Understanding the Role of Art in Humanistic Studies

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MODULE 1
Art as a Humanistic Discipline
Lesson 1.1. Understanding Humanities
Lesson 1.2. The Humanities in Western Civilization
Lesson 1.3. The Humanities and the Filipino Personhood (Pagkatao)
Lesson 1.4. The Filipino Concept of Art
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Chapter Overview
In the age of Instagram and Facebook, it is very easy to come across a work of art which is
made, remade, or reused to fit a certain purpose or value. You must have pressed that “like” or
“love” button as you deem a graphic post so relatable. YouTube offers lots of tutorials and
techniques for painting, calligraphy, watercolor and others; lots of young artists have been
exposed to a wide range of art techniques because of them. Art and information is now within our
reach. There are so many sources available to learn from.
The downside of this quick information is that it is very scattered. We do not know which to
prioritize and are unsure if we are getting the right information.
Art Appreciation on the other hand is a discipline offered in an academic to direct our often
ambivalent feelings toward art which is a good starting point: YOU.
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Originally, the term "humanity" implied the distinguishing between human beings and those
considered to be less than human, whether that mean dogs, goldfish, or the literal "less than
humans" known as the barbarians and slaves. But with the dawning of what we now refer to as
the Middle Ages, an interest in the divine arose and man began looking at what was greater than
himself. And with this recollection came the understanding that if some humans were
considered subhuman, then what must humans appear as to God? And thus a new definition of
"humanitas" began infiltrating the vernacular, one that implied our certain mortality rather than
superiority over one another. This new definition and conception lead to what we now call
"humanism" which Panofsky describes as maintaining our rationality and freedom while still
keeping in mind our own fallibility and frailty. Thus, responsibility for ourselves and tolerance
to others.
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With the rise of humanism in the Middle Ages, it is no wonder that new artistic
styles emerged everywhere and played off one another versus the soon to come
Renaissance which radically shifts to looking at the past as something to be
reconstructed. The humanists learned and grew from what they could study of the
past but didn't emulate it. As Panofsky says so beautifully, "For, if human existence
could be thought of as a means rather than an end, how much less could the records
of human activity be considered as value in themselves.”
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Lesson 1.1. Understanding Humanities
1. Survey the Place of the Humanities in the History of Western and Eastern
Civilization.
2. Distinguish the Humanities and the Sciences as Fields of Learning.
REFERENCES
Readings
Panofsky, E. (1955). The History of Art as a Humanistic Discipline. Meaning in the Visual Arts. Australia:
Penguin Books.
Dhakhwa, S. & Enriquez, S. (2008). The Relevance of Confucian Philosophy to Modern Concepts of Leadership and Followership
(2008). All Volumes (2001-2008). 5.http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/ojii_volumes/5
CANVAS Network. Module 1 - Introductions and Definitions. WHAT IS ART?
https://learn.canvas.net/courses/24/pages/m1-what-is-art?module_item_id=44378
Study.com. Christian Humanism: Definition & Role in the Renaissance. Chapter 1, Lesson 14.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/christian-humanism-definition-role-in-the-
renaissance.html#:~:text=Christian%20Humanism%20was%20a%20Renaissance,helped%20encourage%20the%20Protestant%2
0Reformation.
Video
Who Am I. (Dec. 4, 2010). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBcqria2wmg
What was crucifixion like? (April 15, 2017). https://youtu.be/V0gNIL5GAdE
The audacity of Christian art: the problem with Christ | National Gallery.
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/introduction-cultures-religions-apah/christianity-
apah/v/christian-art-national-gallery
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https://you
https://yout tu.be/XKg
u.be/V0gN 7YILYBkc
IL5GAdE
Among all these pictures, which do you think gives the right
description of the crucifixion of Christ? Explain your answer?
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The Renaissance & Humanism
The word 'renaissance' literally means rebirth. Between the 14th and 16th centuries, Europe
experienced a rebirth of Greco-Roman culture, which had died out centuries before. Historians
call this time period of rebirth, the Renaissance. This Renaissance included a renewed interest
in Greco-Roman texts, a rekindled love of learning, an increased interest in understanding the
natural world, and the philosophy of humanism.
Humanism is an optimistic outlook emphasizing the goodness and success of humanity.
Before the Renaissance, Christian Europeans often viewed humanity as sinful creatures who
needed to be constantly mindful of their souls. During this new period of rebirth, however,
there was much more emphasis on the goodness of God's creation and the talents and skills God
had granted humanity.
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The Northern Renaissance & Christian Humanism
The Renaissance started in Italy, which had always been very aware of its Greco-Roman heritage.
As the movement migrated north into places such as England, Germany, and Scandinavia, however,
some of the Greco-Roman aspects were downplayed. Instead, there was much more emphasis on the
understanding of Christianity, particularly early Christianity. What happened in the north is known as
the Northern Renaissance, and its version of humanism became known as Christian Humanism.
In Christianity, Jesus is understood to have both mortal and divine aspects to his being. Before the
Renaissance, Christian teachings focused primarily on the spiritual and divine aspects of their belief:
Jesus as divine, miracles, salvation, damnation, and so on. During the Northern Renaissance, however,
there was much more focus on Jesus the mortal man, including his teachings, relationships, and
experiences culminating with his execution via crucifixion. This ultimately affected many different
aspects of religious life in northern Europe.
One of the results of this focus on Jesus's mortal aspects was artwork that emphasized the
physical and emotional pain associated with the crucifixion. Previously, images of his death were
primarily about salvation through sacrifice, and artists depicted Jesus peacefully slumped over, as if
he was sleeping. Artists influenced by Christian Humanism, however, often depicted Jesus tightly
twisted in agony. Those witnessing his death are shown as wrought with grief rather than reflecting on
the joy of salvation.
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How would you define ‘art’? For many people art is a specific thing; a painting, sculpture or
photograph, a dance, a poem or a play. It is all of these things, and more. They are mediums of
artistic expression. Webster’s New Collegiate dictionary defines art as “The conscious use of
skill and creative imagination especially in the production of aesthetic objects.” Yet art is much
more than a medium, or words on a page. It is the expression of our experience.
Art is uniquely human and tied directly to culture. It takes the ordinary and makes it
extraordinary. It asks questions about who we are, what we value, the meaning of beauty and the
human condition. As an expressive medium it allows us to experience sublime joy, deep sorrow,
confusion and clarity. It tests our strengths, vulnerabilities and resolve. It gives voice to ideas
and feelings, connects us to the past, reflects the present and anticipates the future. Along these
lines, art history, combined with anthropology and literature, are three main sources in
observing, recording and interpreting our human past. Visual art is a rich and complex subject
whose definition is in flux as the culture around it changes. Because of this, how we define art is
in essence a question of agreement. In this respect, we can look again to the dictionary’s
definition for an understanding of exactly what to look for when we proclaim something as ‘art’.
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FRAMEWORKS AND PERSPECTIVES
KEY
CONCEPTS The humanities actually compliment
FIELDS OF LEARNING the sciences and vice versa. It's only
that the exactness of science is a
mastery and the depth of the
humanities is wisdom.
Sciences HUMANITIES
Language History ART Philosophy
Our frail and fallible human bodies leave behind

