which had died out centuries before. Historians
call this time period of rebirth, the Renaissance. This Renaissance included a renewed interest
in Greco-Roman texts, a rekindled love of learning, an increased interest in understanding the
natural world, and the philosophy of humanism.
Humanism is an optimistic outlook emphasizing the goodness and success of humanity.
Before the Renaissance, Christian Europeans often viewed humanity as sinful creatures who
needed to be constantly mindful of their souls. During this new period of rebirth, however,
there was much more emphasis on the goodness of God's creation and the talents and skills God
had granted humanity.

8
 The Northern Renaissance & Christian Humanism

The Renaissance started in Italy, which had always been very aware of its Greco-Roman heritage.
As the movement migrated north into places such as England, Germany, and Scandinavia, however,
some of the Greco-Roman aspects were downplayed. Instead, there was much more emphasis on the
understanding of Christianity, particularly early Christianity. What happened in the north is known as
the Northern Renaissance, and its version of humanism became known as Christian Humanism.
In Christianity, Jesus is understood to have both mortal and divine aspects to his being. Before the
Renaissance, Christian teachings focused primarily on the spiritual and divine aspects of their belief:
Jesus as divine, miracles, salvation, damnation, and so on. During the Northern Renaissance, however,
there was much more focus on Jesus the mortal man, including his teachings, relationships, and
experiences culminating with his execution via crucifixion. This ultimately affected many different
aspects of religious life in northern Europe.
One of the results of this focus on Jesus's mortal aspects was artwork that emphasized the
physical and emotional pain associated with the crucifixion. Previously, images of his death were
primarily about salvation through sacrifice, and artists depicted Jesus peacefully slumped over, as if
he was sleeping. Artists influenced by Christian Humanism, however, often depicted Jesus tightly
twisted in agony. Those witnessing his death are shown as wrought with grief rather than reflecting on
the joy of salvation.
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 How would you define ‘art’? For many people art is a specific thing; a painting, sculpture or
photograph, a dance, a poem or a play. It is all of these things, and more. They are mediums of
artistic expression. Webster’s New Collegiate dictionary defines art as “The conscious use of skill
and creative imagination especially in the production of aesthetic objects.” Yet art is much more
than a medium, or words on a page. It is the expression of our experience.
Art is uniquely human and tied directly to culture. It takes the ordinary and makes it
extraordinary. It asks questions about who we are, what we value, the meaning of beauty and the
human condition. As an expressive medium it allows us to experience sublime joy, deep sorrow,
confusion and clarity. It tests our strengths, vulnerabilities and resolve. It gives voice to ideas
and feelings, connects us to the past, reflects the present and anticipates the future. Along these
lines, art history, combined with anthropology and literature, are three main sources in
observing, recording and interpreting our human past. Visual art is a rich and complex subject
whose definition is in flux as the culture around it changes. Because of this, how we define art is
in essence a question of agreement. In this respect, we can look again to the dictionary’s
definition for an understanding of exactly what to look for when we proclaim something as ‘art’.
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 FRAMEWORKS AND PERSPECTIVES
KEY
CONCEPTS The humanities actually
FIELDS OF LEARNING the sciences and vice versa. It's only
compliment
that the exactness of science is a
mastery and the depth of the
humanities is wisdom.
Sciences HUMANITIES

Language History ART Philosophy

Our frail and fallible human bodies leave behind

frail and fallible records of our frail and fallible
lives oddly turning our inescapable mortality into
a kind of immortality for subsequent mortals to Art ART
humanistically or scientifically observe. And so, Creation APPRECIATION
the duality we face regarding the definition of
"humanity" still remains. Artist Spectator
Practice Theory 11
 THE TWO GENERAL
FIELDS OF LEARNING

THE THE
SCIENCES HUMANITIES
Deals with Deals with
natural, physical human
phenomena phenomena

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 PARADIGM FOR LEARNING
IN THE SCIENCES
SUBJECT-KNOWER OBJECT-KNOWN

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

“The scientist learns about things in the

world.”
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PARADIGM FOR LEARNING IN THE HUMANITIES

SUBJECT-KNOWER = OBJECT-KNOWN

REFLEXIVE
METHOD

“The humanist learns about the

self.”
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 THE BASIC
QUESTION IN
THE HUMANITIES

“Who am I?”
https://www
.
youtube.com
/watch?v=m
Bcqria2wmg

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THINKERS WHOSE THOUGHTS WERE THE BASIS
OF METHOD IN THE HUMANITIES
‘Know Thyself’ was carved into stone at
SOCRATES 469- the entrance to Apollo’s temple at Delphi
in Greece, according to legend. Scholars,
399 BC philosophers, and civilizations have
debated this question for a long time.

