11th

GRADE

BASIC
CONCEPTS OF
FUNCTIONS
(represents real-life situations using
rational functions)

Michelle Angela Andal

Lesson 1:

Functions and Relations

Lesson Outline:
1. define functions and relations
2. differentiate functions and relations
Definition of Relation:

• a relation is a rule that relates values from a

set of values (called the domain) to the
second set of values (called the range).

• a set of ordered pairs (x,y).

Definition of Functions:
• a function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) such that no two ordered
pairs have the same x-value but different y-values.

• a set of ordered pairs (x, y) where no two or more distinct ordered

pairs have the same first element (x).

• every value of x corresponds to a unique value of y.

Example:
Which of the following relations are functions?
f = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,5), (4,7)}
g = {(1,3), (2,-6), (0,0), (-4,6), (3,7)}
h = {(1,3), (3,6), (3,9),…,(n,3n)}

Solution
The relations f and g are functions because no two ordered pairs have the
same x- value but different y-values.

Meanwhile, h is not a function because (3,6) and (3,9) are ordered pairs with
the same x-value but different y-values.
Mapping Diagrams

Relations and functions can be

represented by mapping
diagrams where the elements
of the domain are mapped to
the elements of the range using
arrows.
Vertical Line Test
• A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line
intersects the graph at most once.

• The vertical line test for a function states that if each vertical
line intersects a graph in the x-y plane at exactly one point,
then the graph illustrates a function.
Table of Values

• A table of values is commonly observed when

describing a function.
• This shows the correspondence between a set of
values of x and a set of values of y in a tabular form.

y -2 -1 0 1

x -6 -4 1 4

domain:{-2,-1,0,1} range:{-6,-4,1,4}
Piecewise Function
These are functions which are defined in different domains since
they are determined by several equations.
 FUNCTION RELATION

Children Children
(range) (range)

1st Child Birth Mother Birth Mother 1st Child

(domain) (domain)
2nd Child 2nd Child

3rd Child 3rd Child

Lesson 1.2:
Evaluating Functions

It is the process of determining the value of the

function at the number assigned to a given variable
 Example: Evaluate the following functions.

f(x)=x2-9x+18
a. f (5) c. f (-2)
Solution: Solution:
f(x) = x2 - 6x + 18 f(x) = x2 - 6x + 18
f(5) = 52 - 6(5) + 18 f(-2) = -22 - 6(-2) + 18
f(5) = 25 - 30 + 18 f(-2) = 4 + 12 + 18
f(5) = 13 f(-2) = 34

b. f (7) c. f (3)
Solution: Solution:
f(x) = x2 - 6x + 18 f(x) = x2 - 6x + 18
f(7) = 72 - 6(7) + 18 f(3) = 32 - 6(3) + 18
f(7) = 49 - 42 + 18 f(3) = 9 + 18 + 18
f(7) = 25 f(3) = 45
 Example 2: Evaluate the following functions.

h(x)= { x+6, if x<0

7x-7, if x>0
c. h(5)
a. h (-3)
Replace x by 5. Use the 2nd equation.
Replace x by -3. Use the 1st equation.
h(x) =x+6
h(x) =x+6
h(5)= 5+6
h(-3)= -3+6
h(5)=9
h(-3)=3

b. f (8) c. h(-4)
Replace x by 8. Use the 2nd equation. Solution:
h(x) =x+6 Replace x by -4. Use the 1st equation.
h(8)= 8+6 h(x) =x+6
h(8)=14 h(-4)= -4+6
h(-4)=2
Given a function C that can represent the cost of x donuts, if one
costs 25 pesos.
a. If you will buy one dozen of donuts, how much is the cost?

Solution:

Given = 25 pesos per donut

C(x) = 65x
C(12) = 25(12)
C(12) = 300

Therefore, the total cost is 300 pesos if you will buy 12 pieces of donuts
that cost 25 pesos each.
The cost C of buying x kilos of bangus is given by the function
C(x)=160x+5. Each kilo cost 160 pesos plus 5 pesos for the plastic bag.
How much will you pay if you will buy 2 kilos of bangus.

Solution:

Given = C(x) = 160x+5

Solve for 2 kilos to buy, evaluate the function whose x is equal to 160.
C(x) = 160x+5
C(2) = 160(2)+5
C(2) = 325
Therefore, the total cost is 325 pesos if you will buy 2 kilos of bangus.
Lesson 2:
Operations on Functions
• It is similar to operations on numbers. Adding, subtracting,
and multiplying two or more functions together will result in
another function.