frail and fallible records of our frail and fallible
lives oddly turning our inescapable mortality into
a kind of immortality for subsequent mortals to Art ART
humanistically or scientifically observe. And so, Creation APPRECIATION
the duality we face regarding the definition of
"humanity" still remains. Artist DR.Spectator
ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
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Practice Theory
THE TWO GENERAL
FIELDS OF LEARNING
THE THE
SCIENCES HUMANITIES
Deals with Deals with
natural, physical human
phenomena phenomena
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE 12

PARADIGM FOR LEARNING
IN THE SCIENCES
SUBJECT-KNOWER OBJECT-KNOWN
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
“The scientist learns about things in the world.”
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DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
PARADIGM FOR LEARNING
IN THE HUMANITIES
SUBJECT-KNOWER = OBJECT-KNOWN
REFLEXIVE
METHOD
“The humanist learns about the self.”

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THE BASIC
QUESTION IN
THE HUMANITIES
“Who am I?”
https://www.
youtube.com
/watch?v=m
Bcqria2wmg
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THINKERS WHOSE THOUGHTS WERE THE BASIS
OF METHOD IN THE HUMANITIES
‘Know Thyself’ was carved into stone at
SOCRATES the entrance to Apollo’s temple at Delphi
in Greece, according to legend. Scholars,
469-399 BC philosophers, and civilizations have
debated this question for a long time.
“Know thyself.” Why have we not been able to find the

answer?
WISDOM
For various reasons cultural, political, economic, and ideological that the
norm of self-knowledge has come and gone with the tides through Western
history. Even if we had been constantly enjoined to achieve self-knowledge
for the 2,300 years since the time Socrates spoke, just as Sigmund Freud
said about civilization; that civilization is constantly being created anew and
everyone being born has to work their way up to being civilized being; so,
also the project of achieving self-knowledge is a project for every single new
member of our species. No one can be given it at birth. It’s not an
achievement you get for free like a high IQ or a prominent chin. Continuing
to beat that drum, to remind people of the importance of that, is something
we’ll always be doing.
“Withdraw into yourself truth dwells in the inner man.” AUGUSTINE, 354-430 AD 16
THE THE
SCIENCES HUMANITIES
KNOWLEDGE WISDOM
The scientist The humanist

becomes a becomes a
LEARNED MAN. WISE MAN.
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“A scientist tends to know everything about the world
that he forgets to know anything about himself.”
THALES OF MILETUS
(620-546 BC)
A Philosopher renowned as one of the legendary Seven

Wise Men, or Sophist, of antiquity. He is remembered
primarily for his cosmology based on water as the essence
of all matter, with Earth a flat disk floating on a vast sea.
The most outstanding aspects of Thales’s heritage

are: The search for knowledge for its own sake; the
development of the scientific method; the adoption of
practical methods and their development into general
principles; his curiosity and conjectural approach to the
questions of natural phenomena – In the sixth century
B.C.E., Thales asked the question, ‘What is the basic
material of the cosmos?’ The answer is yet to be
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discovered.
A wise man once said,
“If you can revive the ancient and use it to understand the modern,
then you are worthy to be a teacher” (2:11, Marquis Zhang Analects
Version).
Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) was born a couple of centuries before

