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MATRICES
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a 21
(b) Column Matrix : A= : Si having one column. (m × 1) matrix
(or column vectors)
a m1
(c) Zero or Null Matrix : (A = Om n)
An m n matrix all whose entries are zero .
0 0 0 0 0
A = 0 0 is a & B = 0 0 0
.B
3 2 null matrix is 3 3 null matrix
0 0 0 0 0
(d) Horizontal Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a horizontal matrix if n > m.
1 2 3 4
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2 5 1 1
2 5
1 1
(e) Verical Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a vertical matrix if m > n.
3 6
(f) Square Matrix : (Order n) 2 4
Note (i) In a square matrix the pair of elements aij & aj i are called Conjugate Elements .
a 11 a 12
e.g.
a 21 a 22
(ii) The elements a11 , a22 , a33 , ...... ann are called Diagonal Elements . The line along which
the diagonal elements lie is called " Principal or Leading " diagonal.
The qty ai i = trace of the matrice written as , i.e. tr A
Square Matrix
Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix denote as
ddia (d1 , d2 , ....., dn) all elements
except the leading diagonal are zero
1 3 2 1 0 0
A = 0 2 4 ; B = 2 3 0
diagonal Matrix Unit or Identity Matrix
0 0 5 4 3 3
Upper Triangular Lower Triangular d1 0 0
0 1 if i j
ai j = 0 i > j ai j = 0 i < j
d2 0 aij =
0 if i j
Note that : Minimum number of zeros in 0 0 d 3
a triangular matrix of Note: (1) If d1 = d2 = d3 = a Scalar Matrix
order n = n(n–1)/2 (2) If d1 = d2 = d3 = 1 Unit Matrix
Note: Min. number of zeros in a diagonal matrix of order n = n(n – 1)
"It is to be noted that with square matrix there is a corresponding determinant formed by the elements of A in the
same order."
3. Equality Of Matrices :
Let A = [a i j ] & B = [b i j ] are equal if ,
(i) both have the same order . (ii) ai j = b i j for each pair of i & j.
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4. Algebra Of Matrices : Si
Addition :
A + B = a i j b i j where A & B are of the same type. (same order)
(a) Addition of matrices is commutative.
i.e. A+B = B+A A=mn ; B=mn
(b) Matrix addition is associative .
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) Note : A , B & C are of the same type.
(c) Additive inverse.
.B
If A + B = O = B + A A = m n
5. Multiplication Of A Matrix By A Scalar :
a b c ka k b kc
If A = b c a ;k A = k b kc ka
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c a b kc ka kb
6. Multiplication Of Matrices : (Row by Column)
AB exists if , A = m n & B= np
23 33
AB exists , but BA does not AB BA
A prefactor
Note : In the product AB ,
B post factor
b1
b
2
A = (a1 , a2 , ...... an) & B= :
b n
1n n1
A B = [a1 b1 + a2 b2 + ...... + an bn]
n
If A = a i j m n & B = bi j n p matrix , then (A B)i j =
r 1
ai r . br j
Properties Of Matrix Multiplication :
1. Matrix multiplication is not commutative .
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
A = 0 0 ; B = 0 0 ; AB = 0 0 ; BA = 0 0
AB BA (in general)
1 1 1 1 0 0
2. AB = 2 2 1 1 = 0 0 AB = O A = O or B = O
Note: If A and B are two non- zero matrices such that AB = O then A and B are called the divisors of
zero. Also if [AB] = O | AB | | A | | B | = 0 | A | = 0 or | B | = 0 but not the converse.
If A and B are two matrices such that
(i) AB = BA A and B commute each other
(ii) AB = – BA A and B anti commute each other
3. Matrix Multiplication Is Associative :
If A , B & C are conformable for the product AB & BC, then
(A . B) . C = A . (B . C)
4. Distributivity :
A (B C) A B A C
Provided A, B & C are conformable for respective products
(A B) C A C BC
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5. POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX :
For a square matrix A , A2 A = (A A) A = A (A A) = A3 .
6. MATRIX POLYNOMIAL :
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Note that for a unit matrix I of any order , Im = I for all m N.
If f (x) = a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + ......... + anx0 then we define a matrix polynomial
f (A) = a0An + a1An–1 + a2An–2 + ..... + anIn
where A is the given square matrix. If f (A) is the null matrix then A is called the zero or root of the
.B
polynomial f (x).
DEFINITIONS :
(a) Idempotent Matrix : A square matrix is idempotent provided A2 = A.
Note that An = A n > 2 , n N.
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Similarly we can prove that A AT is skew symmetric .
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P 3 The sum of two symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix and
the sum of two skew symmetric matrix is a skew symmetric matrix .
Let AT = A ; BT = B where A & B have the same order .
