TRUTH TABLES AND

TAUTOLOGIES
MATHEMATICAL LOGIC
OBJECTIVES:
• Determine the truth value of propositions
#1 by constructing truth tables.
• Symbolize propositions using
#2 connectives.
• Define tautology, contradiction, and
#3 contingency.
• Identify if a proposition is tautology,
#4 contradiction, and contingency.
INTRODUCTION

• The truth value of a compound proposition is difficult to determine

because a compound statement may contain true and false
statements at the same time.
• The example of compound statement is:
“It is raining today and classes are suspended”.
• The first part could be true, but the second part could be false.
NEGATION RULES:
CONJUNCTION RULES:
DISJUNCTION RULES:
CONDITIONAL RULES:
BICONDITIONAL RULES:
REMARKS:
• The formula for the number of rows in a truth table is , where
is
the number of propositions (which corresponds to the number of
letters).
• To construct the truth table, familiarize and apply the Logic rules
for Negation, Conjunction, Disjunction, Conditional, and
Biconditional statements.
CONSTRUCT A TRUTH TABLE FOR

T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
CONSTRUCT A TRUTH TABLE FOR

T T T F F T

T T F T T T

T F T F F T

T F F T T F

F T T F F T

F T F T F T

F F T F F T

F F F T F T
TAUTOLOGY, CONTRADICTION, AND
CONTINGENCY

• Tautology – A statement in which all the substitution instances of

an argument in the truth table are “ALL TRUE”.
• Contradiction - A statement in which all the substitution instances
of an argument in the truth table are “ALL FALSE”.
• Contingency – A statement formed that has true and false
substitutions in the truth table. It is neither a tautology nor a
contradiction.
CONSTRUCT A TRUTH TABLE FOR

T T T F F T
T T F T T T
T F T F F T
T F F T T F
F T T F F T
F T F T F T
F F T F F T
F F F T F T

The statement is a contingency.

SHOW THAT IS A TAUTOLOGY.

T T

T F

F T

F F

The statement is a tautology.

SHOW THAT IS A CONTRADICTION.

T T

T F

F T

F F

The statement is a contradiction.