Socrates’ teachings on ethics and logic, and half a millennium before the
start of our modern calendar and the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. He
established a school with the explicit purpose of educating the next
generation for political leadership. He was the first great thinker of the
independent intellectual class, and is regarded as China’s first self-
conscious philosopher who can be historically verified. He is further
recognized as China’s first teacher, and his ideas have travelled beyond
its borders to influence Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and now Western
civilizations.
The philosophy of Confucius does not purport to lay out a formula

“The Great Sage”-Wise Man of the East
of how everyone should live. It is merely the way in which he, as a
particular person, chose to live his life.
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What is the basic answer to this question?
“I am a human
Who am I? “Humanities”
being.”
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Lesson 1.2. The Humanities in Western Civilization
1. Examine the History of Art as a Humanistic Discipline.
REFERENCES
Readings
Panofsky, E. (1955). The History of Art as a Humanistic Discipline. Meaning in the
Visual Arts. Penguin Books.
Videos
Morelli, L. (March 7, 2014). TEDEd: Is there a difference between art and craft?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVdw60eCnJI.
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How many moral ideas can you
get from these pictures?
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Have you ever watched something being made: a time-lapse of a building construction, a
short video on how to bake muffins, a potter spinning his wheel and pulling up day into the shape
of a vessel? There is something satisfying in seeing these processes and how things are created.
One can have a clue of the skill and set, materials, and methods required to get the task done. You
call it and art work.
The arts are usually considered as part of the humanities. These include visual arts such as
painting and sculpture, as well as performing arts such as theatre and dance, and literature. Other
humanities such as language are sometimes considered to be part of the arts, for example as the
language arts.
The study of humanities in western civilization can be traced back to ancient Greece,
where the humanities formed the basis of education for all citizens. In ancient Rome, there
developed the notion of the seven liberal arts; these included grammar, rhetoric, logic, music,
geometry, arithmetic, and astronomy.
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KEY
CONCEPTS
The Relationship of Arts and Humanities

What comes to your mind when you hear the word humanities?
When you hear the word "humanities," what is the first thing that comes to mind? "Human
nature, people, relationships, understanding others.“
When you say Humanities, those are branches of knowledge that concern themselves with
human beings and their culture or with analytic and critical methods of inquiry derived from an
appreciation of human values and of the unique ability of the human spirit to express itself.
Is humanities and arts are same?

Arts and humanities are considered as two of the oldest fields of knowledge available to man.
While art is seen as a more all-inclusive field, humanities, on the other hand, takes into
consideration a diverse and oftentimes unrelated set of disciplines from literature to political
history. 24
What is the importance of arts and humanities?
The humanities and the arts are central to all human cultures throughout time. Their study
can facilitate deeper intercultural understanding and lay the groundwork for a civically engaged
life. They can also prepare you to think critically, act creatively, and succeed in a rapidly
changing world.
Both interpret the human experience through words or non-verbal forms of expression. It's
true that the arts have more to do with the act of creation itself, whether through performance or
the physical production of works, while the humanities have to do more with research and critical
analysis
Why art is called as humanities?

The arts are usually considered as part of the humanities. These include visual arts such as
painting and sculpture, as well as performing arts such as theatre and dance, and literature. Other
humanities such as language are sometimes considered to be part of the arts, for example as the
language arts.
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How the arts and humanities affect everyday life?
The humanities have practical applications for everyday life. They benefit people by
helping them to think about and to consider life's surprises and challenges before they happen
and by giving strength when they do happen. The humanities help us to make informed
decisions. The humanities help us answer big questions
How does art and humanities function in society?

Arts and humanities research is useful because it gives societies the capacity to do more
good things and improve the quality of life for more of its population.
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To Panofsky, he considers “Art as a Humanistic Discipline”
Let us take a closer look on the meaning of
“HUMANITIES”
LATIN ENGLISH
humanitas “humanity”
Classified in three state:
Gods in the state of
divinitas perfection in heaven
People in the state of
humanitas culture in civilized society
Savages in the state of
barbaritas nature for survival 27
THE PLACE OF HUMANITIES IN
THE HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION
ANCIENT COSMOCENTRIC VIEW HUMA

PROTAGORAS: Man is the measure of all things.
800 BC NITIES
GEOCENTRISM: Man is at the center of the universe.
THEOCENTRIC VIEW
MEDIEVAL SCHOLASTICISM: Man is created in the image of God
300 AD Man is at the center of creation.
RENAISSANCE ANTHROPOCENTRIC VIEW HUMA

HUMANISM: Nothing is more wonderful than man. NITIES
1400
MODERN SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC VIEW

1600 Man is a part of nature.
ECLECTIC VIEW HUMA

POSTMODERN Man is a piece of everything. NITIES 28
Expressions of their beliefs through arts varies from different periods of human existence.
ANCIENT
IMAGE OF
COSMOCENTRIC
MAN:
GEOCENTRIC
THEORY
Earth (Man) is
the center of
the universe.
Ptolemy
(100-170 AD)
Almagest
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MEDIEVAL IMAGE
OF THEOCENTRIC MAN
Man is created by God.
Escorial Beatus,
Illuminated Manuscript,
10th Century
30
RENAISSANCE
IMAGE OF MAN:
ANTROPOCENTRIC
MAN:
Measure of all
things
Leonardo da Vinci
Vitruvian Man, 1490
31
Expressions of their beliefs through arts varies from different periods of human’s existence.
RENAISSANCE IMAGE OF ANTHROPOCENTRIC MAN