(A + B)T = A + B
Similarly we can prove the other
.B
P 4 If A & B are symmetric matrices then ,
(a) A B + B A is a symmetric matrix
(b) AB BA is a skew symmetric matrix .
P 5 Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
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1 1
A= (A + AT) + (A AT)
2 2
P Q
Symmetric Skew Symmetric
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law for inverse. Si
Note :
(i) If A be an invertible matrix , then AT is also invertible & (AT) 1 = (A 1)T.
(ii) If A is invertible, (a) (A 1) 1 = A ; (b) (Ak) 1 = (A 1)k = A–k, k N
(iii) If A is an Orthogonal Matrix. AAT = I = ATA
(iv) A square matrix is said to be orthogonal if , A 1 = AT .
.B
1
(v) | A–1 | =
|A|
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1 0 0 1
6. If AB = A and BA = B, then B2 is equal to
1. If I = 0 1 , J 1 0 = and B = (A) B (B) A
(C) I (D) 0
cos sin
sin cos then B is equal to
7. If A = diag (2, –1, 3), B = diag (–1, 3, 2),
(A) I cos + J sin then
(B) I cos– Jsin A2 B equal to
(C) I sin+ Jcos (A) diag (5, 4, 11)
(D) –I cos+ Jsin (B) diag (–4, 3, 18)
(C) diag (3, 1, 8)
2. The number of different orders of a matrix (D) B
having 12elements is
(A) 3 (B) 1 8. If the matrix AB is a zero matrix, then
(C) 6 (D) None of these (A) A = O or B = O
(B) A = O and B = O
x2 x x 0 1 0 2 (C) It is not necessary that either A = O or
3. then x is B=O
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3 2 x 1 x 5 1
(D) All the above statements are wrong
equal to
(A) –1
(C) 1
(B) 2
Si
(D) No value of x
9.
2 1
Which relation true for A = 1 2 , B =
1 5 4 0 1 4
2 1 1
4. If A = and B = 0 2 1 , then
(A) (A + B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B2
.B
3 1 3 2
(B) (A – B)2 = A2 – 2AB + B2
5 8 0 (C) AB = BA
(A) AB 0 4 2 (D) None of these
3 9 6
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(B) The elements on the main diagonal of a
20. If A2 – A + I = 0, then the inverse of A is
skew – symmetric matrix are all zero
(C) For any square matrix A, 1/2 (A + A') is
symmetric
Si (A) I – A
(C) A
(B) A– I
(D) A + I
1 2 1 2 (D) A2 = I
(C) 2 1 (D) 2 1
22. A and B be 3 × 3 matrices . Then AB = 0
implies
3 3 4
(A) A = 0 and B = 0
16. If A = 2 3 4 , then value of A–1 is equal (B) 0
0 1 1
(C) |A| = 0 and |B| = 0
to (D) A = 0 or B = 0
(A) A (B) A2
(C) A3 (D) A4 23. Which of the following statements is incor-
1 2 1 0 rect for a square matrix A. (|A| 0)
17. Let A = 3 5 and B = 0 2 and X be a (A) If A is a diagonal matrix, A–1 will also
matrix such that A = BX is equal to be a diagonal matrix
(B) If A is symmetric matrix , A–1will also
1 2 4 1 2 4 be a symmetric matrix
(A) 2 3 5 (B) 2 3 5
(C) If A–1 = A A is an idempotent matrix
(D) If A–1= A A an involutary matrix 29. If A2 – A + I = 0, then the inverse of A is -
0 1 [AIEEE-2005]
24. If A = 0 0 . I is the unit matrix of order 2 (A) A + I (B) A
and a ,b are arbitrary constants,. then (aI + (C) A – I (D) I – A
bA)2 is equal to 1 0 1 0
(A) a2 I + b2A (B) a2I = abA 30. If A = 1 1 and I = 0 1 , then which
(C) a2I + 2abA (D) None of these one of the following holds for all n 1, by
1 3 the principle of mathematical induction -
25. If A = 3 4 and A2–kA –5I2 = 0, then the [AIEEE-2005]
n
value of k is (A) A = nA – (n – 1) I
(A) 3 (B) 5 (B) An = 2n–1 A – (n – 1) I
(C) 7 (D) –7 (C) An = nA + (n – 1) I
(D) An = 2n–1A + (n – 1) I
26. If a matrix A is such that
