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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm
log a M
(iii) loga M = . loga M (iv) logb M =
log a b
3.
*
(i)
PROPERTIES OF MONOTONOCITY OF LOGARITHM :
For a > 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x < loga y are equivalent.
(ii) For 0 < a < 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x > loga y are equivalent.
(iii) If a > 1 then loga x < p 0 < x < ap
(iv) If a > 1 then logax > p x > ap
(v) If 0 < a < 1 then loga x < p x > ap
(vi) If 0 < a < 1 then logax > p 0 < x < ap
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm
NOTE THAT :
If the number & the base are on one side of the unity , then the logarithm is positive ; If the number &
the base are on different sides of unity, then the logarithm is negative.
The base of the logarithm ‘a’ must not equal unity otherwise numbers not equal to unity will not have
a logarithm & any number will be the logarithm of unity.
n
For a non negative number 'a' & n 2 , n N a = a1/n.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1
1. If log 8 b 3 , then find the value of b.
3
1 2 10
Sol. log 8 b 3 log 2 b log 2 b 5 b 25 32
3 3 3
1 1 1 1
2. If n > 1, then prove that = .....
log 2 n log 3 n log 53 n log 53! n
Sol. The given expression is equal to logn2 + logn3 + ..... + logn53 = logn(2.3 ...... 53)
1
= logn 53! =
log53! n
1 1 1
4. Simplify
1 log a bc 1 log b ca 1 log c ab
1 1 1
Sol.
1 log a bc 1 log b ca 1 log c ab
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm
5. Solve log2 (3x – 2) = log1/2 x.
log 2 x
Sol. log2(3x – 2) = log1/2 x = 1
log 2 x 1
log 2 2
3x – 2 = x–1 3x2 – 2x = 1 x = 1 or x = –1/3. But log2 (3x – 2) and log1/2 x are meaningful
only if x > 2/3.
Hence, x = 1.
1 2 1
6. If log 25 = a and log 225 = b, then find the value of log log in terms of a and b (base
9 2250
of the log is 10).
Sol. log 25 = a ; log 225 = b
log (25 9) = b or log 25 + 2 log 3 = b 2 log 3 = b – a
2
Now 1 1
log log
9 2250
= –2 log 9 – log 2250
= –4 log 3 – [log 225 + log 10]
= –2 (b – a) – [b + 1]
= –2b + 2a – b – 1 = 2a – 3b – 1
1 1
7. Compute the value of .
log 2 36 log 3 36
1 1 1
Sol. log 36 2 log 36 3 log 36 6 .
log 2 36 log 3 36 2
8. If logx–3 (2x – 3) is a meaningful quantity then find the interval in which x must lie.
Sol. x – 3 > 0, x – 3 1 and 2x – 3 > 0
x > 3 ; x 4 and x > 3/2 Hence x (3, 4) (4, )
9. Compute log6 16 if log12 27 = a.
Sol. The chain of transformations
4 4
log6 16 = 4 log6 2 = log 6 1 log 3
2 2
3 3 3 3log 2 3
a log12 27 3log12 3
log3 12 1 2 log 3 2 1 2 2 log 2 3
log 2 3
4(3 a)
We finally have log6 16 .
3 a
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm
10. Let x = (0.15)20. Find the characteristic and mantissa in the logarithm of x, to the base 10. Assume
log102 = 0.301 and log103 = 0.477.
15
Sol. log x = log (0.15)20 = 20 log
100
= 20 [log 15 – 2] = 20 [log 3 + log 5 – 2]
= 20 [log 3 + 1 – log 2 – 2]
= 20 [– 1 + log 3 – log 2]
= 20 [– 1 + 0.477 – 0.301]
= –20 × 0.824 = – 16.48 = 17.52
Hence characteristic = – 17 and mantissa = 0.52
11. Find the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 3, when the base of the logarithm is 7.
Sol. log7 N = x where 3 x < 4
73 N < 74
number of integers are 2058
x 2 3x 5 7 2x
2
x 3x 5 0
7 2x 0
15. What can be said about the number x if it is known that for ever real a 0, logx(a2 + 1) < 0 ?
Sol. For every a 0 the number 1 + a2 > 1.
Since the logarithm of a number greater than unity is negative only to a base less than unity, it follows that
0 < x < 1.
