Lesson-1

What is Art: Introduction and Assumptions

Learning out comes:

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
> understand the role of humanities and arts in man's attempt at fully realizing his end;
> clarify misconceptions the art;
> characterize the assumptions of arts;
> engage better with personal experiences of and in art.

Art is something that is perennially around us. Some people may deny having to do with the arts
but it is indisputable that life presents us with many forms of and opportunities for communion
with the arts. A bank manager choosing what tie to wear together with his shirt and shoes, a
politician shuffling her music track while comfortably seated on her car looking for her favorite
song, a student marveling at the intricate designs of a medieval cathedral during his field trip,
and a market vendor cheering for her bet i dance competition on a noontime TV program all
manifest concern for values that are undeniably, despite tangentially, artistic.
Despite the seemingly overflowing instances of arts around people, one still finds the need to
see more and experience more, whether consciously or unconsciously. One whose exposure to
music is only limited to one genre finds it lacking not to have been exposed to more. One,
whose idea of a cathedral is limited to the locally available ones, finds enormous joy in seeing
other prototypes in Europe. Plato had the sharpest foresight when he discussed in the
Symposium that beauty, the object of any love, truly progresses. As one moves through life, one
locates better, more beautiful objects of desire "Scott, 2020." One can never be totally content
with what is just before him. Human being are drawn toward what is good and ultimately,
beautiful.

This lesson is about this yearning for the beautiful, the appreciation of all the all-consuming
beauty around us, and some preliminary clarifications on assumptions that people normally hold
about art.

Let's Get Down to Business.

Why Study the Humanities?

For as long as man existed in this planet, he has cultivated the land, altered the conditions of
the fauna and the flora, in order to survive. Alongside these necessities, man also marked his
place in the world through his work. Through his bare hands, man constructed infrastructures
that tended to his needs, like his house. He sharpened swords and spears. He employed fire in
to melt gold. The initial meaning of the word "art" has something to do with all these craft.

The word "art" comes from the ancient Latin, ars which means a "craft or specialized form of
skill, like carpentry or smithying or surgery" (Collingwood, 1938). Art then suggested the
capacity to produce an intended result from carefully planned steps or method. When a man
wants to build a house, he plans meticulously to get what the prototype promises and he
executes the steps to produce the said structure, then he is engaged in art. The Ancient World
did not have any concieved notion of art in the same way that we do now. To them, art only
meant using the bare hands to produce something that will be useful to one's day-to-day life.

Ars Medieval Latin came to mean something different. It meant "any special form of book-
learning, such as grammar or logic, magic or astrology" (Collingwood, 1938). It was only during
the Renaissance Period that the word reacquired a meaning that was inherent in its ancient
form of craft. Early Renaissance artist saw their activities merely as craftsmanship, devoid of a
whole lot of intonations that are attached to the word now. It was during the seventeenth century
when the problem an idea of aesthetics, the study of beauty, began to unfold distinctly from the
notion of technical workmanship, which was the original conception of the word "art". It was
finally in the eighteenth century when the word has evolved to distinguish between the fine arts
and the useful arts. The fine arts would come to mean "not delicate or highly skilled arts, but
"beautiful" arts" (Collingwood, 1938). This is something more akin to what is now considered art.

"The Humanities constitute one of oldest and most important means of expression developed by
man" (Dudley et al., 1960). Human history has witnessed how man evolved not just physically
but also culturally, from cave painters to men of exquisite paintbrush users of the present. ven if
one goes back to the time before written records of man's civilization has appeared, he can find
cases of man's attempts of not just crafting tools to live and survive but also expressing his
feelings and thoughts. The Galloping Wild Boar found in the cave of Altamira, Spain is one such
example. In 1879, a Spaniard and his daughter were exploring a cave when they saw pictures
of a wild boar, hind, and bison. According to experts, these paintings were purported to belong
to Upper Paleolithic Age, several thousand of years before the current era. Pre-historic men,
with their crude instruments, already showcased and manifested earliest attempts at recording
man's innermost interest, preoccupations, and thoughts. The Humanities, then, ironically, have
started even before the term has been coined. Human persons have long been exercising what
it means to be a human long before he was even aware of his being one. The humanities stand
tall in bearing witness to this magnificent phenomenon. Any human person, then, is tasked to
participate, if not, totally partake in this long tradition of humanizing himself.

Assumption of Art.

Art is Universal.
Literature has provided key works of art. Among the most popular ones being taught in school
are the two Greek epics, the Illiad and the Odyssey. The Sanskrit pieces Mahabharata and
Ramayana are also staples in this field. These works purportedly written before the beginning of
recorded history, are believed to be man's attempt at recording stories and tales that have been
passed on, known, and sung throughout the years. Art has always been timeless and universal,
spanning generations and continents through and through.
In every country and in every generation, there is always art. Oftentimes, people feel that what
is considered artistic are only those which have been made long time ago. This is a
misconception. Age is not a factor in determining art. An "...art is not good because it is old, but
old because it is good" (Dudley et al., 1960). In the Philippines, the work of Jose Rizal and
Francisco Balagtas are not being read because they are old. Otherwise, work of other Filipinos
who have long died would have been required in junior high school too. The pieces mentioned
are read in school and have remained to be with us because the they are good. They are liked
and adored because they meet our needs and desires. Florante at Laura never fails to teach
high school students the beauty of love, one that is universal and pure. Ibong Adarna, another
masterpiece, has always captured the imagination of the young with its timeless lessons. When
we recite the Psalms, we feel in communion with kind david as we feel one with him in his
conversation with God. When we listen to a kundiman or perform folk dances, we still enjoy the
way our Filipino ancestors whiled away their time in the past. We do not necessarily like a
kundiman for its original meaning. We just like it. We enjoy it. Or just as one of the characters in
the movie Bar Boys thought, kundiman makes one concentrate better.
The fist assumption then about the humanities is that art has been crafted by all people
regardless of origin, time, place, and that is stayed on because it is liked and enjoyed by people
contenuesly. A great piece of work will never be obsolete. Some people say that art is art for
intrinsic worth. In John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism (1897), enjoyment in the arts belongs to a
higher good, one that lies at the opposite end of base pleasure. Art will always be present
because human being will always express themselves and delight in these expressions. Men
will continue to use art while art persists and never get depleted.

Art is not nature.

In the Philippines, it is not entirely novel to hear some consumers of local movies remark that
these movies produced locally are unrealistic. They contend that local movies work around
certain formula to the detriment of substance and faithfulness to reality of the movies. These
critical minds argue that a good movie must reflect reality as closely as possible. Is that so?
Paul Cézanne, a French painter, painted a scene from reality entitled Well and Grinding Wheel
in the Forest of the Château Noir. The said scene is inspired by a real scene in a forest around
the Château Noir area near Aix in Cézanne's native Provence. Comparing the two, one can see
that Cézanne's landscape is quite different from the original scene. Cézanne has changed some
patterns and details from the way they were actually in the photograph. What he did is not
nature. It is art
One important characteristic of art is that it is not nature. Arts man's expression of his reception
of nature. Art is man's way of interpreting nature. Art is not nature. Art is made by man, whereas
nature is a given around us. It is in this juncture that they can be considered opposites. What we
find in nature should not be expected to be present in art too. Movies are not meant to be direct
representation of reality. They may, according to the moviemaker's perception of reality, be
reinterpretation or even distortion of nature.
This distinction assume that all of us see nature, perceive it's element in myriad, different, yet
ultimately valid ways. One can only imagine the story of the five blind men who one day argue
against each other on what an elephant look like. Each of the five blind men was holding a
different part of the elephant. The first was touching the body and thus, through the elephant
was like a wall. Another was touching the beast's ear and was convinced that the elephant was
like a fan. The rest were touching other different parts of the elephant and conclude different
based on their perception. Art is like each of these men's view of the elephant. It is based on an
individual subjective experience of nature. it is not meant, after all, to accurately define what the
elephant is really like in nature. Artist are not expected to duplicate nature just as even scientist
with their elaborate laboratories cannot make nature.

Art involves experience.

Getting this far without a satisfactory definition of art can be quite weird for some. For most
people, art does not require a full definition. Art is just experience. By experience, we mean the
"actual doing of something"(Dudley et al., 1960). When one says that he has an experience of
something, he often means that he knows what that something is about. When one claims that
he has experienced falling in love, getting hurt, and bouncing back, he in effect claims that he
knows the (sometimes) endless cycle of loving. When one asserts having experienced
preparing a particular recipe, he in fact asserts knowing how recipe is made. Knowing a thing is
different from hearing from others what the said is. A radio DJ dispensing advice on love when
he himself has not experienced it does not really know what he is talking about. A
choreographer who cannot execute a dance step himself is a bogus. Art is always an
experience. Unlike fields of knowledge that involve data, art is known by experiencing. A painter
cannot claim to know how to paint if he has not tried holding brush. A sculpture cannot produce
a work of art if a chisel is foreign to him. (Dudley et all., 1960) affirmed that (all) art depends on
experience, and if one is to known art, he must know it not as fact or information but as
experience.

Let's Wrap it up..