The image of man is the image of God. Man is the measure of God.
Michelangelo, The Creation of Man (Sistine Chapel Painting, 1512) 32

Expressions of their beliefs through arts varies from different periods of human’s
existence.
HELIOCENTRIC
THEORY: Removed
man from the center
of the universe and
suggested the view
man was special in
the universe.
Copernicus,
On the Revolution
of Celestial Bodies,
1542
33
MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC MAN
Man is a part of nature.
The Evolution of Man

34
existence.
MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC MAN
The scientist is detached observer of the objectified man.
35
Rembrandt, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Turf, 1642
existence.
MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-

TECHNOCENTRIC MAN
Man is dehumanized during

the industrial age.
Legaspi
Gadgets
1947
36
Expressions of their beliefs through arts varies from different periods of human’s existence.
Medio Cruz, Poleteismo, from Kulo Exhibit 2011

INSTALLATION ART
POSTMODERN IMAGE OF ECLECTIC MAN

37
Man is a piece of everything.
HUMANISTIC DISCIPLINES is define:
HISTORY
Human events happening in the world
LANGUAGE
Written and oral forms of human communication
PHILOSOPHY
Human reason concerning reality
ART
Admiration (ART APPRECIATION) of human-made objects
Human creativity (ART CREATION) by which these objects are made

38
ETYMOLOGY of the word ART
(The study of the sources and development of words)
Professional &
LATIN is ENGLISH is Academic Artist
called called FINE ART
“ars” “art”
MAJOR ART
Architect
Defines as skillful production Sculptor
or performance
LIBERAL ART ARTIST ART

SERVILE ART ARTISAN CRAFT
MINOR ART
Stone Cutter
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE Carpenter 39
WESTERN CONCEPT ART
ACADEMIC Only schooled people are artists
ELITIST Meant for the higher social class
HIERARCHICAL Liberal art and servile art, high and

low art, major art and minor art or
craft, fine art and practical art, folk
art, indigenous art, popular art

WESTERN
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ARTS
MAJOR ART
➢ Made by artists and
➢ primarily concerned with the
form of beauty
MINOR ART OR CRAFT

➢ Made by artisans
➢ Concerned with functionality and
usefulness of human-made objects
(artifacts)
41
THE 7 MAJOR ARTS
IN WESTERN CIVILIZATION
Visual PAINTING
SCULPTURE
ARCHITECTURE
Performing MUSIC
DANCE
DRAMA
Linguistic LITERATURE
42
MINOR ARTS: CRAFT
They were considered as makers of:
Ceramics
Weaving
Sewing
Handicraft
Carpentry
Masonry
Stone Cutting
Gardening
https://yout
Cooking u.be/tVdw6
0eCnJI
43
Example of Artist and Artisans:
Michelangelo took
the credit and was
recognized as the
artist who made
this art and not the
artisans who
helped him during
the time it was
created.
Michelangelo
Painting in the
Ceiling of Sistine
Chapel
1508-1512 44
Lesson 1.3. The Humanities and the Filipino Personhood (Pagkatao)
1. Relate the Western Concept of Humanities with the Filipino Notion of

“pagkatao.”
2. Compare and Contrast the Concepts of Art According to Western and
Filipino Thought.
REFERENCES
Readings
Covar, P. (1992)
De Leon, F. (2015)
Guillermo, B. (2016)
Videos
Usapang Pinoy EPISODE 2: Ang Pagkakakilanlan ng Pagkataong Pilipino.
https://youtu.be/pV6Q9J61AfI
Usapang Pinoy: EPISODE 1 [Kahalagahan, Pinagmulan at Daloy ng Pagkataong Pilipino].