“Know Why have we not been able to find the

answer?

thyself.”
WISDOM
For various reasons cultural, political, economic, and ideological that the
norm of self-knowledge has come and gone with the tides through Western
history. Even if we had been constantly enjoined to achieve self-knowledge
for the 2,300 years since the time Socrates spoke, just as Sigmund Freud said
about civilization; that civilization is constantly being created anew and
everyone being born has to work their way up to being civilized being; so,
also the project of achieving self-knowledge is a project for every single new
member of our species. No one can be given it at birth. It’s not an
achievement you get for free like a high IQ or a prominent chin. Continuing
to beat that drum, to remind people of the importance of that, is something
we’ll always be doing.

“Withdraw into yourself truth dwells in the inner man.” AUGUSTINE, 354-430 AD 16
THE SCIENCES THE HUMANITIES

KNOWLEDGE WISDOM

The scientist The humanist

becomes a becomes a
LEARNED MAN. WISE MAN.
17
 “A scientist tends to know everything about the
world that he forgets to know anything about
himself.”
THALES OF MILETUS
(620-546 BC)

A Philosopher renowned as one of the legendary Seven

Wise Men, or Sophist, of antiquity. He is remembered
primarily for his cosmology based on water as the essence
of all matter, with Earth a flat disk floating on a vast sea.

The most outstanding aspects of Thales’s heritage

are: The search for knowledge for its own sake; the
development of the scientific method; the adoption of
practical methods and their development into general
principles; his curiosity and conjectural approach to the
questions of natural phenomena – In the sixth century
B.C.E., Thales asked the question, ‘What is the basic
material of the cosmos?’ The answer is yet to be
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discovered.
 A wise man once said,

“If you can revive the ancient and use it to understand the modern,
then you are worthy to be a teacher” (2:11, Marquis Zhang Analects
Version).

Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) was born a couple of centuries before

Socrates’ teachings on ethics and logic, and half a millennium before the
start of our modern calendar and the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. He
established a school with the explicit purpose of educating the next
generation for political leadership. He was the first great thinker of the
independent intellectual class, and is regarded as China’s first self-
conscious philosopher who can be historically verified. He is further
recognized as China’s first teacher, and his ideas have travelled beyond
its borders to influence Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and now Western
civilizations.

The philosophy of Confucius does not purport to lay out a

“The Great Sage”-Wise Man of the East
of how everyone should live. It is merely the way in which he, as a
formula
particular person, chose to live his life.
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 What is the basic answer to this question?

“I am a human
Who am I? “Humanities”
being.”

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 Lesson 1.2. The Humanities in Western Civilization

1. Examine the History of Art as a Humanistic Discipline.

REFERENCES

Readings
Panofsky, E. (1955). The History of Art as a Humanistic Discipline. Meaning in the
Visual Arts. Penguin Books.

Videos
Morelli, L. (March 7, 2014). TEDEd: Is there a difference between art and craft?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVdw60eCnJI. 21
How many moral ideas can
you
get from these pictures? 22
 Have you ever watched something being made: a time-lapse of a building construction, a short
video on how to bake muffins, a potter spinning his wheel and pulling up day into the shape of a
vessel? There is something satisfying in seeing these processes and how things are created. One
can have a clue of the skill and set, materials, and methods required to get the task done. You call
it and art work.
The arts are usually considered as part of the humanities. These include visual arts such as
painting and sculpture, as well as performing arts such as theatre and dance, and literature. Other
humanities such as language are sometimes considered to be part of the arts, for example as the
language arts.
The study of humanities in western civilization can be traced back to ancient Greece, where
the humanities formed the basis of education for all citizens. In ancient Rome, there developed the
notion of the seven liberal arts; these included grammar, rhetoric, logic, music, geometry,
arithmetic, and astronomy.
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 KEY
CONCEPTS

The Relationship of Arts and

Humanities
What comes to your mind when you hear the word humanities?
When you hear the word "humanities," what is the first thing that comes to mind? "Human
nature, people, relationships, understanding others.“

When you say Humanities, those are branches of knowledge that concern themselves with
human beings and their culture or with analytic and critical methods of inquiry derived from an
appreciation of human values and of the unique ability of the human spirit to express itself.