Humanities and the art have always been part of man's growth and civilization. Since the dawn
time, man has always tried to express his inner thought and feelings about reality through
creating art. Three assumptions on arts it's universality, it's not being nature, and it's need for
experience. Art is present in every part of the globe and in every period time. This is what is
meant by its university. Art not being nature, not being attempting to simply mirror nature, is the
second assumption about art. Art is always a creation of the artist, not nature. Finally, without
experience, there is no art. The artist has to be foremost, a perceiver who is directly in touch
with art.

Methods of presenting the subjects.

1. In presenting everything, certain methods are employed in order to be effective. Just for
example, in presenting the art subject, the artist uses different methods to express the idea he
wants to make clear.

2. 1. Realism 2. Abstraction 3. Symbolism 4. Fauvism 5. Dadaism 6 .Futurism 7. Surrealism

3. In art this is the attempt to portray the subject as it is. Even when the artist chooses a subject
from nature, he selects, changes, and arranges details to express the idea he wants to make
clear. Realists try to be as objective as possible. In realism, the artist’s main function is to
describe as accurately and honestly as possible what is observed through the senses.

4. Realism is a common way of presenting the art subject. Example of this are Amorsolo’s
painting. Realism as a wherent program of literary aesthetics emerged in Western Literature in
1980 in reaction against the idealism of the narrow social range of earlier literary attitudes.
Realism tended to stress the daily life of a common man, often concentrating on the sordid and
disagreeable.

5. Poetry and drama were influenced by realism, but it was on the novel that realism achieved
greatness

6. In the process of selecting and presenting his material, he cannot help being influenced by
what he feels or thinks. Examples of novels who were influenced by the ideas of realism: 1.
Edgardo Reyes – Sa mga kuko ng liwanag. 2. Efren Abueg - Dilim sa umaga. These are novels
of social commentaries which are realistically vivid and clearly presented.

7. This is used when the artist becomes too interested in one phase of a scene or a situation
that he does not show the subject as an objective reality, but only his idea, or his feeling about
it. Abstract means “ to move away or separate “. Abstract art moves away from showing things
as they really are. The painter or artist paints the picture not as it really are. The painter or artist
paints the picture not as it really looked. The picture is not just like life. It is not “realistic”.
8. In the field of sculpture, artists began doing abstract sculpture. They ignored the exact form of
real-life object. They feel that the texture and shape of a sculpture were more important to them
than the exact form. Example: Constantin Brancusi’s “Bird in Space” Brancusi was so
impressed by the grace of a bird in flight, by the sweep of its body as it flew through the air, that
he represented those qualities in his sculptural work. His work does not look a bird for it is
supposed to convey an impression of a bird’s grace and speed.

9. Abstract subjects can also be presented in many ways like: Distortion – this is clearly
manifested when the subject is in misshapen condition, or the regular shape is twisted out.
Example: Henry Moore’s sculptural works and the ancient egyptian paintings and sculptural
works are good examples of this kind.

10. Elongation – it refers to that which is being lengthened, a protraction or an extension.

Example: El Greco’s elongated body of Jesus Christ in his “Resurrection” is an example of
elongation. Mangling – this may not be a commonly used way of presenting an abstract subject,
but there are few artists who show subject or objects which are cut, lacerated, mutilated or
hacked with repeated blows.

11. Cubism – it stresses abstract from through the use of a cone, cylinder, or sphere at the
expense of other pictorial elements. The cubists want to show forms in their basic geometrical
shapes. Example: Paul Cezanne’s works played an important part in the development of
cubism. It was further developed by George Braque of France and Pablo Picasso of Spain.
Abstract Expressionism – a style of abstract painting that originated in New York city after World
War II and gained an international vogue.

12. The term abstract expressionism was first applied to the New York school, whose work is
characterized by great verve, the use of large canvases, and a deliberate lack of refinement in
the application of the paint.  Typical characteristics of abstract expressionism:  1. Strong
Color  2. Heavy Impasto  3. Uneven brush strokes  4. Rough textures

13.  In other words, abstract expressionism departs completely from subject matter from studied
precision, and from any kind of preconceived design. Jackson Pollock was one of the abstract
expressionist painters of the New York school. Symbolism – a symbol, in general, is a visible
sign of something invisible such as an idea or a quality. It can be simply an emblem or sign like:
% to represent percent, a lion to represent courage, a lamb to represent meekness. These well
known symbols arise from conventional usage, association, and general relationship. The
conventional type of symbol is not absent for works of art.

14. But in poetry and painting, the symbol has a freer development. It transcends the everyday
run-of- the-mill sign and assumes a new and fresh meaning, originating from a highly personal
and even unique association form in the mind of the poet or painters. Example: Alfred Lord
Tennyson’s “Crossing the Bar”

15. The last two lines are symbolical for it clearly shows the strong desire of the authors to see
God when he dies. If a man has a hundred sheeps and one of them strays, does he not live the
ninety-nine on the mountains to go out in search of the stray one? And if he manages to find it, I
assure you that he is happier over that one than over the ninety-nine that did not stray. So, it is
not the will of your heavenly Father that one of these little ones should be lost.

16. A number of indispensable painting of noted Filipino painters are found in the National
Museum. An example is the giant size painting of Juan Luna, painted in Rome, July 1883 to
March 1884. This say painting won the first gold medal in the Madrid exposition of the fine arts
in 1884. The “Spolarium” is an old painting on canvas 4.25 meter by 7.75 meter.

17. The “Lion of Lucerne”, famous masterpiece of the early 19th century is dedicated to the
memory of the heroic fight and final defeat of the swiss guard in 1792 in Paris. August 10th of
the year marks the beginning of the bloody days of the French Revolution with the storming of
the royal palace. The lion always considered a symbol of courage and strength, served the artist
to demonstrate a fragic event a fight to the death. The erection of the monument was made
possible by donations of comrades from other regiments and friends, especially by the initiative
of Ch. Pfyffer of Altishofen.

18. The model is the work of the famous Danish Sculptor Berrtel Thorwaldsen (1789-1056) and
was hewn into the rock 1820/21 by L. Ahorn (1789-1856).  This was first important art
movement of the 1900’s. Henry Matisse led the movement and the other important fauves
included Andre Derain, Raoul Drify, George Rouault, all from France.

19. A process movement of arts was formed in 1916 by a group of artists and poets in Zurich,
Switzerland. The name “Dada” a French word meaning “hobby horse”was deliberately choosen
because it was nonsensical. It developed in Italy about the same time Cubism appeared in
France. Their paintings glorified the Mechanical energy of modern life included automobile ,
motorcycle, and railroad.

20. This movement in art and literature was founded in Paris in 1924 by the French poet Andre
Breton. Like Dadaism, from which it arose surrealism uses art as weapon against the evils and
restrictions that surrealists see in society. Unlike Dadaism, it tries to reveal a new and a higher
reality than that of daily life. Surrealism is an invented word meaning super realism this
movement was influenced by the Freudian Psychology which emphasizes the activities of the
subconscious state of the mind.

21. Subjects of this kind attempt to show what is inside man’s mind as well as the appearance
of his outside world. The surrealists claim to create forms and images no primarily by reason,
but by unthinking impulse and blind feeling or even by accident. Using this methods the
surrealists declare that a magical world - more beautiful then the real one - can be created in art
and literature. Much of the beauty sought by surrealism is violent and cruel. In this way, the
surrealists try to shock the viewer or reader and show what they consider the deeper and truer
part of human nature. Benjamin Mendoza, Bolivian painter, is well- known in presenting violent
and cruel surrealists paintings

22. An artistic movement of the early twentieth century that stressed fantasy and the
subconscious mind, surrealism, in its broadest philosophical sense, is one of the poles toward
which art an thought in all periods may be drawn – the world of dreams and fantasy. However,
there are also surrealist artistic works which are a far cry from cruelty and violence. They are
informative and symbolical like Mark Chagall’s painting entitled “I and My Village”. This can be
interpreted from the socio- economic and political standpoint that prevails in Russia up to the
pesent.

23. This method was introduced in Germany during the first decade of the twentieth century. Its
influences were felt by the European artists from 1920 up to the present. It also seemed to have
influenced the playwrights in English and Filipino like the work of Amelia Lapena-Bonifacio in
“Sepang Loca” (1958). The exponents of expressionism believed in the necessity of a spiritual
rebirth for man in an age that was fast incoming influenced by materialism. Paul Dumol’s
“Mapait sa Baso” are plays which depicted the idea of rebirth of the individual as possible only
within the context of the transformation of the entire society.