https://youtu.be/60rPA2xErrA
45
Question: Based on the picture illustrations, how do you explain “Madali ang
maging tao; mahirap magpakatao.” 46
Ayon kay Covar (1992), “hangarin ng disiplinang antropolohiya na pag-aralan ang likas na tao,
kasama na rito ang pagdalumat (conceive/deep thought) ng pagkataong Pilipino. Di gaya ng
siyensya na may pretensyong panukat na unibersal.
Pagkatao at Katauhan
Ayon pa rin kay Covar, “May kasabihan ang mga Pilipino na: “Madali ang maging tao; mahirap
magpakatao.” Ang pagiging tao ay isang prosesong bayolohikal. Ang pagpapakatao ay naaayon
naman sa prosesong kultural. Ang salitang “tao” ay pangngalan. Ito ay tumatanggap ng iba’t-ibang
panlapi upang makapagsaad ng iba’t-ibang kahulugan. Halimbawa: maka-tao, t-um-ao, tau-han.
Ang ka-tau-han ay nangangahulugan ng “kabasalan ng diwang taglay ng salitang-ugat,” i.e., tao. Sa
Ingles, ang salin ng katauhan ay “humanity.” Ayon kay Miranda, “humanhood.” Dahilan dito, ang
salitang “pagkatao” ay angkop na konsepto bilang “personhood” o pagiging taong Pilipino. Ayon
kay Santiago at Tiangco, ang pagka- “ay tumutukoy sa kalikasan ng tao, hayop o bagay.” Ganito
ang gamit ng pagka- sa pariralang “pagkataong Pilipino,” i.e., Pilipinong tao.”
47
“HUMANITIES”
KEY
CONCEPTS
LATIN
humanitas
ENGLISH
“humanities”
FILIPINO
?
“pagpapakatao”
Mula sa
“pagkatao”
“tao” 48
COVAR’S FILIPINO ANTHROPOLOGY
KATAUHAN PAGKATAO
Biological: Cultural:
Born as a human being Becoming a human being
Act of being human Process of becoming human
“personality” “personhood”
“Madaling maging tao; mahirap magpakatao.”
“PAGPAPAKATAO”
The process by which one
becomes a human being
FILIPINO
PERSONHOOD How does a human being
become a Filipino?
PAGKATAO
can be likened into
a jar like the
Manunggul Jar,
890-710 BC, Tabon
Cave, Palawan

50
Both came
from clay
THE JAR AND THE
FILIPINO PERSONHOOD
LABAS LOOB
ulo isip
dibdib damdamin
LALIM
kaluluwa budhi
51
LABAS NG PAGKATAO
Katawan (Physical)
kulay ng balat (maputi, maitim)
tindig (matangkad, andak)
ilong (matangos, pango)
LOOB NG PAGKATAO
dibdib (malapad, malaki)
Kalooban (Intellectual,
Emotional and Moral)
isip (matalino)
ugali, asal (mabuti)
LALIM NG PAGKATAO
Kaluluwa (Espiritual)
anito (banal)
52
NON-DUALISTIC RELATION OF TERMS
LABAS LOOB
malapad ng noo matalino
salubong ang kilay matapang o galit
malagkit ang tingin umiibig
maduming bibig masamang magsalita
LALIM DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

malinis ang kaluluwa matuwid ang budhi
53
NON-DUALISTIC RELATION IN
FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY
LABAS LOOB
hipo dama
pigil timpi
dinig ulinig
tawa tuwa
saya ligaya
sarap ginhawa
THE “HUMANITIES”
IN FILIPINO CONCEPT
“PAGPAPAKATAO”
The process how a
human being becomes
a Filipino
FILIPINO
ART
In the study of Humanities, as Pagpapakatao,
the students would discover and realize their
own identity as a Filipino.
Filipe del Leon Jr. (2011)
“Defining the Filipino through the Arts”
CULTURAL IDENTITY
“The worldview and values, beliefs systems,
knowledge, skills and practices, core principles
and ideas shared by a society”
.
FILIPINO
“Cultural identity is a sine qua non for
becoming active in the world… a source of social
empowerment. Rob a people of their identity
and they become passive, lost, indolent,
uncreative and unproductive.” 56
“The first objective of a colonizing power is to erase
the cultural memory of the conquered people, to
induce a collective amnesia about their past and
supplant it with the culture of the colonizers. In this
lie the roots of Filipino derivativeness and inferiority
complex vis-a-vis the West.”
Pre-Colonial Period
Had our own cultural identity
(Before 1500’s)
Our identity destroyed by colonizers:
Colonial Period
Westernization of Filipino Culture
(1500-1950) making us alienated from our own
Post-Colonial Period Reclamation, affirmation and definition

(1950 onwards) of our identify in our own terms
57
FILIPINO WESTERN
CULTURE CULTURE
(Subordinated) (Standard)
FORMS OF ALIENATION CAUSED BY
WESTERNIZATION OF FILIPINO CULTURE
1. Alienation from Community
2. Alienation from Our Sources of Cultural Energy: Thinking
in Borrowed Forms and the Economics of Dependency
3. Alienation from Our Race: The Doña Victorina Syndrome:
4. Alienation from the Indigenous: Denigrating the Local
5. Alienation from the Land
6. Alienation from Being Filipino
7. Alienation from Sustainable Living DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE 58
FILIPINO OTHER
CULTURE CULTURES
(Standard)
Some Recommendations for Developing
a Filipino and Humanistic Perspective
1. Heightening social consciousness and sense of responsibility to the
nation.
2. Promoting people participation, local genius, and cultural diversity.
3. Promoting the local but thinking national or global: human
communities, not the state, are the ultimate actors in the
development process
4. Integrating the arts to social and cultural phenomena as lucid
mirrors of social consciousness. 59
THE COMMUNAL CHARACTER OF PHILIPPINE
TRADITIONAL CULTURES AS REFLECTED IN THE ARTS
1. Integration of the arts with other values and functions
2. Unity of the arts
3. Art is integrated with everyday life and not regarded
as a separate activity.
4. Equality of opportunity for participation in the artistic
and creative process.
5. Flexibility of material, technical, and formal
requirements
6. Use of available resources for artistic creation
7. Emphasis on the creative process rather than the
finished product
8. Simultaneity of conception and realization
60
FILIPINO
ARTS
BECOMING FILIPINO THROUGH THE ARTS:
The Process of Pagpapakatao
“The arts can provide us the most vivid
images of social relations and cultural
values. They are perhaps the most lucid
symbols of a people’s quality of being or
consciousness. Contemplating the arts is
like reflecting on the psychic template of
an artist or a cultural community.”
61
Lesson 1.4. The Filipino Concept of Art
1. Discover the Filipino Identity through the Arts.

