Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm

BRAHMASTRA
FINAL REVISION MODULE BEFORE EXAMINATION

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm

LOGARITHM
1. LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER
The logarithm of the number N to the base ‘a’ is the exponent indicating the power to which
the base ‘a’ must be raised to obtain the number N. This number is designated as loga N.
logaN = x  ax = N , a > 0 , a  1 & N > 0
From the definition of the logarithm of the number N to the base 'a' , we have an identity :

a loga N = N , a > 0 , a  1 & N > 0

FUNDAMENTAL LOGARITHMIC IDENTITY

loga1 = 0 (a > 0 , a  1)
loga a = 1 (a > 0 , a  1) and
log1/a a = − 1 (a > 0 , a  1)

2. THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

Let M & N are arbitrary positive numbers , a > 0 , a  1 , b > 0 , b  1 and  is any real
number then ;
(i) loga (M . N) = loga M + loga N (ii) loga (M/N) = loga M − loga N
log a M
(iii) loga M =  . loga M (iv) logb M =
log a b
NOTE :  logba . logab = 1  logba = 1/logab.  logba . logcb . logac = 1
x
 logy x . logz y . loga z = logax.  eln a = ax

3. PROPERTIES OF MONOTONICITY OF LOGARITHM

(i) For a > 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x < loga y are equivalent.
(ii) For 0 < a < 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x > loga y are equivalent.
(iii) If a > 1 then loga x < p  0 < x < ap
(iv) If a > 1 then logax > p  x > ap
(v) If 0 < a < 1 then loga x < p  x > ap
(vi) If 0 < a < 1 then logax > p  0 < x < ap

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
log 2 (9 − 2x )
1. Find the value of x satisfying the equation = 1 is
3− x
(A)1 (B)2 (C)3 (D)0

Ans. (D)
log 2 (9 − 2x )
Sol. = 1 ....(1)
3− x
 log2(9 – 2x) = 3 – x
 9 – 2x = 23–x = ; Put 2x = t
 t2 – 9t + 8 = 0  t = 1, 8
 2x = 1, 8  x = 0 , 3 ; Put in equation (1)
 x = 3 does not satisfy equation (1)
 x=0

2. If a = log1218 & b = log2454 then find the value of ab + 5 (a − b).

Ans. (1)
Sol. a = log1218 and b = log2454
Change base to 3
log 3 18 log3 54
 a= and b=
log 3 12 log 3 24
log 3 (32  2) log 3 (33  2)
 a= and b=
log 3 (22  3) log 3 (23  3)
2 + log 3 2 3 + log 3 2
a= and b=
2 log 3 2 + 1 3log 3 2 + 1
 2alog32 + a = 2 + log32 and 3blog32 + b = 3 + log32
2−a 3−b
 log3 2 = and log 3 2 =
2a − 1 3b − 1
Eliminate log3 2
2− a 3−b
 =
2a − 1 3b − 1
 (2 − a)(3b −1) = (3 − b)(2a −1)
 6b − 2 − 3ab + a = 6a − 3 − 2ab + b
 ab + 5a − 5b = 3 − 2
 ab + 5(a − b) = 1

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3. Find the value of x satisfying the equation log1/3 x − 3 log1/3 x + 2 = 0 is

1 1 
Ans.  , 
 3 81 
x0   x  0
Sol. Domain    x  (0, 1]
log1/3 x  0   x  1 
log1/3x – 3 log1/3 x + 2 = 0
Put log1/3x = t2
 t2 – 3 |t| + 2 = 0
 |t|2 – 3|t| + 2 = 0
 |t| = 1, 2
 log1/3x = t2 = 1, 4
 1 1
  x = ,   Domain
 3 81 
1 1
 x= ,
3 81
4. Solve for 'x' in the equation: ln(x – 3) + ln(x – 2) = ln(2x + 24) :

Ans. (9)
x −3  0


Sol. Domian : x − 2  0    x > 3
2x + 24  0 
n(x – 3) + n(x – 2) = n (2x + 24)
 (x – 3) (x – 2) = 2x + 24
 x2 – 7x – 18 = 0
 (x = 9, – 2)  Domain
 x=9
1 3