• Dividing two functions together will also result in another

function if the denominator or divisor is not the zero
function.
Definition. Let f and g be functions

1. Their sum, denoted by f + g, is the function denoted by

(f + g) (x) = f(x) + g (x)
2. Their difference, denoted by f - g, is the function denoted by
(f - g) (x) = f(x) - g (x).
3. Their product, denoted by f g, is the function denoted by
(f g) (x) = f(x)
4. Their quotient, denoted by f/g, is the function denoted by
(f / g) (x) = f(x) / g(x),
excluding the values of x where g(x) = 0
5. The composite function denoted by (f g) (x) = f(g(x)). The process of
obtaining a composite function is called function composition.
f(x)=x+10 g(x)=5x-3 h(x)=5x2+15-8

a. (f + g) (2) = f(x) + g(x) c. (h/g) (2) = h(2) / g(2)

= (x + 10) + (5x -3) = 5(2)2+15-8 / 5(2)-3
= (2+10) + (5(2) - 3) 2015 8
= 19 
10 3
27
b. (f *g) (2) = f(x) * g(x) 
7
= (x + 10) * (5x -3)
= (2+10) * (5(2) - 3) =3.86
= 84
Functions as Mathematical Models

3 types of variation in mathematical modeling

● Direct Variation
● Inverse Variation
● Joint Variation
Directly Proportional

A variable y is said to be directly proportional

to a variable x if y = kx, where k is a nonzero constant
called the constant of variation or constant of
proportionality
Inversely Proportional

A variable y is said to be inversely proportional

to a variable x if y = k/x, where k is a nonzero
constant
Jointly Proportional

A variable y is said to be jointly proportional to

a variable x and y if z = kxy, where k is a nonzero
constant
 Kino wages vary directly as the number of hours that he works. If his
wages for 8 hours are 2,000 pesos, how much will they be for 32
hours

constant variation
k=y/x
k=2,000/8
=250

use the equation y=kx to find the unknown

y=250(32)
y=8,000

Kino will earn 8,000 pesos for 32 hours of work.

 Luna wants to buy her dream bag that costs Php15,000 . If she can
save Php 2,500 a month, how many months will she have to save
before she can buy her dream bag.

y=number of months
k=cost of the bag
x=amount she save in one month

y = k/x
y=15,000/2,500
y=6

Luna will have to save 2,500 for 6 months.

The area of a rectangle varies jointly as the base and altitude to the
base. If the area is 200 cm when the base is 20 cm and the altitude is 2
cm, what is the area if the base is 25 cm and the altitude is 2 cm?

Solution: Mathematical model for this

z = kxy problem is: z= 5xy
z= area of the rectangle
x= base To solve for unknown using
y=altitude the mathematical model,
given that x = 25 cm and y = 2
200=k(20)(2) cm
200= 40k
5=k z=(5)(25)(2)
z=250cm2
Lesson 3:
Rational Functions

A rational function is one such that

P( x)
f(x= Q ( X ) , where Q(x)≠0; the domain of a rational
function can be calculated.
 Steps in graphing rational functions
1.Find the asymptotes.
a.) V.A.: x = a, where a is the value of x that will make the function undefined
b.) H.A.: y = an
bm

Case 1 – if the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator, n <
m, then y = 0 or x-axis
Case 2 – if the degrees of the numerator and the denominator are equal, n = m, then
y=a/b
Case 3 – if the degree of the numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator, n
> m, then there is no horizontal asymptote.

2. Find the intercepts, if there are any

3. Find the points to the left and right of the vertical asymptote. � →� − and � →� +

4.Draw the graph.

 2( x  2)
y
x 3

Vertical Asymptote : X=3

Horizontal Asymtote: Case 2: y=2/1
y=2
Step 2: Intercepts:
x-intercept
x=2 (2,0)
y-intercept
y=1.3 (0,1.3)
Rational Equations and Inequality
● A rational equation is an equation with at least a fraction on
one side whose numerator and denominator are polynomials

● A rational inequality is an inequality that contains a rational

expression.

If (P(x))/(Q(x)) is equated to 0, then (P(x))/(Q(x))=0 is called a

rational equation. Moreover, if the equation symbol = is
replaced by >, <, ≥, ≤, you have a rational inequality.
 Solving Rational Equations
STEPS IN SOLVING RATIONAL EQUATIONS:

1. Transform the equation into a polynomial equation

There are two ways to do this: (a) multiply the equation by the LCD or (b)
use the means-extremes product theorem

2. Simplify and solve the resulting equation. Distribute and combine like
terms.

3. check once you have the solutions is that they do not make the
denominators of any part of the equation equal to zero when substituted
back into the original equation
 Solve for x in the given rational equation:

x  6 32

x6 8
Check
x+6=4(x-6) if x=10
x+6=4x-24 10  6 32

Since 4=4 is a true statement, then
x =10 is a solution of the given
10  6 8
x-4x=-24-6 equation.
16 32
-3x=-30 4

8
x=10 4=4
 Solving Rational Inequalities
STEPS IN SOLVING RATIONAL EQUATIONS:

1. Write the inequality as a single fraction of a single rational expression

on the left-hand side and zero on the right-hand side of the inequality.

2. Solve for the critical values. Set the numerator and denominator to 0.

3. Make a number line of intervals.

4. Test values if they make the inequality true or false.

5.Express the answer in interval notation

Via scored 88,91,85 on her last 3 tests. What score does she need to
get on her next test if she wants the average of all four tests to be
higher than 90?

x=test score

889185x Via needs to get at least 96

90 score on her fourth test for
4 her to get an average
264  x greater than 90.
( 4) *  90 * 4
4
264x > 360
x > 360-264
x > 96