2. Apply the Filipino Sense of Art in the Appreciation of Art.
REFERENCES
Readings
Covar, P. (1992)
De Leon, F. (2015)
Videos
Xiao Time. (2014). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3i8muLe9vss
Damian Domingo: Primer Pintor Filipino (2010). https://youtu.be/m1sPyGbz6T8
Dayaw. (2015). https://youtu.be/MUeZuGfUUuo?list=PLEU-B_4w9FJNJ5IdRPItU-U4jl9E_2XN5
Dayaw. (2015). https://youtu.be/rMSRrn1p_V4?list=PLEU-B_4w9FJNJ5IdRPItU-U4jl9E_2XN5
Dayaw. (2015). https://youtu.be/kW6DU9IOe74?list=PLEU-B_4w9FJNJ5IdRPItU-U4jl9E_2XN5
TUKLAS: Sining Saysay - Philippine History in Art. (2018).https://youtu.be/ZN75VyLipIU
Preserving the Uniqueness of Philippine Culture. (2018).https://youtu.be/z1gfrrevD1A 62

Proudly Pinoy
Ginebra San Miguel, also once Amidst natural disasters, Filipinos are strong-
known as La Tondeña spirited people who continue to brave each
Distillers, Inc. has become, storm hand in hand. Whatever situation we are We are a nation of possibilities. Filipinos are
through the years, an iconic in, we rise as one nation. Filipino Pride, as they generally innovative, strategic and imaginative.
fixture in the Filipino’s culture say, is "May angas. May yabang." Together with our innate adaptability, we can
of celebration, camaraderie adjust to any situation, make use of resources at
and tenacity. hand, and create something from nothing. 63
“ONLY IN THE PHILIPPINES”
The phrase “Only in the Philippines” can be read in various ways – as an expression of pride in
what we feel are activities, attitudes, and aspirations that are uniquely Filipino; yet also as an
expression of frustration and exasperation about systems and situations that we know are corrupt,
unjust, or simply not good enough.
The answers have come in all shapes and colors. They come in the vibrant hues of parols that
point to our fascinating way of celebrating Christmas – over four months, starting in September; in the
curious ways we turn our plates when somebody leaves the table before one is finished with his or her
meal; in the image of a boxer as national hero who could, if imagination and votes meet, be the
country’s next president.
Good or bad, major or minor, these images collectively afford us a glimpse into the richness and
diversity of our culture. They also assure us that pride and frustration are not mutually exclusive
feelings toward our country and ourselves. Rather, they are two sides of the same coin; and both are
necessary elements to motivate us in steering our nation into a brighter, peaceful, and just future. 64
KEY Western
CONCEPTS
Concept
ART Only schooled people are artists
Academic Meant for the higher social class
Elitist High vs low art
Hierarchical major art vs craft
fine vs practical art
folk
Filipino indigenous
Concept Has no such Western distinctions
ART 65
EXAMPLES OF RENOWN FILIPINO ARTISTS
DAMIAN Son of Chinese immigrants converted to
DOMINGO Christianity, but thought to be a noble Spanish
descent by the Spaniards so that they
(1796-1834) commissioned him to paint
Engaged by a merchant to paint, in miniaturismo
style, albums of people wearing their daily
costumes
Had a vision of making art more accessible to
the Filipinos (Indios)
Founded the first Art School in the Philippines
Escuela Dibujo y Pintura in Tondo Manila in
1821
His patron was Sociedad Economica de los
Amigos del Pais
FATHER OF PHILIPPINE
PAINTING Professor and Director of the Philippine Art
Video 1.2.
Academy. The academy was closed after his
https://www.
youtube.com
https://youtu.
be/m1sPyGb
death producing Filipino artists trained in
/watch?v=3i8 z6T8 66
muLe9vss Western artistic tradition
Domingo, Tipos del Pais, Water color of Filipinos in native costumes
67
JUAN LUNA (1857-1899)
Bachelor of Arts Degree, Ateneo Municipal de
Manila. Enrolled in Academy of Fine Arts, Manila
Went to Europe in 1877, and studied in Escuela de

Bellas Artes de San Fernando
ACADEMIC
WESTERNIZED Won gold medal in Exposicion Nacional de Bellas
FILIPINO Artes in 1884 for Spoliarium
PAINTER
Commissioned by Spanish government to do
paintings like La Batalla de Lepanto and El Pacto de
Sangre
Arrested for murdering his wife and mother-in-law,

but was acquitted on grounds of crime of passion. 68
Juan Luna, Spoliarium,
1884, Gold Medal,
Exposicion Nacional
NEOCLASSICAL
STYLE
Felix R. Hidalgo, Las