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm
1 1
16. Solve the inequality 1
log 2 x log 2 x 1
Sol. Reducing the fractions on the left hand side to a common denominator, we find
1 1 log 2 x(log 2 x 1)
1 0
log 2 x(log 2 x 1) log 2 x(log 2 x 1)
The numerator of the last expression is positive since we have
2
1 3
1 log 22 x log 2 x log 2 x
2 4
log2x (log2x – 1) > 0,
which is fulfilled for x > 2 and 0 < x < 1.
1
logz(x2 – y2) + logz(x2 + y2 – xy) – logz 2 2
x y xy
Ans. 6
Sol. logz (x2 – y2) (x2 + y2 – xy) (x2 + y2 + xy)
= logz (x + y) (x – y) (x2 + y2 – xy) (x2 + y2 + xy)
= logz (x + y) (x2 + y2 – xy) · (x – y) (x2 + y2 + xy)
= logz (x3 + y3). (x3 – y3)
19. a, b, c are 3 numbers, Characteristic of thier logarithms to the base 10 are 5, –3, 2 respectively. The
maximum numbers of digits in N = abc, could be
Ans. 7
Sol. Given
log a = 5 + 1
log b = –3 + 2
log c = 2 + 3
where 1 , 2 , 3 are mantissas.
[0, 1)
Adding the above equations
log abc = 4
1 2 3
can vary from [0,3)
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm
Maximum possible characteristic of log N = 6
Maximum no. of digits = 6 + 1 = 7
20. Number of solutions of the equation.
7x 3x 2 4
log10 2 log10 (0.9) is/are
5x 2x 3
Ans. 0
Sol. 0.9 1
7x 3x 2 4
on solving 1
5x 2x 2 3
We get x = 1
0
For x = 1 we get which is not defined.
0
EXERCISE–I
Solve the following equations
(Note: whenever log x appear it will be treat as logarithm of x with base 10) :
Q.125 logx – 13 = 2
1
Q.126 log4(2log3(1 + log2(1 + 3log3x))) = .
2
Q.128 log3(3x – 8) = 2 –x
log 2 (9 2 x )
Q.129 1
3 x
1
Q.131 log 3 log9 x 9 x 2x
2
1 1 1
Q.135 1 log 5 log log x log 5
3 2 3
1 1 1 1 1
Q.136 log x log x log x log x
2 2 2 2 8
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm
2
(x 2) log(x 2)5 12
Q.138 (x 2)log 102log( x 2)
log x 5
Q.142 x 3 105log x
Q.143 x log3 x 9
log5 x 1
Q.144 x 5
log x 7
Q.146 x 4 10log x 1
log 2 x log x 2 2
log x
Q.148 log x
2
2
Q.152
2 log x 5 3log x 5 1 0
log b x 2
Q.154 a 5x logb a 6 0
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm
1
Q.155 log2 (100x) + log2 (10x) = 14 + log
x
x 3 x 3
Q.158 2 log 3 1 log 3
x 7 x 1
2 x2
Q.162 log1/2 (4x) log 2 8
8
4 2log 3
Q.164 6 (1 4 9 3
) log 7 x log x 7 , x Q
Q.165 log3(4.3x– 1) = 2x + 1
Q.166 log3(3x – 6) = x – 1
2x 2
Q.169 log 5 log 5
10 x 1
x 15
Q.172 log 2
4 log x 1
2
8
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm
1 2(log x 2 ) 2
Q.173 1
log x 2(log x) 2
1
Q.175 log(5x 4) log x 1 2 log 0.18
2
2 log x
Q.180 1
log(5x 4)
4
Q.181 2 log 8 (2x) log 8 (x 2 1 2x)
3
1 1
Q.182 log 2 (x 2) log1/8 3x 5
6 3
3log x 19
Q.185 2log x 1
3log x 1
Q.186
log 3
x 1 1
3
log x 40
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm
EXERCISE–II
1. Which is the correct order for a given number d, d > 1
(A) log2 d < log3 d < loge d < log8 d
(B) log8 d < log3 d < loge d < log2 d
(C) log8 d < loge d < log2 d < log3 d
(D) log3 d < loge d < log2 d < log8 d
81 25 16
6. Value of 3 log + 5 log + 7 log is
80 24 15
7. f(x) = log10 x 2 . The set of all values of x for which f(x) is real is : (Not to be done)
10. A rational number which is 50 times its own logarithim to the base 10 is : (Not to be done)
a b na nb a b
13. If n then is equal to :
3 2 b a
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1
18. If log0.1 x 2 then 'x' belongs to :
2
20. Solve for 'x' in the equation : ln(x – 3) + ln(x – 2) = ln(2x + 24) :
EXERCISE–III
ab (ab) 2 4(a b) 2
1. Let A denotes the value of log10 + log ab (ab) 4(a b)
2 10
2
when a = 43 and b = 57
and B denotes the value of the expression 2log6 18 · 3log6 3 .