24. Hindi ninyo nauunawaan ang kirot ng paghihiwalay. Sol! ITO’Y KAMATAYAN! Araw- araw
umuupo sa bangketa, binabantayan ang nagdaraang mga tao, nagmamakaawa, nagpapalimos,
Diyos ko! PABAYAAN NAMAN NINYONG ILIGTAS KO ANG AKING SARILI MULA SA
PAGKABULOK! Nabubulok na balat, nabubulok na kamay, nabubulok na laman, nabubulok na
ugat, nabubulok na buto. This is one of the dialogues of Mang Serapio from Dumol’s “Paglilitis
ni Mang Serapio” which expresses truth, life, or reality

25. The emotional expressions in expressionistic paintings could be described as involving

pathos, morbidity, violence, or chaos, and tragedy. It sometimes portrays defeat.  The
philosophy and spirit of a particular period in painting usually have been reflected in many of its
other visual arts. The ideas and aspirations of the ancient cultures, of the renaissance ,
Baroque, Rococo, and Neoclassical periods of western art and, more recently of the 19th
century art nouveu

26. and secessionist movements were expressed in much of the architecture, interior design,
furniture, textiles, ceramics, dress design, and handicrafts, as well as in the fine arts, of their
times. Following the the industrial revolutionwith the rebundancy of handcraftmanship and the
loss of direct communication between the fine artist and society, idealists efforts to unite the arts
and crafts in service to the community were made by William Morris in Victorian England and by
the Bauhaus in 20th century Germany. Although their aims were not fully realized, their
influences, like those of the short-lived de stijl and Constructivist movements, have been far-
reaching, particularly in architectural, furniture,l and typographic design.

27. Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci were painters, sculptors, and architects. Although no
atists since have excelled in so wide a range of creative design, leading 20th century painters
have expressed their ideas in many other mediums. In graphic design, for example, Pierre
Bonnard, Henri Matisse, and Raoul Dufy produced posters and illustrated books; Andre Derain,
Fernand Leger, Mark Chagall worked in ceramics; Braque and Salvador Dalt designed Jewelry;
and Dalt, Hans Richter, and Andy Warhol made films.

28. Painters have been stimulated by the imagery, techniques, and design of other visual arts.
One of the earliest of these influences was possibly from the theatre, where the ancient Greeks
are thought to have been the first to employ the illusions of optical perspective. The influence of
Japanese woodcut prints in Synthetism and the Nabis, for example, and of African sculpture on
cubism and the German expressionists helped to create visual vocabularies and syntax with
which to express new visions and ideas

kung may methods of presenting the subject, of course mayron din tayong tinatawag na
WAYS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECTS OF ART.
1. Realism
2. Distortion
3. Abstraction

Realism-The quality or fact of presenting a person things or situation accurately or in a way that
is true to life.
Distortion-involves stretching, lengthening, shortening, squeezing, melting and twisting an object
from its original appearance to a new, strange, surreal appearance... Displacement involves
relocating or transposing an object from its usual environment to one that does not usually
belong

Abstraction-is art that does not attempt to represent an accurate depiction of a visual reality but
instead use shapes, colours, forms and gestural mark to achieve its effect.

Art is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual
form such as painting or sculpture, producing work to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or
emotional power.
Straight line
Is something with lines that do not wave or curved, or a way to spread coast across a period of
time all at the same rate.

There are 5 main types of lines in arts;

1.Vertical lines
2 Horizontal line
3.Diagonal lines
4. Zigzag lines
5. Curved lines

some of them, they called:

Wavy lines, Dotted lines, Scalloped lines, Bumpy lines, Castle lines, Spiral lines, Varied lines,
Scribbly lines at ang iba may tinatawag na Mouse ears at lighting.. iba iba ang interpretation o
katawagan pero lahat yon ay lines. kapag nilapatan natin ng imagination ang lines makaka
create tayo ng arts.

Element of Design: Line

Line is probalby the most fundamental of all the elements of design. It is the starting place for
most artistic creation whether one is starting a fine drawing or painting or even sketching ideas
for a sculpture. most design begins with line. So what is line?
A math teacher would say that line consist of only one dimension, length. In the real world of
creating art though a one dimensional line would not be practical. A more usable deifnition might
be that line is the path of a dot, point etc. through space and that is always has more length than
thickness. Lines are not all the same, especially in art.

Types of Lines

1. Vertical lines: are straight up and down and perpendicular to horizontal lines

2. Horizontal lines: are straight up and down and perpendicular to vertical lines
3. Diagonal lines: are lines that straight in any direction except vertical or horizontal
4. Zigzag lines: are a series of diagonal lines joined end to end
5. Curved lines: are lines that bend in any amount of degree; they may be gently wavy to tightly
wound spirals
Variations of Lines

>Lines come in many varieties. They may:

>be long, short or anything in between
>be thick, thin
>be smooth or rough
>be continuous, implied, dotted, dashed
>change direction
>change in degree of curve (curved Lines)
>be any of the above combined
>Some ways Artists use line
>to outline; a starting place for many drawings or paintings
>to suggest moods or emotion; lines can appear calm, nervous, angry, etc.
>to lead the viewers eye through a work of art
>to create lightness or darkness; lines placed close together appear darker than those placed
further from each other
>to create texture; roughness or smoothness
>Common types of line drawings

contour line drawing; drawings that use a fairly continous line to represent the edges and
surface detail of shape or objects being drawn

gestural line drawing; drawings that use quick pencil strokes (or other darwing instruments) to
capture a scene. gestural drawings imply action and movement

hatched anc cross hatched line drawing; drawings that consist or parallel lines (hatching) or
crossing parallel lines (cross-hatching) drawn to create changes in lightness and darkness and
texture.

Art Appreciation: Creativity, Imagination, and Expression

learning outcomes..
By the end of this lesson, you shoold be able to:
> differentiate art from nature;
> characterize artistic expression based on personal experiences with art
> discuss the nature of art's preliminary expression;
> categorize work of art by citing personal expression.

It takes an artist to make art. One may percieve beauty on a daily basis. However, not every
beautiful thing that can be seen or experienced may truly be called a work of art. Art is a product
of man's creativity, imagination, and expression. No matter how perfectly blended the the colors
of a sunset are and no matter how extraordenarily formed mountains are, nature is not
considered art simply because it is not made by man, are works of art, but mere recording of the
beauty in nature. An artwork may be inpired by nature or other work of art, but an artist invents
his own forms and patterns due to what perceives as beautiful and incorporates them in creating
his masterpiece.

Perhaps not everyone can be considered an artist, but surely, all are spectators of art. In
deciding what pair of shoes to buy, we carefully examine all possible choices within our budget
and purchase the one that satisfies our beauty and practical standards. We are able to
distinguish what is fine and beautiful from what is not and what is good quality from poor. This
gives as role in field of art appreciation.

Primary color
>Red
>Yellow
>Blue

Secondary Color
>Violet
>Green
>Orange

Tertiary Color or the 12 tertiary colors that typically appear on a color wheel.
>Yellow-Orange
> Red-Orange
> Red-Purple/violet
> Blue-Purple/violet
> Blue-Green
> Yellow-Green

Is brown is a Teriary color? the answer is yes!

It is nothing that the intermediate colors (also called tertiary) form three additional complementry
pairs:
> red-orange/blue-green
> Yellow-orange/blue-violet
> Yellow-green/Red-violet

Black is the absense of light.

> Some consider white to be a color, because white light coprises all hues on the visible light
spectrum.
> Many do consider black to be a color, because you combine other pigments to create it on
paper. But tehnical sense, Black and white are not colors, they're shades

White is the presense of all colors

> Some consider white to be a color, because white light comprises all hues on the visible light
spectrum.
> Many do consider black to be a color, because you combine other pigments to create it on
paper. But tehnical sense, Black and white are not colors, they're shades. They augment colors.

Rainbow colors in order

>Red
>Orange
>Yellow
>Green
>Blue
>Indigo
>Violet

Marahil nong kabataan natin ay sa-ulado natin ang mga kulay, subalit sa pagdaan ng panahon
dahil sa patuloy na pag-usbong at pagyabong ng teknolohiya nakalimutan na natin ang mga ito.

Symbolism's of Color: The meaning of colors

RED
The color of passion and energy. Red draws attention like no other color and radiates a strong
and powerful energy that motivates us to take action. It is also linked to sexuality and stimulates
deep and intimate passion

Symbolizes:
>Action, Strength, Energy, Passion

Effects:
>Attention, Motivates, Stimulates, Cautions

Positive:
>Sexuality, Courage, Desire, Confidence

Negative:
>Anger, Danger, Revenge, Aggression

BLUE
The color of trust and loyalty. Blue has a calming and relaxing effect on our psyche, that gives
us peace and makes us feel confident and secure. Its dislikes confrontation and too much
attention, but is an honest, reliable and responsible color and you can always count on its
support.

Symbolizes:
>Security, Trust, Loyalty, Responsible

Effects:
>Protects, Calms, Relaxes, Supports

Positive:
>Confidence, Peace, Honesty, Reliability

Negative:
>Conservative, Passive, Depressed, Predictable

YELLOW
The color of happiness and optimism. Yellow is a cheerful and energetic color, that brings fun
and joy to the world. It makes Learning easier as it affects the logical part of the brain,
stimulating mentality and perception. It inspires thought and curiosity and boosts enthusiasm
and confidence.
Symbolizes:
>Happiness, Optimism, Positivity, Intellect

Effects:
>Clarifies, Inspires, Amuses, Energizes

Positive:
>Creativity, Perception, Mentality, Warmth

Negative:
>Cowardice, Deception, Egotism, Caution

ORANGE
The color of enthusiasm and emotion. Orange exudes warmth and joy and is considered a fun
that provides emotion strength. it is optimistic and upliftning, adds spontaneity and positivity to
life and it encourages social communication and creativity. It is a youthful and energetic color.