Virgines Cristiana
espuestas al population,
1884, Silver Medal,
69
Exposicion Nacional
“…. In the history of mankind there are names which in
RIZAL’S themselves signify an achievement…. To such belong the
names of Luna and Hidalgo: their splendor illuminates two
SPEECH extremes of the globe-the Orient and the Occident, Spain
and the Philippines. As I utter them, I seem to see two
luminous arches that rise from either region to blend there
on high…to unite two peoples with eternal bonds; two
peoples whom the seas and space vainly separate; two
peoples among whom do not germinate the seeds of
disunion blindly sown by men and their despotism. Luna
and Hidalgo are the pride of Spain as of the Philippines-
though born in the Philippines, they might have been born
in Spain, for genius has no country; genius bursts forth
everywhere….”
Winning the exposition had proven that Filipinos were equal with the
Spaniards, so that the Filipinos deserve the recognition of other people in the
world with equal dignity and respect.
70
Luna,
España y
Filipinas
1886
One positive way of looking at Filipino

identity in the arts is to see Philippine
Art as integrated in Western Art, and
these two traditions are uniting and
harmonizing with one another.
Philippine Western
Art Art
71
Tolentino Amorsolo, Planting Rice
Bonifacio ROMANTIC REALISM
Monument
1933
RENAISSANCE ART
NEOCLASSICISM IMPRESSIONISM
Manansala, Lamaroza
Marketscene Ecology Series
1978
SURREALISM
TRANSPARENT
CUBISM
72
Gus Albor, Joya
Upward Karate
Duality
ACTION
PAINTING
COLOR FIELD
PAINTING ABSTRACT
EXPRESSIONISM
73
Examples of Filipino Indigenous Arts Embedded in our Culture
Tinalak, Tiboli Art Basey, Art of Colorful Mats from Pastillas, Wrapper Art of
Samar-Leyte Pampanga and Bulacan
Vinta, Badjao Art Okir, Maranao Art Sarimanok Design

74
Maranao Art
Torogan, Maranao Art Maranao Brassware Art Burnay Jars of Ilocos
Ling Ling O,
Bulul, Igorot Art
PASIKING, Ifugao Native Backpack Art of the Cordillera Group
75
COLORFUL ARTS
made of capiz shells
with twikling light design PAHIYAS, ART OF LUCBAN QUEZON Taka Art of Paete, Laguna
THE COLORFUL ART OF THE THE COLORFUL ART OF TRICYCLE DESIGN

JEEPNEY ART 76
PHILIPPINE KALESA
COLORFUL PHILIPPINE ICE CREAM CART Laji of the Ivatan is literature and music
Pasyon is literature, and pabasa is music Senakulo is a theater art 77

“dayaw”
Binisaya word
that means
good, valuable,
superior or
beautiful
Video 1.3
https://youtu.be/MU https://youtu.be/rM https://youtu.be/kW https://yout https://yout

eZuGfUUuo?list=P SRrn1p_V4?list=PL 6DU9IOe74?list=P u.be/ZN75 u.be/z1gfrr
LEU- EU- LEU- VyLipIU evD1A
B_4w9FJNJ5IdRPIt B_4w9FJNJ5IdRPIt B_4w9FJNJ5IdRPIt
U-U4jl9E_2XN5 U-U4jl9E_2XN5 U-U4jl9E_2XN5
78
“The principle of cultural identity does not mean
that cultures cannot be criticized. If all cultures
on earth are to survive, most of them have to
change some of their beliefs and practices in
order to become compatible with one another”
(Felipe, 2011).
FILIPINO IDENTITY WESTERN

The Philippine culture has to be dynamic in its
relation with other cultures in the world. By
harmonizing the Western and the Filipino
concepts of art and its practice, a truly
Philippine identity in the arts would emerge out
of the shared cultural universe, not only of our
own people, but of the humanity as a whole.
79
Instructions: The answer to each question should have at least a minimum of 50 words.
Analysis
1. In the concept of Filipino “Pagkatao” what cultural influence do you find
relevant to showcase the Philippine culture in the global community?
(Lesson 1.3)
Assessment
1. How does technology affect what it means to be human? (Lesson 1.1)
2. How do the humanities help us imagine the future? (Lesson 1.1)
Reflection
1. Based on this module activity, do you find Filipino craftsmanship a world
class art? Explain
80
RUBRICS FOR GRADING
EXCELLENT ABOVE AVERAGE AVERAGE BELOW AVERAGE POOR
(10 PTS) (8 PTS) (6 PTS) (4 PTS) (2 PT)
CRITERIA
Uniqueness of idea Uniqueness of idea Uniqueness of idea Minimal detail Absolute minimal
ANALYSIS: is thorough, is informative and is present, but some provided, needs effort.
Creativity and informative, and well thought. details improvement.
uniqueness demonstrates missing/incorrect.
significant effort.
Message is Message is Message is present, Minimal detail Absolute minimal

ASSESSMENT: thorough, informative and but some details provided, needs effort.
Clarity: Message is informative, and well thought. missing/incorrect. improvement.
clearly addressed demonstrates
significant effort.
The relevance is The relevance is The relevance is Minimal detail Absolute minimal
REFLECTIONS: thorough, informative and present, but some provided, needs effort.
Impact: The idea is informative, and well thought. details improvement.
relevant to present demonstrates missing/incorrect.
situation significant effort. 81
Module 1
a. Individual activity: Along the sidewalks or local shops, find a native Philippine
product (work of art) such as basket, bracelet, hut, rags, textile, sandals, etc.
b. Make a documentation of the artifact: Where did you buy it? How much? What
is its local name? What is it made of? Its color, size? Other information?
c. Write a one-paragraph essay answering the question: How does the product or
artifact express the Filipino concept of art?
d. Use the paper provided for this activity.