Is humanities and arts are same?

Arts and humanities are considered as two of the oldest fields of knowledge available to man.
While art is seen as a more all-inclusive field, humanities, on the other hand, takes into
consideration a diverse and oftentimes unrelated set of disciplines from literature to political
history 24
What is the importance of arts and humanities?
The humanities and the arts are central to all human cultures throughout time. Their study
can facilitate deeper intercultural understanding and lay the groundwork for a civically engaged
life. They can also prepare you to think critically, act creatively, and succeed in a rapidly
changing world.

Both interpret the human experience through words or non-verbal forms of expression. It's
true that the arts have more to do with the act of creation itself, whether through performance or
the physical production of works, while the humanities have to do more with research and critical
analysis

Why art is called as humanities?

The arts are usually considered as part of the humanities. These include visual arts such as
painting and sculpture, as well as performing arts such as theatre and dance, and literature. Other
humanities such as language are sometimes considered to be part of the arts, for example as the
language arts.

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How the arts and humanities affect everyday life?
The humanities have practical applications for everyday life. They benefit people by
helping them to think about and to consider life's surprises and challenges before they happen
and by giving strength when they do happen. The humanities help us to make informed
decisions. The humanities help us answer big questions

How does art and humanities function in society?

Arts and humanities research is useful because it gives societies the capacity to do
more
good things and improve the quality of life for more of its population.

26
 To Panofsky, he considers “Art as a Humanistic
Discipline”
Let us take a closer look on the meaning of

“HUMANITIES”
LATIN ENGLISH
humanitas “humanity
Classified in three state:
”
Gods in the state of
divinitas perfection in heaven
People in the state of
humanitas culture in civilized society
Savages in the state of
barbaritas
nature for survival 27
 THE PLACE OF HUMANITIES IN
THE HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION

ANCIENT COSMOCENTRIC VIEW

PROTAGORAS: Man is the measure of all things. HUMANITIES
800 BC GEOCENTRISM: Man is at the center of the universe.

THEOCENTRIC VIEW
MEDIEVAL SCHOLASTICISM: Man is created in the image of God
300 AD Man is at the center of creation.

RENAISSANCE ANTHROPOCENTRIC VIEW

HUMANISM: Nothing is more wonderful than man. HUMANITIES
1400
SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC VIEW
MODERN Man is a part of nature.
1600
ECLECTIC VIEW HUMANITIES
POSTMODERN Man is a piece of everything.
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 Expressions of their beliefs through arts varies from different
periods of human existence.

ANCIENT IMAGE OF
COSMOCENTRIC MAN:

GEOCENTRIC THEORY
Earth (Man) is the center of
the universe.

Ptolemy
(100-170 AD)
Almagest
29
 Expressions of their beliefs through arts varies from different
periods of human existence.

MEDIEVAL IMAGE
OF THEOCENTRIC MAN

Man is created by
God.

Escorial Beatus, Illuminated

Manuscript, 10th Century
30
 Expressions of their beliefs through arts varies from different
periods of human existence.

RENAISSANCE IMAGE OF
MAN: ANTROPOCENTRIC
MAN:

Leonardo da Vinci
Vitruvian Man, 1490

Measure of all
things
31
 Expressions of their beliefs through arts varies from different
periods of human existence.

RENAISSANCE IMAGE OF
ANTHROPOCENTRIC MAN
The image of man is the image of
God. Man is the measure of God.

Michelangelo, The Creation of Man

(Sistine Chapel Painting, 1512)

32
 Expressions of their beliefs through arts varies from different
periods of human existence.

HELIOCENTRIC THEORY:
Removed man from the
center of the universe
and suggested the view
of man was special in the
universe

Copernicus, On the
Revolution of Celestial Bodies,
1542

33
MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC MAN
Man is a part of nature.

The Evolution of Man

34
Expressions of their beliefs through arts varies from different
periods of human existence.
MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC MAN
The scientist is detached observer of the objectified man.