+3
.  ( ) 
log 9 log 6 3
81 2

− (125 )
5
log 25 7 log 25 6
5. Simplify: 7 
409  

Ans. (1)
81log9 5 + 33.log3 6 
Sol.  ( 7) 2.log7 25 − (125)log25 6 
409
92.log9 5 + 33log3 6  log7 25 3log52 6 
=  7 −5
409  
25 + ( 6) 3
(25) − 63 625 − 216
2
=  (25 − (6)3/2 ) = = =1
409 409 409

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6. Number of solutions of log4(x – 1) = log2(x – 3) is [JEE 2001]

(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0

Ans. (B)
Sol. Domain: -
x −1  0
x −3  0 
 x 3
 log 22 (x − 1) = log 2 (x − 3)
1
 log 2 (x − 1) = log 2 (x − 3)
2
log 2 ( x − 1) = log 2 ( x − 3)
2

x − 1 = ( x − 3)
2

x 2 − 7x + 10 = 0
( x = 2,5)  Domain

x = 5
7. Let (x0, y0) be solution of the following equations
(2x)ln2 = (3y)ln3 [JEE 2011]
3lnx = 2lny
Then x0 is :
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 6
6 3 2
Ans. (C)
Sol. (2x)ln2 = (3y)ln3 & 3lnx = 2lny
Take “ln” both sides in both equation.
 ln2 ( ln(2x) ) = ln 3 ( ln(3y) )
 ln 2[ln 2 + ln x] = ln 3[ln3 + ln y] ….(1)
&
ln x(ln 3) = ln y(ln 2) ….(2)
From equation (1) & (2) eliminate lny
ln x
 (ln 2) 2 + ln 2  ln x = (ln 3) 2 + ln 3   ln 3
ln 2
 (ln 3) 2  ln x
 (ln 2)2 − (ln 3) 2 =  − (ln 2)  
 ln 2  ln 2
ln x
( ln 2 ) − ( ln 3) = − ( ln 2 ) − ( ln 3)  
2 2 2 2

ln 2
 ln x = − ln 2
1
 x=
2

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 
 1 1 1 1
8. The value of 6 + log 3 4− 4− 4− ...  is [JEE 2012]
 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 
2
 
Ans. (4)
 
 1 1 1 1
Sol. To find = 6 + log 3 4− 4− 4− .... 

2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 
 
 t 
= 6 + log 3   ….(1)
2 3 2 

1 1 1
 t = 4− 4− 4− .... ; t  0
3 2 3 2 3 2
t
 t = 4− , Square both sides
3 2
 3 2t 2 + t − 12 2 = 0
3 4 2
 t=− (reject) or t =
2 3
4 2
 Put t = in equation (1)
3
 1 4 2
 To find = 6 + log 3   
 3 
2 3 2

4
= 6 + log 3   = 6 − 2 = 4
2 9

1 1

9. The value of is ( (log 2 )

9)2 log2 (log2 9)  ( 7) log 4 7
[JEE Advance 2018]

Ans. (8)
1 1

Sol. ( (log 2 9) )
2 log (log 9)
2 2  ( 7) log 4 7

Put log 2 9 = t
2
= (t )
log7 2
2 log t 2
7 2

= t 2logt 2  2 = t 2logt 2  2
= 4 2 = 8

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 ab + (ab)2 − 4(a + b)   ab − (ab)2 − 4(a + b) 

10. Let A denotes the value of log10   + log10  
 2   2 
   
when a = 43 and b = 57 and B denotes the value of the expression ( 2 log 18
6
)·( 3 ) .
6 log 3

Find the value of (A · B).

Ans. (12)
 ab + (ab)2 – 4(a + b)   ab – (ab)2 – 4(a + b) 
Sol. A = log10   + log10  
 2   2 
   
 (ab) − ((ab) − 4(a + b)) 
2 2
 A = log10  
 4 
= log10(a + b) = log10100 = 2 { a = 43 ; b = 57}

B = 2log6 18 ·3log6 3 = 2log6 (63) ·3log6 3

= 21+log6 3 ·3log6 3
= 2 · 2log6 3 ·3log6 3 = 2  (2·3)log6 3
= 2 × (6)log6 3 = 2  3 = 6
 A × B = 2 × 6 = 12

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