Symbolizes:
>Emotion, Youth, Optimism, Enthusiasm

Effects:
>Encourages, Uplifts, Stimulates, Communicate

Positive:
>Spontaneity, Creativity, Warmth, Positivity

Negative:
>Exhibitionism, Superficial, Impatient, Domination

GREEN
The color of harmony and health. Green is a generous, relaxing color that revitalizes our body
and mind. It balances our emotions and leaves us feeling safe and secure. It also gives us
hope, with promises of growth and prosperity, and it provides a little bit of luck to help us along
the way.

Symbolizes:
>Harmony, Safety, Growth, Health

Effects:
>Revitalizes, Balances, Relaxes, Encourages

Positive:
>Generosity, Hope, Prosperity, Luck

Negative:
>Judgmental, Envy, Materialism, Inexperience

VIOLET
The color of wisdom and sensitivity. Violet is one of the most popular and well-liked hues.
However, some of its flaws include hypersensetivity and narcissism. Fortunately, the good
outweighs the bad. Wise, Thoughtful, and empathetic are just some of violet's more positive
attributes.

Symbolizes:
>Spirituality, Wisdom, Creativity, Sensitivity

Effects:
>Motivates, Inspires, Uplifts, Balances

Positive:
>Encouraging, Intuitive, Creative, Considerate

Negative:
>Fragile, Raw, Timid, Arrogant

INDIGO
The color of integrity and intuition. Indigo is knowledgable yet judgmental, uplifting yet bigoted,
and kind yet dramatic. In essence, indigo,s positive attributes are matched only by its negative
traits. Thankfully, indigo possesses a level of beauty that no other color comes close to.

Symbolizes:
>Structure, Integrity, Order, Intuition

Effects:
>Triggers, Inspires, Upsets, Irritates

Positive:
>Introspective, Encouraging, Insightful, Responsible

Negative:
>Theatrical, Critical, Fearful, Conforming

BLACK
The color of power and sophistication. Black is an incredibly strong and intimidating color that
exudes authority and makes feel secure and protected. Often seen at formal and prestigious
events, this mysterious marvel arouses and seduces our senses with its elegance and sexiness.

Symbolizes:
>Protection, Power, Ellegance, Sophisticated

Effects:
> Mystifies, Seduces, Secures, Intimidates,

Positive:
>Formality, Strength, Prestige, Authority

Negative:
>Depression, Sadness, Pessimism, Dominance

WHITE
The color of purity and innocence, White is a true balance of all colors. It is associated with
cleanliness, simplicity, and perfection. It loves to make other feel so good and provides hope
and clarity by refreshing and purifying the mind. It also promotes open-mindedness and self-
reflection.

Symbolizes:
>Cleanliness, Purity, Innocence, Perfection

Effects:
>Refreshes, Balances, Purifies, Simplifies

Positive:
>Goodness, Hope, Clarity, Openness

Negative:
>Boring, Cold, Empty, Distant

GRAY
The color of compromise and control.. Gray is neutral, conservative an unemotional.. It is
practically solid as rock, making it incredibly stable, reliable and calming. It has a peaceful
relaxing and soothing presence. Gray avoids attention but offers mature insightful advice to
anyone who asks.

Symbolizes:
>Compromise, Neutral, Control, Practical

Effects:
>Stabilizes, Calms, Relaxes, Soothes

Positive:
>Reliability, Maturity, Intellect, Conservative

Negative:
>Pessimistic, Sad, Indecisive, Unemotional

Art appreciation: Creativity, imagination and expression

Art Appreciation as a Way of Life

Jean-Paul Sartre, a famous French philosopher of the twentieth century, described the role of
art as a creative work that depicts the world in a completely different light and perspective, and
the source is due to human freedom (Greene, 1995). Each artwork beholds beauty of its own
kind, the kind that the artist sees and wants the viewers to perceive. More often than not, people
are blind to this beauty and only those who have developed a fine sense of appreciation can
experience and see the art the same way the artist did. Because of this, numerous artwork go
unnoticed, artist are not given enough credit, and they miss opportunities. It sometimes takes a
lifetime before their contribution to the development of art is recognized. Hence, refining one's
ability to appreciate art allows him to deeply understand the purpose of an artwork and
recognize the beauty it possesses (Collins & Riley, 1931)
In cultivating an appreciation of art, one should also exercise and develop his taste for things
that are fine and beautiful. This allows individuals to make intelligent choices and decisions in
acquiring necessities and luxurious, knowing what gives better value for time or money while
taking into consideration the aesthetic and practical value (collins & Riley, 1931). This continues
demand for aesthetically valuable things influence the development and evolution of art and it's
forms.

Frequenting museum, art galleries, performing arts theaters, concert halls or even malls that
display art exhibition that are free in admission during leisure time will not only develop an
understanding of the art, but will also serve as a rewarding experience. Learning to appreciate
art. No matter vocation or profession you have, will lead to a fuller and more meaningful life
(Collins & Riley, 1931).

The role of Creativity in art Making

Creativity requires thinking outside the box. It is often used to solve problems that have never
occurred before, conflate function and style, and simply make life a more unique and enjoyable
experience. In art, creativity is what set apart one art work from another. We say something is
done creativity when we have not yet seen anything like it or when it is out of the ordinary. A
creative artist does not simply copy or imitate another artist's work. He does not imitate the
lines, flaws, color, and patterns in recreating nature. He embraces originality, puts his own flavor
into his work, and calls it his own creative piece.

Art as a product of imagination, Imagination as a product of Art.

Where do you think famous writers, painters, and musicians get their ideas? Where do I ideas in
making creative solutions begin? It all starts in the human mind. It all begins with imagination.

German physicist Albert Einstein who had made significant and major contribution in science
and humanity demonstrated that knowledge is actually derived from imagination. He
emphasized this idea through his words:

" IMAGINATION is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we know and
understand, while imagination embraces the untire world, and all there ever will be to know and
understand"

Imagination is not constrained by the walls of the norm, but goes beyond that. That is why
people rely on curiosity on and imagination for advancement. Through imagination, one is able
to craft something bold, something new, and something better in the hopes of creating
something that will stimulate change. Imagination allows endless possibilities.

In an artist's mind sits a vast gallery of artwork. An artwork does not need to be real thing, but
can be something that is imaginary (Collingwood, 1938). Take for example a musician who think
of a tune in his head. The making of his tune in his head makes it an imaginary tune, an
imaginative creation, an imaginary art (Collingwood, 1938). It remains imaginary until he hums.
Sings, or writes down the notes ofcthe tune on paper. However, something imaginary does not
necessarily mean it cannot be called art. Artist use their imagination that gives birth to reality
through creation.
In the same way that imagination produces art, art also inspires imagination. Imagine being in
an empty room surrounded by blank, white walls, and floor. Would you be inspired to working
such a place? Often, you will find coffee shops, restaurant, and libraries with paintings hung it
sculpture and other pieces of art placed around the room to add beauty to the surroundings.

Art as Expression
There may have been times when you felt something is going on with you, you try to explain it
but you do not know how. You may only be conscious about feeling this sort of excitement, fear,
or agitation, but you know that just one word is not enough to describe the nature of what you
truly feel. Finally, you try to release yourself from this tormenting and disabling state by doing
something, which is called expression oneself (Collingwood, 1938). Suppose this feeling is
excitement. It is frustrating to contain such feeling, so you relieve it by expressing through
shouting or leaping in excitement. An emotion will remain unknown to a man until he expresses
it.
Robin George Collingwood, an English philosopher who is best known for his work in
aesthetics, explicated in his publication THE PRINCIPLE OF ART (1938) that what an artist
does to an emotion is not to induce it. Through expression, he is able to explore his own
emotions and at the same time, create something beautiful out of them. Collingwood further
illustrated that expressing emotions is something different from describing emotions. In his
Example, explicitly saying "I am angry" s not an expression of an emotion, but a mere
description. There is no need in relating or referring to a specific emotion, such as anger, in
expressing one's emotion. Description actually destroys the idea of expression, as it classifies
the emotion, making it ordinary and predictable. Expression, on the other hand, individualizes.
An artist has the freedom to express himself the way he wants to. Hence, there is no specific
technique in expression, This makes people's art not a reflection of what is outside or external
to them, but a reflection of their inner selves.
There are countless ways of expressing oneself through art. The following list includes, but is
not limited to, popular art expressions.

VISUAL ARTS
Creations that fall under this category are those that appeal to the same sense of sight and are
mainly visual in nature. Artist produce visual arts driven by their desire to reproduce things that
they have seen in the way that they perceived them. We will not be too strict on the definition
since there are other artistic disciplines that also involve a visual aspect, such as performance
arts, theater and applied arts., That will be discussed in detail later on. VISUAL ARTS is a kind
of art form that the population is most likely more exposed to, but it's variations are so diverse---
they range from sculptures that you see on art galleries to the last movie you saw.