Rembrandt, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Turf, 1642 35

Expressions of their beliefs through arts varies from different
periods of human existence.

MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-

TECHNOCENTRIC MAN

Man is dehumanized during

the industrial age.

Legaspi
Gadgets 1947

36
 Expressions of their beliefs through arts varies from different
periods of human existence.

Medio Cruz, Poleteismo,

from Kulo Exhibit 2011
INSTALLATION ART

POSTMODERN IMAGE OF ECLECTIC

MAN
Man is a piece of everything.

37
 HUMANISTIC DISCIPLINES is define:

HISTORY
Human events happening in the world
LANGUAGE
Written and oral forms of human communication
PHILOSOPHY
Human reason concerning reality
ART
Admiration (ART APPRECIATION) of human-made objects

Human creativity (ART CREATION) by which these objects are made

38
 ETYMOLOGY of the word
(The study of the sources and development of words)
ART
Professional &
LATIN is ENGLISH is Academic Artist
called called FINE ART
“ars” “art”
MAJOR ART
Architect, Sculptor
Defines as skillful production
or performance

LIBERAL ART ARTIST ART

SERVILE ART ARTISAN CRAFT

MINOR ART
Stone Cutter, Carpenter 39
 WESTERN CONCEPT ART

ACADEMIC Only schooled people are artists

ELITIST Meant for the higher social class

HIERARCHICAL Liberal art and servile art, high and

low art, major art and minor art or
craft, fine art and practical art, folk art,
indigenous art, popular art

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 WESTERN
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ARTS

MAJOR ART
 Made by artists and
 primarily concerned with
the form of beauty

MINOR ART OR CRAFT

 Made by artisans
 Concerned with functionality and
usefulness of human-made objects
(artifacts)
41
 THE 7 MAJOR ARTS
IN WESTERN CIVILIZATION

Visual PAINTING SCULPTURE

ARCHITECTURE

Performing MUSIC DANCE

DRAMA

Linguistic LITERATURE
42
 MINOR ARTS: CRAFT
They were considered as makers
of:
Ceramics
Weaving Sewing
Handicraft
Carpentry
Masonry Stone
Cutting Gardening
Cooking

43
Example of Artist and Artisans:

Michelangelo took the credit

and was recognized as the
artist who made this art and
not the artisans who helped
him during the time it was
created

Michelangelo Painting in
the Ceiling of Sistine
Chapel
1508-1512
44
 Lesson 1.3. The Humanities and the Filipino Personhood (Pagkatao)

1. Relate the Western Concept of Humanities with the Filipino

Notion of “pagkatao.”
2. Compare and Contrast the Concepts of Art According to Western and
Filipino Thought.
REFERENCES

Readings
Covar, P. (1992)
De Leon, F. (2015)
Guillermo, B.
(2016)
Videos
Usapang Pinoy EPISODE ht 2: Ang Pagkakakilanlan ng Pagkataong
tps://youtu.be/pV6Q9J61AfI Pilipino.

Usapang Pinoy: EPISODE 1 [Kahalagahan, Pinagmulan at Daloy ng Pagkataong Pilipino].

https://youtu.be/60rPA2xErrA
45
Question: Based on the picture illustrations, how do you explain
“Madali ang maging tao; mahirap magpakatao.” 46
 Ayon kay Covar (1992), “hangarin ng disiplinang antropolohiya na pag-aralan ang
likas na tao, kasama na rito ang pagdalumat (conceive/deep thought) ng pagkataong
Pilipino. Di gaya ng siyensya na may pretensyong panukat na unibersal.

Pagkatao at Katauhan
Ayon pa rin kay Covar, “May kasabihan ang mga Pilipino na: “Madali ang maging
tao; mahirap magpakatao.” Ang pagiging tao ay isang prosesong bayolohikal. Ang
pagpapakatao ay naaayon naman sa prosesong kultural. Ang salitang “tao” ay
pangngalan. Ito ay tumatanggap ng iba’t-ibang panlapi upang makapagsaad ng iba’t-
ibang kahulugan. Halimbawa: maka-tao, t-um-ao, tau-han. Ang ka-tau-han ay
nangangahulugan ng “kabasalan ng diwang taglay ng salitang-ugat,” i.e., tao. Sa
Ingles, ang salin ng katauhan ay “humanity.” Ayon kay Miranda, “humanhood.”
Dahilan dito, ang salitang “pagkatao” ay angkop na konsepto bilang “personhood” o
pagiging taong Pilipino. Ayon kay Santiago at Tiangco, ang pagka- “ay tumutukoy sa
kalikasan ng tao, hayop o bagay.” Ganito ang gamit ng pagka- sa pariralang
“pagkataong Pilipino,” i.e., Pilipinong tao.” 47
 “HUMANITIES”
KEY
CONCEPTS