82
ART APPRECIATION ACTIVITY 1
NAME:
Course/Section/time:
Date:
Picture
A. Description of the artwork, product or artifact
Name or term:
Color:
Composition:
Dimensions:
Other information:
B. ESSAY: How does this product or artifact express the Filipino concept of
Art? (minimum of 5 sentences)
83
RUBRICS FOR ACTIVITY 1
Excellent Good Fair Needs Improvement
CRITERIA
(16-20 points) (11-15 points) (6-10 points) (1-5)
Some elements are Many elements are There is no

Documentation
Documentation lacking in the lacking in the documentation
of the artifact is complete.
documentation. documentation at all
The essay answers the The essay partially A large part of the essay The essay does not
Content and
question completely and answers the question incorrectly answer the answer the question
Substance
correctly. correctly. question. at all.
The essay abides with There are many mistakes The essay has many
The essay is understood
Language and all the rules of language, in language, and the mistakes in language,
although there are some
Comprehension and it is easily essay is hard to and it is totally not
mistakes in language
understood. DR.understand.
ALLAN C. ORATE, UE understood.
84
MODULE 1
85

Understanding the Role of Art in Humanistic Studies

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1

Art as a Humanistic Discipline

Lesson 1.1. Understanding Humanities

Lesson 1.2. The Humanities in Western Civilization

Lesson 1.3. The Humanities and the Filipino Personhood (Pagkatao)

Lesson 1.4. The Filipino Concept of Art

Language History ART Philosophy

Our frail and fallible human bodies leave behind

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE 12

“The scientist learns about things in the world.”

“The humanist learns about the self.”

“Know thyself.” Why have we not been able to find the

The scientist The humanist

A Philosopher renowned as one of the legendary Seven

The most outstanding aspects of Thales’s heritage

Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) was born a couple of centuries before

The philosophy of Confucius does not purport to lay out a formula

1. Examine the History of Art as a Humanistic Discipline.

The Relationship of Arts and Humanities

Is humanities and arts are same?

Why art is called as humanities?

How does art and humanities function in society?

ANCIENT COSMOCENTRIC VIEW HUMA

RENAISSANCE ANTHROPOCENTRIC VIEW HUMA

MODERN SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC VIEW

ECLECTIC VIEW HUMA

RENAISSANCE IMAGE OF ANTHROPOCENTRIC MAN

Michelangelo, The Creation of Man (Sistine Chapel Painting, 1512) 32

The Evolution of Man

MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-

Man is dehumanized during

Medio Cruz, Poleteismo, from Kulo Exhibit 2011

POSTMODERN IMAGE OF ECLECTIC MAN

Human creativity (ART CREATION) by which these objects are made

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

LIBERAL ART ARTIST ART

ACADEMIC Only schooled people are artists

ELITIST Meant for the higher social class

HIERARCHICAL Liberal art and servile art, high and

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE 40

MINOR ART OR CRAFT

1. Relate the Western Concept of Humanities with the Filipino Notion of

Usapang Pinoy: EPISODE 1 [Kahalagahan, Pinagmulan at Daloy ng Pagkataong Pilipino].

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

LALIM DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

Post-Colonial Period Reclamation, affirmation and definition

1. Discover the Filipino Identity through the Arts.

Damian Domingo: Primer Pintor Filipino (2010). https://youtu.be/m1sPyGbz6T8

Dayaw. (2015). https://youtu.be/MUeZuGfUUuo?list=PLEU-B_4w9FJNJ5IdRPItU-U4jl9E_2XN5

Dayaw. (2015). https://youtu.be/rMSRrn1p_V4?list=PLEU-B_4w9FJNJ5IdRPItU-U4jl9E_2XN5

Dayaw. (2015). https://youtu.be/kW6DU9IOe74?list=PLEU-B_4w9FJNJ5IdRPItU-U4jl9E_2XN5

TUKLAS: Sining Saysay - Philippine History in Art. (2018).https://youtu.be/ZN75VyLipIU

Preserving the Uniqueness of Philippine Culture. (2018).https://youtu.be/z1gfrrevD1A 62

Went to Europe in 1877, and studied in Escuela de

Arrested for murdering his wife and mother-in-law,

Felix R. Hidalgo, Las

One positive way of looking at Filipino

Vinta, Badjao Art Okir, Maranao Art Sarimanok Design

THE COLORFUL ART OF THE THE COLORFUL ART OF TRICYCLE DESIGN

Pasyon is literature, and pabasa is music Senakulo is a theater art 77

https://youtu.be/MU https://youtu.be/rM https://youtu.be/kW https://yout https://yout

FILIPINO IDENTITY WESTERN