Some mediums of visual arts include paintings, drawing, letterings, printing, sculptures, digital
imaging, and more.

FILM
Film refers to the art of putting together succession of still images in order to create an illusion of
movement. Filmmaking focuses on its aesthetic, cultural, and social value and is considered as
both an art and an industry. Films can be created by using one or a combination of some or all
of these techniques: motion-picture camera (also known as movie camera), animation
techniques, Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI), and more. Filmmaking simulates experiences
or creates one that is beyond the scope of our imagination as it's aims to deliver ideas, feelings,
or beauty to its viewers
The art of filmmaking is so complex it has to take into account many important elements such as
lighting, musical score, visual effects, direction, and more. That is why In famous film festival
and awards such as the Metro Manila Film Festival and Oscars, a long list of categories is
considered to recognize excellence in the art of filmmaking.

PERFORMANCE ART
Performance art is a live art and the artist medium is mainly the human body which he or she
uses to perform, but also employs other kind of art such as visual art, props, or sound. It usually
consists of four important elements: time, where the performance took place, the performer's or
performer's body, and a relationship between the audience and the performer's ( Moma
Learning, n.d.). The fact that Performance art is live makes it intangible, which means it cannot
be bought or traded as a commodity, unlike the previous discussed arts expressions.

POETRY PERFORMANCE
Poetry is an art form where the artist expresses his emotions not by using paint, charcoal or
camera, but expresses them through words. These words are carefully selected to exhibit clarity
and beauty and to stimulate strong emotions of joy, anger, love, sorrow, and the list goes on. It
uses a word emotional, musical, and spatial values that go beyond it's literal meaning to narrate,
emphasize, argue, or convince. These word combined with movements, tone, volume, and
intensity of the delivery, add to the artistic value of the Poem. Some poets even make poems
out of their emotions picked up from other works of art, which in turn produce another work of
art through poetry

ARCHITECTURE
As discussed, art is the pursuit and creation of beautiful things while architecture is the making
of beautiful buildings. However, not ll buildings are beautiful. Some building only embody the
functionality they needed, but the structure, lines, forms, and colors are not beautiful expressed.
Thus, not all building can be considered architecture. Take, for example, the Grand Theater de
Bordeaux, where the functionality of the theater remains, but the striking balance of the lines,
colors, and shapes completes the masterpiece. Building should embody these there important
elements.. plan, construction and design. If they wish to merit the title architecture (Collins and
Riley, 1931).

LITERARY ART
Artists who practice literary arts use words---not paint, musical instruments, or chisels--to
express themselves and communicate emotions to the readers. However, simply becoming a
writer does not make one a literary artist. Simply constructing a succession of sentences in a
meaningful manner is not literary art. Literary art goes beyond the usual professional, academic,
journalistic, and other technical forms of writing. It focuses on writing using a unique style, not
following a specific format or norm. It may include both fiction and non-fiction such as novels,
biographies, and poems. Examples of famous literary artists and their works include The Little
Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupery and Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare.
DANCE
Dance is a series of movement that follows the rhythm of the music accompaniment. It has been
an age-old debate whether dance can really be considered an art form, but here we primarily
describe dance as a form of expression. Dancing is a creative form that allows people to freely
express themselves. It has no rules. You may say that choreography does not allow this, but in
art expression, dancers are not confined to set steps and rules but are free to create and invent
their own movements as long as they seem them graceful and beautiful.

THEATER
Theater uses live performer's to present account or imaginary events before a live audience.
Theater art performances usually follow a script , though they should not be confused with
literary arts. Much like in filmmaking, theater also considers several elements such as acting
gesture, lighting, sound, effects, musical score , scenery, and props. The combination of these
elements is what gives the strongest impression on the audience and the script thus becomes a
minor element. Similar to Performance art, since theater is also a live performance, the
participation of the viewer is an important element in theater arts. Some genres of theater
include drama, musical, tragedy, comedy, and improvisation.

APPLIED ARTS
Applied arts is incorporating elements of style and design to everyday items with the aim of
increasing their aesthetical value. Artist in this field bring beauty, charm, and comfort into many
things that are useful in everyday life. (Collins and Riley, 1931) Industrial design, interior design,
fashion design, and graphic design are considered applied arts. Applied is often compared to
fine arts, where the latter is chiefly concerned on aesthetic value. Through exploration and
Expression of ideas, consideration of the needs, and careful choice of materials and techniques,
artist are able to combine functionality and style.

Elements of Art: visual

Taking off from the scientific reference, elements of art are akin to the atoms that are defined as
the unit or "building blocks" of matter. Together, in a variety of combinations and formations,
they have the ability to create molecules such as water, or the complex sucrose. These
formulations are almost the same with elements of art when they are joined together, in a
variety of ways. In the same line of reasoning, the elements of art are the aspect of an artwork
that can be isolated from each other.
These elements of art are generally produced when something is done to the medium after the
technique is carried out. It must be underscored, however, that all works of art require all
elements to be present. Some art form also necessitate some of the elements as they are
inherent in every nature of them. For example, sculptures automatically have the following
elements with or without the decision of the artist to include them: shape, form, and space.
Without these elements, there is no sculpture to begin with. Elements are the necessary
preconditions for the creation of art.
To enumerate, the elements of art and design are the following:
1. Line
2. Shape
3. Form
4. Space
5. Color
6. Texture

We're done about line.. so let's come to the next..

2-3 shape ànd form

These two are related to each other in the sense that they define the space occupied by the
object of art.

Shape- refers to two dimensions: height and width, while

Form- refers to three dimensions: height, width, and depth.
Even if shapes are part of a bigger picture, each can be identified by breaking the visual
components apart and making distinctions based on what we know and what we have seen.
Two categories can be used as a broad distinction:

A. Geometric-
these shapes find origin in mathematical propositions. As such, it's translation and use are often
man-made. These include shapes such as squares, triangles, cubes, circles, spheres, and
cones among others

B. Organic -
Organic shape are those readily occuring in nature, often irregular and asymmetrical.

4. Space
Related to shape and form is space. It is usually inferred from a sense of depth, whether it is
real or simulated. Real space is three dimensional. Like what has been previously mentioned,
sculptures are a perfect example of artworks that bear this element. However, this can only be
manifested in two-dimensional artwork through the use of different techniques, or the use (or
non-use) of area around a drawing or picture.

One of the good Example of the space is the Anish kapoot, "Cloud Gate" (2004), located in
chicago, illinois.

In the middle of the AT&T Plaza at the Millennium Park in the Loop Community area in Chicago,
the iconic "Cloud Gate" occupies a considerable space. Shaped like a bean, hence it's other
referent, the public sculpture was unveiled in 2004. The dent in the middle offers a gap in which
people can be pass through and gaze at the sculpture in a different perspective.
However, not all works are sculptures. In two-dimensional artwork, they may be implied.

A. Positive and negative space -

usually identified with the white space is the negative space. The positive space, on the other
hand, is the space where shadow is heavily used.
B. Three-dimensional space -
Can be simulated through a variety of techniques such as shading. An illusion of three-
dimensionality can be archive in a two-dimensional work.

6. Texture
like space, texture can be either real or implied. This element in an artwork is experienced
through the sense of touch(and sight). This element renders the art object tactile.
Often, texture is commonly associated with textiles. in the portrait rendered by court painter
Frans Pourbus the Younger, Princess Margherita's garb is adorned in opulent bead and stitch
work that are befitting her rank. this was achieved using the techniques employed by the artist in
creating the work.

a. Textures in the two-dimensional plane-

Texture can be implied using one technique or a combination of other element of art. By
creating this visual quality in the artwork, one can imagine how the surface will feel if it was to
be touched. Some of the words used to describe texture are the following: rough or smooth,
hard or soft, hairy, leathery, sharp or dull, etc. To be able to simulate the texture of a surface in
a flat, two-dimensional plan is one important skill that an artist must be familiar with, especially if
his idea or concept necessitates it.

b. Surface texture-
refers to the texture of the three-dimensional art object.

The elements of art make it possible to engage with the visual and tactile qualities of the artwork
through a "common language" that may be widely understood. Through these elements, there is
something from which the idea, concept, message, or intended mood of the artist may be
inferred. it offers a starting point or a baseline from which analysis may take place. This kind of
analysis is called formal analysis of art.

Planes and perspective

Some art forms work with actual spaces, such as sculptors, architects, and stage designers.
however, with pictorial art that is two-dimensional notions of depth and hence perspective
requires the implementation of principles and techniques in creating an illusion that will fool the
eye to three-dimensionality when in reality there is none. Picture plane is the actual surface of
the painting or drawing, where no illusion of a third dimension exists. Here, the elements lay flat,
as if one was looking through a window into what lies on the other side of the glass.
During the Renaissance, specifically in the fifteenth century, chiaroscuro was developed. it
made use of light and dark contrast and stones in which paintings not only looked three-
dimensional, but also more dramatic. Aside from this technique, linear perspective changed the
way pictorial representation was done. Credited to Renaissance Artists, its early proponents
include Leon Battista Alberti, Paolo Uccello, and architect Filippo Brunelleschi in the early
fifteenth century, who were published in Alberti's On Painting in 1435. Its use was based on the
following observations:
a. As forms and objects recede, the smaller they become.
b. We were taught that parallel lines never meet. However, when they, too, seem to coverage
when they recede into a distance, at a point, they both disappear. This point of disappearance is
called the vanishing point.