LATIN
humanitas
ENGLISH
“humanities”

FILIPINO
?
“pagpapakatao”
Mula sa “pagkatao” “tao”

48
 COVAR’S FILIPINO
ANTHROPOLOGY
KATAUHAN PAGKATAO
Biological: Cultural:
Born as a human being Becoming a human being
Act of being human Process of becoming human
“personality” “personhood”

“Madaling maging tao; mahirap magpakatao.”

“PAGPAPAKATAO”
The process by which one
becomes a human being
49
 FILIPINO
PERSONHOOD How does a human being
become a Filipino?

PAGKATAO
can be likened into a
jar like the

Manunggul Jar,
890-710 BC, Tabon
Cave, Palawan

50
Both came
from clay
THE JAR AND THE
FILIPINO PERSONHOOD
LABAS LOOB
ulo isip
dibdib damdamin

LALIM
kaluluwa budhi
51
 LABAS NG PAGKATAO
Katawan (Physical)
kulay ng balat (maputi, maitim)
tindig (matangkad, andak)
ilong (matangos, pango) dibdib LOOB NG PAGKATAO
(malapad, malaki)
Kalooban (Intellectual,
Emotional and Moral)
isip (matalino) ugali, asal
(mabuti)

LALIM NG PAGKATAO
Kaluluwa (Espiritual)
anito (banal)

52
 NON-DUALISTIC RELATION OF TERMS

LABAS LOOB
malapad ng noo matalino matapang o
salubong ang kilay galit umiibig
malagkit ang tingin masamang magsalita
maduming bibig

LALIM
malinis ang kaluluwa matuwid ang budhi
53
NON-DUALISTIC RELATION IN
FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY
LABAS LOOB
hipo dama
pigil timpi
dinig ulinig
tawa tuwa
saya ligaya
sarap ginhawa
54
 THE “HUMANITIES”
IN FILIPINO CONCEPT

“PAGPAPAKATAO”
The process how a
human being becomes
a Filipino
FILIPINO
ART
In the study of Humanities, as Pagpapakatao, the
students would discover and realize their own
identity as a Filipino. 55
 Filipe del Leon Jr. (2011)
“Defining the Filipino through the Arts”
CULTURAL IDENTITY
“The worldview and values, beliefs systems,
knowledge, skills and practices, core principles
and ideas shared by a society”
.
FILIPINO
“Cultural identity is a sine qua non for
becoming active in the world… a source of
social empowerment. Rob a people of their
identity and they become passive, lost,
indolent,
uncreative and unproductive.” 56
 “The first objective of a colonizing power is to erase the
cultural memory of the conquered people, to induce a
collective amnesia about their past and supplant it with the
culture of the colonizers. In this lie the roots of Filipino
derivativeness and inferiority complex vis-a-vis the West.”

Pre-Colonial Period
Had our own cultural identity
(Before 1500’s)

Our identity destroyed by colonizers:

Colonial Period
Westernization of Filipino Culture making us
(1500-1950) alienated from our own

Post-Colonial Period Reclamation, affirmation and definition of our identify

(1950 onwards) in our own terms
57
 FILIPINO WESTERN
CULTURE CULTURE
(Subordinated) (Standard)

FORMS OF ALIENATION CAUSED BY WESTERNIZATION

OF FILIPINO CULTURE
1. Alienation from Community
2. Alienation from Our Sources of Cultural Energy: Thinking
in Borrowed Forms and the Economics of Dependency
3. Alienation from Our Race: The Doña Victorina Syndrome:
4. Alienation from the Indigenous: Denigrating the Local
5. Alienation from the Land
6. Alienation from Being Filipino
7. Alienation from Sustainable Living 58
 FILIPINO WESTERN
CULTURE CULTURE
(Subordinated) (Standard)