Find the value of (A · B).
2. (a) If x = log34 and y = log53, find the value of log310 and log3(1.2) in terms of x and y.
2
log2 5
(b) If k = 16, find the value of k (log 2 5) .
Solve for x (3 and 5)
3. (a) If log10 (x2 12x + 36) = 2 (b) 91+logx 31+logx 210 = 0 ; where base of log is 3.
log b log b N
log b a
4. Simplify : (a) log1/3 4 729 3 91 27 4/3 ; (b) a
6. (a) Which is smaller? 2 or (log2 + log2 ). (b) Prove that log35 and log27 are both irrational.
7. Let a and b be real numbers greater than 1 for which there exists a positive real number c, different
from 1, such that
2(logac + logbc) = 9logabc. Find the largest possible value of logab.
1 4 1
12. Simplify : 5log 1/5 2
log 2 log1/2 .
7 3 10 2 21
2 2
13. Find 'x' satisfying the equation 4log10 x 1 – 6log10 x – 2.3log10 x = 0.
2 a 2b5
14. Given that log2a = s, log4b = s2 and log 2 (8) = . Write log as a function of 's'
c s3 1 2
c4
(a, b, c > 0, c 1).
1log 7 2 log 5 4
15. Find the value of 49 +5 .
16. Given that log2 3 = a , log3 5 = b, log7 2 = c, express the logarithm of the number 63 to the base
140 in terms of a, b & c.
log 2 24 log 2192
17. Prove that = 3.
log 96 2 log12 2
18. Prove that ax – by = 0 where x = loga b & y = log b a , a > 0 , b > 0 & a , b 1.
log 3 7 log 7 11 log11 25
19. If a, b, c are positive real numbers such that a = 27 ; b = 49 and c = 11 . Find the
(log 7 ) 2 (log 11) 2 (log 25) 2
value of a 3 b 7 c 11 .
20. Solve for x
log10 x 3 1
(a)
log10 x 21
2
2
10 xy
21. If x, y > 0, logyx + logxy = and xy = 144, then = N where N is a natural number, find the
3 2
value of N.
23. (a) Given : log1034.56 = 1.5386, find log103.456 ; log100.3456 & log100.003456.
(b) Find the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 3, when the base of the
logarithm is 7.
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm
(c) If log102 = 0.3010 & log103 = 0.4771, find the value of log10(2.25).
(d) Find the antilogarithm of 0.75, if the base of the logarithm is 2401.
(a) 5200 (b) 615 & (c) the number of zeros after the decimal in 3100.
25. Let 'L' denotes the antilog of 0.4 to the base 1024.
and 'M' denotes the number of digits in 610 (Given log102 = 0.3010, log103 = 0.4771)
and 'N' denotes the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 2, when base of the
logarithm is 6.
Find the value of LMN.
EXERCISE–IV
Note : From Q.1 to Q.7, solve the equation for x :
1. xlogx+4 = 32, where base of logarithm is 2.
12. If p = loga bc, q = logb ca, r = logc ab, then prove that pqr = p + q + r + 2.
13. If logba . logca + logab . logcb + logac . logb c = 3 (Where a, b, c are different positive real numbers 1),
then find the value of abc.
14. Let y = log 2 3 ·log 2 12 ·log 2 48 ·log 2 192 16 – log212 · log248 + 10. Find y N.
3
15. Solve the equation log4(x + 2)2 + 3 = log4(4 – x)3 + log4(6 + x)3.
2
16. Find the product of the positive roots of the equation (2008) ( x ) log 2008 x x 2 .
4 4 2 2
17. Find x satisfying the equation log 2 1 log 2 1 2 log
1 .
x x4 x 1
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm
1 1
20. Solve for x : log2 (4 x) + log (4 x) . log x 2 log2 x = 0.
2 2
EXERCISE–V
1. Solve the following equations for x & y : [REE 96, 6]
1
log100|x + y| =
2
log10 y – log10|x| = log100 4.