There are three types of perspective, grounded on the number of vanishing points used by the
artist:
a. One-point perspective
often used in depicting roads, tracks, hallways, or rows of trees; this type of perspective shows
parallel lines that seem to converge at a specific and lone vanishing point, along the horizon
line.

b. Two-point perspective
Pertains to a painting or drawing that makes use of two vanishing points, which can be placed
anywhere along the horizon line. it is often used in depicting structures such as houses or
buildings in the landscape that are viewed from a specific corner.

c. Three-points perspective
in this type of perspective, the viewer is looking at a scene from above or below. As the name
suggest, it makes use of the three vanishing points, each corresponding to each axis of the
scene.

5. Color
Color is perhaps one of the elements that enhances the appeal of an artwork..
Kaya nga sa mga art ninyo.. mas maganda Kung may kulay.. maayos na pagkakakulay.. Malinis
na pagkakakulay at good combination Ng mga color..

Allowing the viewer to make responses based on memory, emotion, and instinct, among others.
This element is a property of light.. correct? Kasi kapag madilim d mo nakikita Ang colors..
correct mga anak? As it is reflected of the object. Color is not intrinsic to an object and without
light, one cannot perceive Color. Much of what we know about color begins with the notion of a
Color Theory that was first unraveled by the experiments undertaken by Sir Isaac Newton in
1666. A ray of sunlight passing through a prism reveals an array of colors akin to that of a
rainbow.

The color wheel corresponds to the first property of colors, hue.

A. Hue - this dimension of color gives it's name. It can be subdivided into:
*Primary colors - red, yellow, and blue
*Secondary colors - green, orange, and violet
* Tertiary color - six in total, these hues are achieved when primary and secondary colors are
mixed.

B. Value - this refers to the brightness or darkness of color. Often, this is used by artist to create
the illusion of depth and solidity, a particular mood, communicate a feeling, or in establishing a
scene ( e.g., day and night)
* Light colors - taken as the source of light in the composition
* Dark colors - the lack or even absence of light

However, we can identify the color even when a range is presented to us. Expectations are also
established based on the notion that yellow is within the light value; whereas, violet is in the
dark. Each primary colors has a range of values based on the additional and diminishing
quantity and quality of light.

* Tint - this is a lighter color than the normal value( e.g., pink for red)
*Shade - this is a darker color than the normal value ( e.g., maroon for red)

C. Intensity - this is the color's brightness or dullness. It is identified as the strength of color,
whether it is vivid or muted. To achieve a specific intensity of a color, one may add either gray
or its complementary color.
* Bright or warm colors - positive energy
* Dull or cool colors - sedate/soothing, seriousness or calm
To better understand intensity of color, color harmonies are to be considered. In interior design,
we often hear designers refer to color schemes---a guide for selecting not only wall paint but
also furniture and decor. However, color harmonies are also integral considerations not only for
pictorial arts but also for other art forms.

**Monochromatic harmonies - use the variation of a hue.

**Complementary harmonies - involve two colors opposite each other in the color wheel. Since
they are at contrary position, the reaction is most intense.
**Analogous harmonies - make use of two colors beside each other in the color wheel

Other harmonies have been emerged such as triadic harmonies, which make use of three
colors from equidistant sites within the color wheel. This, however, does not mean that artist will
limit themselves to these kinds of harmonies. These are but jump-off points that artists and
other creatives use.
All in all, color presents a multitude of responsibilities that affects how works of art are taken in
by the viewer. Just taking a look at fiery and passionate reds of the clouds and the sky in
Edvard Munch's "The Scream" would bring oneself to ask. Did Munch depict a romantic sunset
or a warning of coming horrors? A clue is not in the colors alone, but rather, in the face of the
man himself that is prominent in the painting. His shriek would point to the latter. What is
illustrated is that colors and imagery work together to deliver a message, whether the one
intended by the artist, or what is facilitated by our own experiences.

Elements of Art: Auditory

Together with literature, music as an art form is classified as auditory art. However, some would
argue that it is under the broad category of performance art. Either way, music, much like the
visual arts, has its own building blocks or elements.

Perhaps one of the most widespread forms of art, whose intersection in daily life is most
perceptible, is music. Music is sound organized in a specific time. It is considered an element to
cultural activities, answering a specific role or function. During the times when man had to hunt
for food, music was used as a corral to herd animals, or as an element of specific rituals or rites.
singing or dancing to music was also often included in opportunities for members of society to
gather and interact. Some are adept with the skill and sense to produce music, while others
consume it as listeners, audiences, and even performers.

If there is an important quality that music has, it is having the capacity to transcend barriers,
even that of differences in language or conventions in sound. Different demographics, groups,
and individuals may have specific preferences as to the genre of music. However, in order to
establish this preference, listeners often take to its elements for its evaluation. Some of the
common elements of music are the following; rhythm, dynamics, melody, harmony, timbre, and
texture.

1. Rhythm
Often associated to the terms beat, meter, and tempo, Rhythm is the element of music that
situates it in time. it is the pulse of the music. Beat is the basic unit of music while tempo refers
to its speed (beats/second). Beats can be organized into a recognizable recurrent pattern, which
is called the meter.

Classical terms are used to refer to the variations in tempo, some of which are:
*Largo- slowly and broadly
*Andante- walking pace
*Moderato- at moderate speed
*Allegro- Fast
*Vivace- lively
*Accelerando- Gradually speeding up
*Rallentado- gradually slowing down
*Allargando- getting slower, broadening
*Rubato- literally "robbed time" rhythm is played freely for expressive effect

2. Dynamics
The element of music that refers to the loudness or quietness of music is dynamics. Classical
terms are used to refer to the different levels pertaining to this:
*Pianissimo[pp]- very quiet
*Piano[p]- quiet
*Mezzo-piano[mp]- moderately quiet
*Mezzo-forte[mf]- moderately loud
*Forte[f]- loud
*Fortissimo[ff]- very loud
When composers indicate an increase, or decrease in loudness, they use the terms crescendo
for the former; and descrescendo or diminuendo for the latter.

3. Melody
Melody refers to the linear presentation (horizontal) of pitch. By horizontal, it means that in
musical notation, it is read in succession from left to right. Pitch is the highness or lowness of
musical sound.

4. Harmony
If melody is horizontal, harmony is vertical. It arises when pitches are combined to form chords.
when several notes are simultaneously played, this refers to a chord.
Harmony can be described in terms of its "Harmhness": dissonance is the harsh-sounding
combination while consonance is the smooth-sounding combination.

5. Timbre
Timbre is often likened to the color of music. it is a quality that distinguishes a voice or an
instrument from another. Dependent on the technique, the timbre may give a certain tone or
characteristic to music, much like how a painter evokes different effects or impressions onto the
canvas.

6. Texture
The number of melodies, the type of layers, and their relatedness in a composition is the texture
of music. it may be:
*Monophonic- single melodic line
*Polyphonic- two or more melodic lines
*Homophonic- main melody accompanied by chords

Akin to artwork whose style, medium, and technique emphasize some of the elements in visual
arts, a composition and genre of music may emphasize the elements of music previously
outlined. Some elements may even be de-emphasized or omitted altogether. Like what was
mentioned, these elements may be isolated from each other. However, as visual or musical
compositions, the combination of these elements in art is what we initially engage with.
Most often, Element do not only coexist in the artwork, but are fused together or overlap with
each other. In visual arts, Most artwork have overlapping elements.

LESSON-7
Art in Early Civilizations

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Discuss how art was used by prehistoric people to depict everyday life;
2. Identify the central themes of prehistoric art;
3. Differentiate the techniques used during the three kingdoms of early Egypt;
4. Explain how art is linked with religion in early Egyptian civilization.

Stone Age is a term used to describe a period of history when stones were used to make tools
for survival. The term "conjures an image of men and women dressed in skins, huddling before
a fire in a cave" (Fitchner-Rathus, 2013). Though prehistoric humans would not necessarily
possess the complex rational capabilities to tell their story through written record and accounts,
some artifacts in the form of cave paintings and sculptures would serve as the "storytellers".

In order to talk about prehistoric art, there is a need to situate them within the context of the
three periods of the stone Age culture (which roughly span the 14,000---2,000 BCE): Paleolithic
(the late years on the Old Stone Age), Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age), and the Neolithic (New
Stone Age).

The unearthing of archeological artifacts and remains provides modern society a glimpse of the
beliefs, practices, and activities of early civilizations. The motives and reasons behind the
creation of ancient material such as sculptures, paintings, and architectural structures may not
be clearly defined. Nevertheless, the early people produced such materials that reflects their
attitudes and belief system on spiritual, social, political, and economic matters. It can be noted
that work or art and architecture were created from a wide array of materials from limestone to
precious gems and metals to name a few. As the early humans started to transition from being
nomads to permanent settlers, their everyday activities also had some changes, which is
evident through the materials and even the work of art they have created. Dispite changes as
results of adapting to their environment, there are central themes in their artwork. Miso ancient
artwork depict religious symbols, a wide array of organisms from nature and activities of
everyday life.