Some Recommendations for Developing a Filipino

and Humanistic Perspective
1. Heightening social consciousness and sense of
responsibility to the nation.
2. Promoting people participation, local genius, and
cultural diversity.
3. Promoting the local but thinking national or global: human
communities, not the state, are the ultimate actors in the
development process
4. Integrating the arts to social and cultural phenomena as lucid mirrors
59
of social consciousness.
 THE COMMUNAL CHARACTER OF PHILIPPINE TRADITIONAL
CULTURES AS REFLECTED IN THE ARTS
1. Integration of the arts with other values and functions
2. Unity of the arts
3. Art is integrated with everyday life and not regarded as a separate activity.
4. Equality of opportunity for participation in the artistic and creative process.
5. Flexibility of material, technical, and formal requirements
6. Use of available resources for artistic creation
7. Emphasis on the creative process rather than the finished product
8. Simultaneity of conception and realization

60
 FILIPINO
ARTS
BECOMING FILIPINO THROUGH THE ARTS:
The Process of Pagpapakatao
“The arts can provide us the most vivid images
of social relations and cultural values. They are
perhaps the most lucid symbols of a people’s
quality of being or consciousness. Contemplating
the arts is like reflecting on the psychic template
of an artist or a cultural community.”
61
 Lesson 1.4. The Filipino Concept of
Art

1. Discover the Filipino Identity through the Arts.

2. Apply the Filipino Sense of Art in the Appreciation of
Art.
REFERENCES
Readings
Covar, P. (1992)

De Leon, F. (2015)

Videos
Xiao Time. (2014). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3i8muLe9vss

Damian Domingo: Primer Pintor Filipino (2010). https://youtu.be/m1sPyGbz6T8

Dayaw. (2015). https://youtu.be/MUeZuGfUUuo?list=PLEU-B_4w9FJNJ5IdRPItU-U4jl9E_2XN5

Dayaw. (2015). https://youtu.be/rMSRrn1p_V4?list=PLEU-B_4w9FJNJ5IdRPItU-U4jl9E_2XN5

Dayaw. (2015). https://youtu.be/kW6DU9IOe74?list=PLEU-B_4w9FJNJ5IdRPItU-U4jl9E_2XN5

TUKLAS: Sining Saysay - Philippine History in Art. (2018).https://youtu.be/ZN75VyLipIU

Preserving the Uniqueness of Philippine Culture. (2018).https://youtu.be/z1gfrrevD1A 62

 Proudly Pinoy
Ginebra San Miguel, also once
known as La Tondeña
Distillers, Inc. has become,
through the years, an iconic
fixture in the Filipino’s culture
of celebration, camaraderie
and tenacity.
Amidst natural disasters, Filipinos are strong-
spirited people who continue to brave each
storm hand in hand. Whatever situation we are
in, we rise as one nation. Filipino Pride, as they
say, is "May angas. May yabang."
We are a nation of possibilities. Filipinos are
generally innovative, strategic and imaginative.
Together with our innate adaptability, we can
adjust to any situation, make use of resources at
hand, and create something from nothing. 63
 “ONLY IN THE PHILIPPINES”

The phrase “Only in the Philippines” can be read in various ways – as an expression of pride in
what we feel are activities, attitudes, and aspirations that are uniquely Filipino; yet also as an
expression of frustration and exasperation about systems and situations that we know are corrupt,
unjust, or simply not good enough.

The answers have come in all shapes and colors. They come in the vibrant hues of parols that
point to our fascinating way of celebrating Christmas – over four months, starting in September; in the
curious ways we turn our plates when somebody leaves the table before one is finished with his or her
meal; in the image of a boxer as national hero who could, if imagination and votes meet, be the
country’s next president.