2. Find all real numbers x which satisfy the equation, [REE 96, 6]
2 log2(log2 x) + log1/2 log2 2 2 x = 1
3. log3/4log8 (x2 + 7) + log1/2 log1/4 (x2 + 7)1 = 2. [REE 2000]
4. Number of solutions of log4(x – 1) = log2(x – 3) is
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0 [JEE 2001 (Screening)]
5. Let (x0, y0) be solution of the following equations
(2x)ln2 = (3y)ln3 [JEE 2011]
3lnx = 2lny
1 1 1
Then x0 is : (A) (B) (C) (D) 6
6 3 2
1 1 1 1
6. The value of 6 + log 3 4 4 4 ... is [JEE 2012]
2
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
1 1
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE–I
Q.125 1 3 Q.126 {3} Q.127 {4} Q.128 {2}
Q.143 3 2
,3 2
Q.144 {1/5, 25} Q.145 {10–3, 102} Q.146 {10–4, 10}
Q.147 {5} Q.148 {10–3,10, 100} Q.149 {2, 16} Q.150 {10,104}
Q.154 2 log a b
,3log a b a > 0, a 1, b > 0, b 1 Q.155 10 ,10
9
Q.156 {5}
Q.173 1/ 10, 3 10 Q.174 {1} Q.175 {8} Q.176 {2}
Q.177 5
5,5 Q.178 {10} Q.179 {9} Q.180 {4}
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm
EXERCISE–III
xy 2 xy 2 y 2
1. 12 2. (a) , ; (b) 625 3. (a) x = 16 or x = 4 (b) x = 5
2y 2y
1
9. 1/6 10. 9 11. 1 12. 6 13. x =
100
1 2ac
14. 2s + 10s2 – 3(s3 + 1) 15. 25 16. 19. 469
2 2c abc 1
2
20 (a) x=5 (b) x=10 (c) x = 2 or 2 2
(d) x = 2–loga where base of log is 5.
1 1 1
21. 507 22. (a4, a, a7) or 4 , , 7
a a a
23. (a) 0.5386; 1.5386 ; 3.5386 (b) 2058 (c) 0.3522 (d) 343
24. (a) 140 (b) 12 (c) 47 25. 23040
EXERCISE–IV
1
1. x = 2 or 2. x = 1 3. x = 1 4. x = 100 5. x = 5 6. x = 1 7. x
32
8. 4/9 9. xy = 29 10. 1 13. abc = 1 14. y = 6 15. x = 2 or 1 – 33
7 3 24
16. (2008)2 17. x 2 or 6 18. [0, 1] {4} 20. 0 , ,
4 2
EXERCISE–V
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm
QUESTION BANK
log b c a log c b a
Q.2 Let ABC be a triangle right angled at C. The value of log a ·log a (b + c 1, c – b 1) equals
bc cb
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 1/2
x 8 2 x
Q.3 The set of values of x satisfying simultaneously the inequalities 0 and
log 0.3 10
7 log 2 5 1
2x 3 31 > 0 is :
(A) a unit set (B) an empty set
(C) an infinite set (D) a set consisting of exactly two elements .
2 x 2007
Q.5 Number of integral values of x the inequality log10 0 holds true, is
x 1
(A) 1004 (B) 1005 (C) 2007 (D) 2008
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm
ANSWER KEY
Q.1 (A) Q.2 (B) Q.3 (A) Q.4 (A) Q.5 (B)
Q.6 (BCD)
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Logarithm
EXERCISE–I
126. 131. 140. 152. 159. 167. 172.
179. 182.
EXERCISE–II
1. 12. 13. 17. 19. 20.
EXERCISE–III
1. 4. 9. 11. 18. 19. 23((b)
24.
EXERCISE–IV
10. 12.
EXERCISE–V
1. 5. 7.
EXERCISE–I
151. 184.
EXERCISE–III
8. 22.
EXERCISE–IV
5. 6. 7. 14. 17. 18. 19.
20.
EXERCISE–V
3. 6.
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