LOGARITHMIC

FUNCTIONS
Chapter 5
Lesson 18: Logarithmic Function, Equation and Inequality
Lesson 19 : Basic Properties of Logarithm
Lesson 20 : Laws of Logarithm
Logarithmic Function, Equation and Inequality
Learning At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
Objectives:
1. Distinguish Logarithmic Function,
Logarithmic Equation and Logarithmic
Inequality.
2. Illustrate the following:
➢Three Basic Properties of Logarithm;
➢Laws of Logarithm; and
➢Change-of-base Formula
Logarithmic Function, Equation
and Inequality
Logarithmic Function, Equation and Inequality
Investigate the following. Identify their
similarities and differences.

• log 4 2 = 𝑥
2 2
• ln 𝑥 > ln 𝑥
• 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) = log3 𝑥
Logarithmic Function, Equation and Inequality

Logarithmic Equation Logarithmic Inequality Logarithmic Function

An equation An inequality
Definition Function of the form
Involving involving
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒙
logarithms. logarithms. (𝒃 > 𝟎, 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏).

Example log 𝒙 𝟐 = 𝟒 ln 𝒙 𝟐 > ( ln 𝒙)𝟐 𝒈 ( 𝒙 ) = log𝟑 𝒙

Logarithmic Function, Equation and Inequality
EXAMPLE 1: Determine whether the given is a logarithmic
function, a logarithmic equation, a logarithmic inequality or
neither.
1. 𝑔(𝑥) = log 5 𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 2log 4 𝑥
3. log(4𝑥) = − log(3𝑥 + 5)
4. 𝑥 log 2 𝑥 − 1 > 0
5. log 𝑥(𝑥 – 3) = log 4
Logarithmic Function, Equation and Inequality
ANSWERS:

1. 𝑔(𝑥) = log 5 𝑥 (Answer: Logarithmic Function)

2. 𝑦 = 2log 4 𝑥 (Answer: Logarithmic Function)
3. log(4𝑥) = − log(3𝑥 + 5) (Answer: Logarithmic Equation)
4. 𝑥 log 2 𝑥 − 1 > 0 (Answer: Logarithmic Inequality)
5. log 𝑥(𝑥 – 3) = log 4 (Answer: Logarithmic Equation)
Basic Properties of Logarithm
Basic Properties of Logarithm
Let 𝑏 and 𝑥 be real numbers such that 𝑏 > 0 and
𝑏 ≠ 1, the basic properties of logarithms are
as follows:
1. log 𝑏1 = 0
2. log 𝑏𝑏𝑥 = 𝑥
log𝑏 𝑥
3. If 𝑥 > 0, then 𝑏 =𝑥
Basic Properties of Logarithm
Example 2: Use the basic properties of logarithms to find
the value of the following logarithmic expressions.
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 10
b. ln 𝑒3
c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 464
d. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 5(1/125)
e. 5𝑙𝑜𝑔5 2
f. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1
Basic Properties of Logarithm
a. log 10 = log 10
101 =1 (Property 2)
b. ln 𝑒3 = log 𝑒𝑒3 =3 (Property 2)
3
c. log 4 64 =log 4 4 =3 (Property 2)
1 −3
d. log 5 125 = log 55 =– 3 (Property 2)
e. 5 log5 2 =2 (Property 3)
f. log 1 =0 (Property 1)
Laws of Logarithm
Laws of Logarithm
LAWS OF LOGARITM
Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1 and let 𝑛 ∈ ℝ. For 𝑢 > 0, 𝑣 > 0, then

𝟏. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃(𝒖𝒗) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒖 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒗

Example:
a. log 2 (3𝑥) = log23 + log2𝑥

b. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟑)
Laws of Logarithm
Express the following into single logarithm:
1. log 2 𝑥 + log 2 𝑦 + log 2 𝑧

2. log 5 3 + log 5 2 + log 3 4 + log 3 5

3. log 𝑥 − 1 + log 𝑥 + 1
Laws of Logarithm
LAWS OF LOGARITM
Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1 and let 𝑛 ∈ ℝ. For 𝑢 > 0, 𝑣 > 0, then

𝟐. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃(𝒖/𝒗) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒖 – 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒗

Example:
𝒙
a. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟒
𝒚
𝟓
b. 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟕
Laws of Logarithm
Express the following into single logarithm:
1. log 2 𝑥 − log 2 𝑦 − log 2 𝑧

2. log 5 3 − log 5 2 + log 5 4

3. log 𝑥 − [log 𝑥 + 1 + log(𝑥 − 1)]

Laws of Logarithm
LAWS OF LOGARITM
Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1 and let 𝑛 ∈ ℝ. For 𝑢 > 0, 𝑣 > 0, then

𝟑. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒖𝒏 = 𝒏 · 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒖
Example:
a. log536
1
−
b. log 2 𝑥 2
Laws of Logarithm
COMMON MISTAKES:
Common mistakes in applying laws of Logarithms:
1. log 2 5 + 2 ≠ log 2 5 + log 2 2
2. log 2 5 + 2 ≠ (log 2 5)(log 2 2)
3. log 2 5 − 2 ≠ log 2 5 − log 2 2
log2 5
4. log 2 5 − 2 ≠ log 2
2
5. log 2 (5² • 2) ≠ 2log 2 (5 •2)
Laws of Logarithm
Example 3: Use the properties of logarithms to
expand each expression in terms of the
logarithms of the factors. Assume each factor is
positive.
𝟐
𝒂. log(𝒂𝒃 )
𝒃. log𝟑 (𝟑/𝒙)𝟑

𝒄. ln[𝒙(𝒙 – 𝟓)]
Laws of Logarithm
SOLUTION:

2
a.log(𝑎𝑏 ) =log 𝑎 + log 𝑏 2

= log 𝑎 + 2 log 𝑏
Laws of Logarithm
SOLUTION:
3 3
𝑏. log 3
𝑥
3
= 3 log 3
𝑥
= 3 log33 – log3𝑥
= 3(1 – log3𝑥)
= 3 – 3log3𝑥
Laws of Logarithm
SOLUTION:

𝑐. ln 𝑥 𝑥 – 5
= ln 𝑥 + ln(𝑥 – 5)
Laws of Logarithm
Example 4: Use the properties of logarithm to
condense the expressions as a single logarithm.
𝑎. log 2 + log 3
𝑏. 2 ln 𝑥 – ln 𝑦
𝑐. log5(𝑥2) – 3log5𝑥
𝑑. 2 – log 5
Laws of Logarithm
SOLUTION:

a. log 2 + log 3
= log 2 · 3
= log 6
Laws of Logarithm
SOLUTION:

𝑏. 2 ln 𝑥 – ln 𝑦
= ln 𝑥2 – ln 𝑦
𝑥2
= ln
𝑦
Laws of Logarithm
SOLUTION:
𝑐. log5 𝑥2 – 3log5𝑥
= log5 𝑥2 – log5 𝑥3
= log5(𝑥2/𝑥3)
= log5(1/𝑥)
= log5(𝑥 −1 )
=– log5𝑥
Laws of Logarithm
SOLUTION:
𝑑. 2 – log5
2 = 2 1
= 2 log10
= log102
= log100

2 – log5
= log100 – log5
= log(100/5)
= log20
Change-of-Base Formula
Change-of-Base Formula
CHANGE-OF-BASE FORMULA
Any logarithmic expression can be expressed as a quotient of
two logarithmic expressions with a common base. Let 𝑎, 𝑏, and
𝑥 be positive real numbers, with 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑏 ≠ 1:
log 𝑎 𝑥
log 𝑏 𝑥 =
log 𝑎 𝑏
Change-of-Base Formula
Example 5: Use the change-of-base formula to rewrite the
following logarithmic expressions to the indicated base.
a. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔 𝟒 (change to base 2)
SOLUTION:
log2 4
log 6 4 =
log2 6

2
=
log2 6
Change-of-Base Formula
b. log 𝟏 𝟐 (change to base 𝒆)
𝟐
SOLUTION:
ln 2
log 𝟏 𝟐 = 1
𝟐 ln
2

ln 2
=
ln 2−1

ln 2
=
− ln 2

= −1
Quiz: Get a clean sheet of paper.
Assessment #4 Answer the Assessment #4
with complete solution. Take
clear picture and upload or
attach it in your google
classroom.