Good or bad, major or minor, these images collectively afford us a glimpse into the richness and
diversity of our culture. They also assure us that pride and frustration are not mutually exclusive
feelings toward our country and ourselves. Rather, they are two sides of the same coin; and both are
necessary elements to motivate us in steering our nation into a brighter, peaceful, and just future. 64
 KEY Western Only schooled people are artists
CONCEPTS
Concept Meant for the higher social class
ART
Academic Elitist High vs low art craft
Hierarchical major art vs practical art folk
fine vs indigenous

Filipino Has no such Western distinctions

Concept
ART 65
 EXAMPLES OF RENOWN FILIPINO ARTISTS

DAMIAN Son of Chinese immigrants converted to

Christianity, but thought to be a noble Spanish
DOMINGO descent by the Spaniards so that they
(1796-1834) commissioned him to paint
Engaged by a merchant to paint, in miniaturismo style,
albums of people wearing their daily costumes
Had a vision of making art more accessible to
the Filipinos (Indios)

Founded the first Art School in the Philippines

Escuela Dibujo y Pintura in Tondo Manila in 1821
His patron was Sociedad Economica de los
Amigos del Pais

FATHER OF PHILIPPINE PAINTING Professor and Director of the Philippine Art

Academy. The academy was closed after his
death producing Filipino artists trained in
Western artistic tradition 66
Domingo, Tipos del Pais, Water color of Filipinos in native costumes

67
 JUAN LUNA (1857-1899)
Bachelor of Arts Degree, Ateneo Municipal de
Manila. Enrolled in Academy of Fine Arts, Manila

Went to Europe in 1877, and studied in Escuela de

Bellas Artes de San Fernando
ACADEMIC
WESTERNIZED Won gold medal in Exposicion Nacional de Bellas
FILIPINO Artes in 1884 for Spoliarium
PAINTER
Commissioned by Spanish government to do paintings like La
Batalla de Lepanto and El Pacto de Sangre

Arrested for murdering his wife and mother-in-law,

but was acquitted on grounds of crime of passion.
68
 Juan Luna, Spoliarium, 1884, Gold
Medal, Exposicion Nacional

NEOCLASSICAL
STYLE

Felix R. Hidalgo, Las

Virgines Cristiana
espuestas al population,
1884, Silver Medal,
Exposicion Nacional

69
RIZAL’S “…. In the history of mankind there are names which in themselves signify an
achievement…. To such belong the names of Luna and Hidalgo: their splendor
SPEECH illuminates two extremes of the globe-the Orient and the Occident, Spain and
the Philippines. As I utter them, I seem to see two

luminous arches that rise from either region to blend there on high…to unite
two peoples with eternal bonds; two peoples whom the seas and space vainly
separate; two peoples among whom do not germinate the seeds of disunion
blindly sown by men and their despotism. Luna and Hidalgo are the pride of
Spain as of the Philippines- though born in the Philippines, they might have
been born in Spain, for genius has no country; genius bursts forth
everywhere….”

Winning the exposition had proven that Filipinos were equal with the
Spaniards, so that the Filipinos deserve the recognition of other people in the
world with equal dignity and respect.
70
 Luna, España y
Filipinas
1886

One positive way of looking at Filipino identity in the

arts is to see Philippine Art as integrated in Western
Art, and these two traditions are uniting and
harmonizing with one another.

Philippine Western Art Art

71
 Tolentino
Bonifacio
Amorsolo, Planting Rice
Monument
ROMANTIC REALISM
1933

RENAISSANCE ART
NEOCLASSICISM
IMPRESSIONISM

Manansala, Lamaroza Ecology Series

Marketscene 1978

SURREALISM
TRANSPARENT
CUBISM

72
Gus Albor, Joya
Karate
Upward Duality
ACTION
PAINTING
COLOR FIELD
PAINTING ABSTRACT
EXPRESSIONISM

73
 Examples of Filipino Indigenous Arts Embedded in our Culture

Basey, Art of Colorful Mats from Pastillas, Wrapper Art of

Tinalak,Tiboli Art Samar-Leyte Pampanga and Bulacan

Okir, Maranao Art Sarimanok Design, Maranao Art

Vinta, Badjao Art 74
 Torogan, Maranao Art Maranao Brassware Art Burnay Jars of Ilocos

Ling Ling O,
PASIKING, Ifugao Native Backpack Art of the Cordillera Group Bulul, Igorot Art
75
 COLORFUL ARTS
made of capiz shells
with twikling light design PAHIYAS, ART OF LUCBAN QUEZON Taka Art of Paete, Laguna

THE COLORFUL ART OF THE THE COLORFUL ART OF TRICYCLE DESIGN

JEEPNEY ART 76
PHILIPPINE KALESA
COLORFUL PHILIPPINE ICE CREAM CART Laji of the Ivatan is literature and music