Prehistoric art

Archeological exploration reveal that there has been a graudual shift from a nomadic lifestyle of
early human to that of permanent settlements, paving the way for the rise of early civilizations.
The Stone Age has witnessed how humans were able to lead more stable lives eventually come
up with permanent shelters and tools for survival. To complement this stability and sense of
permanence, early humans also turned to the creation of painting and sculptures that depict
humans, animals, and their natural habitats. It would seem that there were attempts to record
the kind of lives they led within that period of time. Central to the representation of early
civilizations would be the establishing of possible linkages among art, religion, and life.
Paleolithic art is a product of climate change. As the climate got colder, part of the early
humans' instinct is to look for shelter that would provide them with warmth. Caves became
protective havens for the early humans and these caves paved the way for the birth of their first
attempt to create art. One cave painting can be traced back to Lascaux, France and it's
discovery came as a surprise. Two boys chased after their dog into a hole where their ball got to
stuck in. When they followed the dog they were astonished to discover a cave with beautiful
paintings. The cave paintings would eventually be called the "Hall if Bulls."

The figure depicted were done with a certain level of crispness and life that there were initial
hesitations of the work's authenticity. However, evidence later on pointed out that the cave
paintings were created during the Paleolithic Period. It is also important to take note that the
painting evoke naturalism, which is evidently seen through the contours of the animals' body
and dark colors. Although most people would think that early human were primitive, some of
their art techniques were considered advanced for their time. Some of the early humans already
used their own version of spray-painting techniques by using ground pigment blown through
reeds or hollowed-out bones since these were the readily available materials for them. Aside
from this spray-painting technique, early humans also worked with foreshortening and
contrasting of lights and shadows. These techniques created the illusion of three-dimensional
forms and seemingly real representation of animals.

Artwork can be considered ornamental but there is little evidence to fully back up this notion,
that early humans created these cave paintings for that very purpose. Most of these work were
discovered inside the deep recesses of caves so they may not necessarily be used as
decorative items. Some would say that these caves with paintings all over the walls and ceiling
served as a kind of sanctuary for the early humans. As a safe haven, religious rituals could have
possibly transpired within the confines of the caves. Some believed that there was a linkage
between what was drawn and what could happen in real life. For example, drawing or painting
the capture of a prey would translate to an actual capturing of an animal in real life. In addition,
some of the works found reflected some of the early beliefs of humans especially with life and
fertility. One of the work that reflected such beliefs would be a sculpture called the "venus of
Willendorf." This figure is a highly abstracted woman from highlighted body parts associated
with fertility.
Venus of Willendorf shows that the woman has oversized breasts, enlarged hips, and round
abdomen. The representation may show the importance of taking care of these body parts for
procreation and consequently the survival of species.

Neolithic art has developed especially when life for the early humans' has become more stable.
They have learned to cultivate the land and domesticate animals. By 4000 BCE, there were
several monumental and architectural structures erected. One of the them is the Stonehenge
located in Southern England. The purpose of this fascinating edifice remains a mystery up to
this day and age. Some regard it as a temple while other see it as complex calendar the tracked
the movement of both the sun and moon. Others ascribe some magical element to it by
associating it with Merlin the Magician from king arthur's story. For whatever purpose it was built
on, it still remains as one of the architectural wonders the world has ever seen.

As the Neolithic period drew to a close, it was evident that different elements of civilization
flourished in various part of the world. It is also notable that most early civilizations emerged and
flourished in river valleys: the nile in Egypt, indus in india, tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia,
and Huang ho river in china
Egyptian Art

The Fertile Ribbon starts from the bank of the Nile River, which flows both to Africa and
ventures into the Mediterranean. It is in the very ribbon where early Egyptian recognized the
integral role of the Nile River to their daily lives. It is this indispensability and utility that
eventually led to the belief that the nile is to be worshipped as god. With this came the notion
that art was something that can be ascribed and associated with religion. The Egyptian
civilization can be divided into three periods: old, middle, and new kingdom. Looking at the three
periods, it can be noticed that for the Egyptians.. art should be something religious and spiritual.
There may have been difference in the techniques used and style emphasized, but there are
common denominators among the art work created during their respective time periods.

During the old kingdom, it was evident that religion was bound to the afterlife. A concrete
manifestation of this would have to be the erection of tombs. But the tombs were not just for
keeping the dead bodies f important people, particularly the pharaohs; they also served as a
shelter for the next journey, which is the afterlife. They decorated the tombs with everyday
objects that. Would reflect day-to-day activities as if the afterlife is a mere continuation of what
transpired on earth. The human figures seen in the tombs. We're represented in such a way that
profile on the head was evident, while the pelvis, legs, and upper torso were prominent and the
eyes are in frontal view. Inside the tombs. The walls were also decorated and carved in very low
relief and incised detail. It can be noticed that the use of color was evident but may have not
been widely utilized because of relative impermanence.

One also the cosmetic palette found in Egypt was called Narmer Pallete. It was a Pallete that
utilized and applied dark colors around king Narmer's eyes. The Pallete was also a symble that
commemorates the unification of upper and lower egypt. The unification was significant because
it marked the beginning of their civilizations
At the back of the Pallete, king narmer can be seen wearing the crown of Upper Egypt looking
victorious over a slain enemy. In addition, two more dead warriors can be seen beneath him. To
his right is a falcon, the god Horus perched on papyrus stalks, which is a symbol of Lower
Egypt. The top is sculpted with bull-shaped heads with human feactures that is a representation
of hathor. This God symbolizes love and joy. What is very prominent is the king's size in
comparison with the objects in the Pallete. Narmer, being the subject, is evidently larger than
the people around him. This is clear indication and assertion of his royal status. The front
Pallete, on the other hand, shows lion-like figures with intertwined necks bound on leashes and
tamed by two men. King Narmer is still present at the front side and he is shown reviewing the
captured enemies. In the portrait, he is seen wearing the crown of lower egypt and holding
some object that denote power. The Narmer Pallete is one of the artifacts that emphasizes the
kings supreme and absolute authority. In most cases, the king is not just an authority figure but
can be depicted and revered as a deity. This common notion among Egyptian is seen in
Egyptian tomb sculptures, which are basically large in dimensions and proportions and made
out of hard materials. The choice of materials is deliberate since they want the sculptures to
endure and withstand any condition. Permanence was important because these sculptures
would serve as the house of the ka or soul once the remains of the mummy disintegrate. One
striking fracture of most sculptures is that regardless of the age of death, the ka figures highlight
the prime life of the deceased. During the old kingdom, one of the architectural wonders was
also constructed. The pyramids in Giza served as tombs since their main purpose was to
provide a resting place for the pharaohs. These pyramids are massive in size and were
constructed using roughly more that two million limestone block. The stones used for the
pyramids were quarried from nearby plateau. The construction of the pyramids highlighted the
ingenuity and advancement of the Egyptians for their time. Workers painstakingly moved the
stones from the plateau going to the construction site using wooden rollers. Stonecutters on the
site carved the blocks in a fine way before stacking them. The stacking process's also showed
the advancement of the Egyptian since they already used a system of ropes and pulleys. They
finished it off by applying the surface with limestone for a more refined and flawless finish. The
construction of the pyramids did not only show the brilliance of the early Egyptians but it also
highlighted the reverence of the people to their pharaoh at the expense of the citizens. A lot of
the workers died or punished for not reaching the quota in the process of constructing these
massive architectural structures. However, they did not stop ensuring the excellent quality of the
outsides. The Egyptians also ensured that the insides of the pyramids would celebrate the life of
their pharaoh by lavishly decorating them. However, it posed as a problem since thieves usually
plundered the valuable objects used to decorate the insides of the pyramids.

One of the key feactures of the Middle kingdom is a shift in the political hierarchy. There is an
emergence of powerful group of landlords that threatened the authority and rule of the paraoh.
Because of the internal struggle between these two influential sides, art has taken a back seat
during the middle kingdom. In order for art to reemerge and flourish, Egypt needed to have a
more stable situation. This happened during the rule of King Mentuhoted when Egypt eventually
got back on track. Art during the Middle Kingdom had some references from the Old Kingdom,
however there were some experimentation in terms of style that transpired during this period.
Portrait sculptures and fresco paintings that were freely drawn are some of the styles that
emerged during this period. To solve the problem of thieves that plunder the tombs, the
Egyptian made rock-cut tombs by carving out a living rock. The insides of the tombs were still
filled with chamber and the hallways were lavishly decorated to celebrate the life of the
deceased.

Egypt was not immune from foreign invaders and eventually fell into the hands of the Hyksos.
This Asiatic Tribe introduced Bronze Age weapons and horses to the Egyptians. When these
foreign invaders were overthrow, the Egyptian formed the new kingdom. It was a time of
expansionism through territorial acquisition. Consequently, with the expansion came an
increase in wealth leading not only to economic but also political stability.
The art of the New Kingdom had references from both of the processing kingdoms, Monuments
and sculptures were still linked with death and reverence for the deceased. During the previous
kingdoms, tombs were just used for worshipping the dead but with the New Kingdom, they
started having mortuary temples. These temples, which were carved out of living rocks, served
not only a sanctuary for the dead but also a place of worship for the living. During this period,
Egypt has established. Itself as a more advanced and powerful civilization. With this newly
found strength and power comes an inflated ego. Their high regard for their people can be seen
through their sculptures built on massive and monumental scales.

After the New Kingdom, Egypt witnessed the Amarna Revolution led by king Akhenaton and
Queen Nefertiti. He moved the capital to Tel El-Amarna, thus the name Amarna. During his
reign, King Amenhotep wanted to revolutionize the art and religion. He later on changed his
name to Akhenaton, which came from Aton who is the sun of god. This changing of names also
signified the shift in religion. During. This period, the only God to be revered was Aton. Egypt
became monotheistic and Akhenaton ordered all to hear down all Monuments in reverence to
Aton. Most sculptures during this period had curving lines and full-bodied forms. There is
emphasis to life-like feactures on the face like an elongate jaw and thick-lidded eyes. Most artist
created artwork that are natural and seemingly real, highlighting the features of their subjects.
Naturalism was not only used to depict the pharaoh but also was used for members or the royal
family. The bust of Queen Nefertiti has also a long and sensous neck. This figure was enhanced
by applying paint to the limestone.
The use of naturalism in artwork was rather short-lived. When king Akhenaton died, his
successors returned to the more rigid and conventional styles that employed during the period
of the kingdoms. They also destroyed images and figures of Aton and subscribed to
meonotheism.
Probably one of the greatest discoveries from the Egyptian civilization was the tomb of
Tutankhamen. He became king at a very young age and died at the age of eighteen. Howard
Carter discovered this tomb in 1992. They were astonished to find gold artwork and that the
coffin was made out of solid gold. The body of the young kings was covered in linen and a gold
mask covered his face.

During the prehistoric period, early humans had transitioned from a nomadic lifestyle to that of a
more permanent one. Which led to early civilizations. Some of the work discovered from this
period would give modern society a glimpse of what was life during that period. One of this early
civilizations where art flourished was the Egyptian civilization. Through the three kingdoms all
the way to the Amarna Revolution, art has been directly used particularly in religious and
spiritual activities. Through these unearthed and discovered art work, the modern world could
have a better understanding of the past and how affect the present.

Lesson-8
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Identify the major period in western art history:
2. Compare and contrast the artwork produced during the different time period and art
movement
3. Discuss the importance of art to the development of western culture.

     Art has been an integral part in European history. From the time of the ancient civilizations
like the Greeks and the Romans all the way to the modern times. Art has been used to
communicate ideologies and believe system prevalent within their context. Greek and Roman
Civilizations were also known as the Classical World because both cultures aimed to embody
the highest possible standard of quality in all aspects of their societies. When it comes to both
art and architecture, both civilizations intended to promote the possibility of having an objective
and widely accepted standard for beauty. The influence and impact of both classical world are
far-reaching. Most art movement have taken inspiration from the certain artistic elements from
the two civilizations. There are different arts movement that emerged within the different time
periods in Europe. Each movement has a distinctive characteristic to them highlighting the
different trend and changes as they transition from one period to the next.
Let's Get Down to Business
Kindly study the ff.
✓Ancient Greece
✓Ancient Rome
✓Middle Ages
✓Renaissance Art
✓mannerism
✓Baroque and the Rococo
✓Neoclassicism
✓Romanticism
✓Realism
✓Impressionism
✓post-impressionism
✓Neo-impressionism
✓Art Nouveau
✓Fauvism
✓cubism
✓Futurism

Ancient Greece
         The Greeks were known to excel in various fields and aspect of society. For example, their
political ideals eventually became the framework for the democratic form of government in
modern times. They also valued poetry, drama, and philosophy which remain interesting fields
of study for contemporary times. For those who want to be involved in the arts-painting,
sculpture, and architecture---one  is required to be have a certain skills sets and body of
knowledge. 

        The Greek were known to place prime importance in the use of reason. For this civilization,
man was at the center of society and how they trained their minds. could be the very foundation
of how they lived their lives. The humanist ideals  of the Greek were reflected in their democratic
form of government. This certain level of freedom was also reflected in their artwork,
architecture, literature, and philosophy. The Greek were notably passionate about natural
phenomenon and believed that nature should be in perfect order. These principles, belief
systems, and ideologies are at the core of Greek art and architecture.

         The development of Greek art can be divided into four periods: Geometric, Archaic,
Classical, and Hellenistic. The Geometric Period was a time when Greece was starting to get
back from the onslaught of what seemed to be their Dark Ages. It was a period when geometric
shapes and patterns have taken the spotlight in most worst of the artworks. The Archaic
period, on the other hand, placed importance on human figures, this was primarily a result of
Greece's trading activities with other civilizations. The peak of Greek sculpture and architecture
was during the Classical Period. It was during this time when the Greek found themselves
rebuilding their temples and focusing on creating artworks. The time of Alexander the Great was
called the Hellenistic Period. During this time, art was primarily focused on showcasing
emotions and depicting reality. Hellenistic sculptures started to emphasize balance while
showcasing dynamic poses and a number of emotions evoked by the subjects. One of the
famous Hellenistic sculptures is the "Lacoon and His Sons." The sculpture depicts Lacoon, a
Troy priest, and his sons being strangled by serpents. Their position was a result of Lacoon's
instructions during the Trojan War. He instructed to keep the gates of Troy locked up because
he felt that the wooden horse offered by the Greeks as a gift to Athena was a trick. Poseidon,
the Greek god is the sea was enraged by such action which led him to send serpents to strangle
Lacoon and his sons.

         The original of theater and drama can be traced back during the Greek civilization. The
followers of Dionysus---the god of fertility---started the Greek theater. People who were devoted
to Dionysus would dance during ceremonies while giving their offerings to their god. Eventually,
the Dionysus devised a more structed form of drama involving dances and choral songs, which
depicted Greek mythologies. Eventually the Greek organized theatrical contests where held in
front of large citizens.

Ancient Rome
          The Rome Republic was stablished around 500 BCE. This civilization eventually
transformed into one of Western Europe's mightiest empires. Since they had expanded and
covered many territories, they interacted with neighboring civilizations, particularly with the
Greeks
          It can be said that Roman civilization came of age during the Hellenistic Period. As
mentioned earlier, it was a period when the Greek culture's influence has reached its peak in
the Mediterranean world. Romans were fond of the Greeks and their achievement in the arts.
The fusion of Greek and Roman cultures can be seen in most Roman Artworks. Some would
argue that the romans merely copied Greek art. This eventually made the Romans produce
artworks that are often looking stern, harsh, and strong. They also invoked the principles of
realism in most of their works highlighting the features of human beings. Aside from this, the
Romans were also known to be master builders, which earned their reputation for grand
monuments and architectural infrastructures. One of their architectural achievement would have
to be the Colosseum. This amphitheater was planned and constructed during the reign of
Emperor Vespasian. One of its main uses was for entertainment purposes like public events
and gladiator games. This structures was a concrete manifestation of Roman builder's
craftsmanship which focused on logical organization of the entire edifice
        Ancient Greece had a huge impact in the formation of Roman culture. There are a lot of
Greek influence evident in Roman theater and drama. Writers and comedy like Platus and
Terence have patterned their works to those of Greek work. Since the Roman audience was not
as enthusiastic about theatrical works unlike their Greek Counterparts, most plays had to be
included in the Romans games.

 ISABAY NIO NA DIN ARALIN ANG MGA GODS AND GODDESSES NG GREEK
MYTHOLOGY

Teachers sa paggawa ng letter cuting lagi natin tatandaan ang color combination at laging
bumasi sa kung ano ang theme of motif ng isang okasyon na gagawan ninyo ng letter cutting.
lagi din tatandaan ang tinatawag nating palaman at lining.. kapag sinabing palaman ito ang
color ng letters na nasa loob at ang lining naman ang nasa likod na magsisilbing highlight sa
letters na tiatawag nating palaman.

Teachers napaka halaga ng letter cutting sa ating mga guro, lalo na sa mga teachers na nasa
elementary. kasi dito natin makikita ang pagiging mapamaraan natin pagdating sa pagdecorate
natin sa ating mga silid aralan.

R.G.De Castro Colleges

Zone-3, Bulan Sorsogon

Compilation of Activities 
in 
Art Appreciation

Submitted by

Manuk na pula
student

Submitted to
Mr. Christopher G. Gardon
Instructor
sa loob nia lagyan nio din ng katulad ng sa front ninyo kasi doon ako magsusulat ng grades
ninyo.
ito ang pagkakasunod sunod.

>Compilation of Activities in Art Appreciation

>Acknowledgement
>Dedication
>Table of content
>then followed nio na lahat ng activities natin mula prelim to finals.. pinaka huli ang letter
cutting.