Pasyon is literature, and pabasa is music Senakulo is a theater art 77

“dayaw”
Binisaya word
that means
good, valuable,
superior or
beautiful

Video 1.3

https://youtu.be/MU https://youtu.be/rM https://youtu.be/kW https://you https://you

eZuGfUUuo?list=P SRrn1p_V4?list=P 6DU9IOe74?list=P t u.be/ZN t u.be/z1gf
LEU- B_4w9FJNJ L EU- B_4w9FJNJ LEU- B_4w9FJNJ 75 rr evD1A
5IdRPIt 5IdRPIt 5IdRPIt VyLipIU
U-U4jl9E_2XN5 U-U4jl9E_2XN5 U-U4jl9E_2XN5

78
 “The principle of cultural identity does not mean that cultures
cannot be criticized. If all cultures on earth are to survive, most of
them have to change some of their beliefs and practices in order to
become compatible with one another” (Felipe, 2011).

FILIPINO IDENTITY WESTERN

The Philippine culture has to be dynamic in its relation with other

cultures in the world. By harmonizing the Western and the Filipino
concepts of at and its practice, a truly Philippine identity in the arts would
emerge out of the shared cultural universe, not only of our own people,
but of the humanity as a whole
79
Instructions:
Answer each of the following questions in least 40 words.
Analysis

• In the concept of Filipino “Pagkatao” what cultural influence do you find

relevant to showcase the Philippine culture in the global community?
Assessment

• How does technology affect what it means to be human?

• How do the humanities help us imagine the future?

Reflection
• In your own point of view, do you find Filipino craftsmanship a world class
art? Elaborate your answer. 80
 RUBRICS FO R GRADING
EXCELLENT ABOVE AVERAGE AVERAGE BELOW AVERAGE POOR
(10 PTS) (8 PTS) (6 PTS) (4 PTS) (2 PT)
CRITERIA

Uniqueness of idea Uniqueness of idea Uniqueness of idea Minimal detail Absolute minimal
is thorough, is informative and is present, but some provided, needs effort.
ANALYSIS: informative, and well thought. details improvement.
Creativity and demonstrates missing/incorrect.
uniqueness significant effort.

Message is Message is Message is present, Minimal detail Absolute minimal

thorough, informative and but some details provided, needs effort.
ASSESSMENT: informative, and well thought. missing/incorrect. improvement.
Clarity: Message is demonstrates
clearly addressed significant effort.

The relevance is The relevance is The relevance is Minimal detail Absolute minimal
REFLECTIONS: thorough, informative present, but some provided, needs effort.
Impact: The idea is informative, and and well details improvement.
relevant to present demonstrates thought. missing/incorrect.
significant effort.
situation 81
 Module 1

a. Individual activity: Along the sidewalks or local shops, find a native Philippine
product (work of art) such as basket, bracelet, hut, rags, textile, sandals, etc.

b. Make a documentation of the artifact: Where did you buy it? How much? What
is its local name? What is it made of? Its color, size? Other information?

c. Write a one-paragraph essay answering the question: How does the product or
artifact express the Filipino concept of art?

d. Use the paper provided for this activity.

82
 ART APPRECIATION ACTIVITY 1

NAME:
Course/Section/time:
Date:

Picture
A. Description of the artwork, product or artifact
Name or term:
Color:
Composition:
Dimensions:
Other information:

B. ESSAY: How does this product or artifact express the Filipino concept of
Art? (minimum of 5 sentences)
83
 RUBR ICS FOR ACTIVITY 1

Excellent Good Fair Needs Improvement

CRITERIA (16-20 points) (11-15 points) (6-10 points) (1-5)

Some elements are Many elements are There is no

Documentation lacking in the lacking in the documentation
Documentation of the artifact is complete. documentation. documentation at all

The essay answers the The essay partially A large part of the essay The essay does
Content and question completely and answers the question incorrectly answer the not answer the
Substance correctly. correctly. question. question at all.

The essay abides There are many mistakes The essay has many
with all the rules of The essay is understood in language, and the mistakes in language,
Language and although there are some
Comprehension language, and it is easily essay is hard to and it is totally not
understood. mistakes in language understand. understood.
84
MODULE 1

85