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3A3 + 2A2 + 5A + I = 0, then A–1 is equal 31. If A and B are square matrices of size n × n
to- such that A2 – B2 = (A – B) (A + B), then
(A) –(3A2 +2 A +5)
(B) (3A2+2A + 5)
Si which of the following will be always true
– [AIEEE 2006]
(A) AB = BA
(C) (3A2–2 A–5)
(B) Either of A or B is a zero matrix
(D) none of these
(C) Either of A or B is an identity matrix
.B
0 1 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 (D) A = B
4 c
27. If A = 1 2 3 , A-1 = 3
, 5 5
3 a 1 5/ 2 3/ 2 1/ 2
then 32. Let A = 0 5 If |A2| = 25, then ||
0 0 5
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1
(A) a = 1, c = –1 (B) a = 2, c = – equals- [AIEEE 2007]
2
1 1 (A) 52 (B) 1
(C) a = –1, c = 1 (D) a ,c
2 2
1
(C) (D) 5
1 1 1 5
2 1 3
28. Let A = and 10 B =
1 1 1 33. If w 1 is the complex cube root of unity
4 2 2 0
5 0 a
and matrix H = 0 0 , then H70 is equal
. If B is the inverse of matrix
1 2 3 to [AIEEE 2011]
(A) H (B) 0
A, then is
(C) –H (D) H2
(A) –2 (B) –1
(C) 2 (D) 5
1 0 0
5a b
34. Let A = 2 1 0 . If u1 and u2 are column 39. If A = 3 2 and A adj A = A AT, then 5a
3 2 1
+ b is equal to : [AIEEE 2016]
1 0
0 (A) 5 (B) 4
matrices such that Au1 = and Au2 = 1 , (C) 13 (D) –1
0 0
2 3
then u1 + u2 is equal to [AIEEE 2012] 40. If A = 4 1 , then adj(3A2 + 12A) is
1 1 equal to : [AIEEE 2017]
(A) 1 (B) 1 72 84 51 63
0 1 (A) 63 (B) 84 72
51
1 1 51 84 72 63
(C) 63 72 (D) 84
(C) 1 (D) 1 51
0 1
r
1 1
P3 = Q3 and P2Q = Q2P, then determinant of 41. If P = and and Q =
1/ 2 3 / 2 0 1
(P2 + Q2) is equal to :
(A) 0 (B) –1
Si
[AIEEE 2012]
PAPT and x = PTQ2005 then x is equal to
[JEE 2005 (Scr.)]
(C) –2 (D) 1
1 2005
1 3 (A) 0
1
36. If P = 1 3 3 is the adjoint of a 3 × 3
.B
2 4 4 4 2005 3 6015
matrix A and |A| = 4, then is equal to : (B)
2005 4 200 3
[AIEEE 2013]
(A) 5 (B) 0 1 2 3 1
(C) 4
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1 2005 2 3
37. If A is a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that (D) 4
2 3 2005
AAT = ATA and B = A–1AT, then BBT is equal
to [AIEEE 2014]
(A) I + B (B) I 1 0 0
(C) B–1 (D) (B–1)T
42. Let P = 4 1 0 and I be the identity
1 2 2 16 4 1
38. If A = 2 1 2 is a matrix satisfying the matrix of order 3. I F Q = [ qij] is a matrix
a 2 b
q 31 q32
equation AAT = 9I, where I is 3 × 3 identity such that P50 –Q = I, then q 21 equals
matrix, then the ordered pair (a, b) is equal [JEEAdv.2016]
to [AIEEE 2015] (A) 52 (B) 103
(A) (2, 1) (B) (– 2, – 1) (C) 201 (D) 205
(C) (2, – 1) (D) (– 2, 1)
2 5 50. If AAT = I and det(A) = 1, then -
1 5
43. If A – 2B = and 2A – 3B = , (A) Every element of A is equal to it's co-
3 7 0 7
factor.
then matrix B is equal to -
(B) Every element of A and it's co-factor
4 5 0 6 are additive inverse of each other.
(A) 6 7 (B) 3 7
(C) Every element of A and it's co-factor
2 1 6 1
are multiplicative inverse of each other.
(C) 3 2
(D) 0 1
(D) None of these
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(A) 12 (B) 6 3 / 7 6/ 7 2 / 7
(C) 24 (D) none of these
46. Matrix A has x rows and x + 5 columns.
Matrix B has y rows and 11 – y columns.
Si (C)
6 / 7
2/ 7
2 / 7
3/ 7
3 / 7
6 / 7
Both AB and BA exist, then - 3 / 7 6/ 7 2 / 7
(A) x = 3, y = 4 (B) x = 4, y = 3
6/ 7 2 / 7 3/ 7
(C) x = 3, y = 8 (D) x = 8, y = 3 2/ 7 3 / 7
.B
(D) 2/ 7
6 / 7 2/ 7 3 / 7
47. If A2 = A, then(I + A)4 is equal to -
(A) I + A (B) I + 4A 52. Let the matrix A and B be defined as A =
(C) I + 15A (D) none of these 3 2 3 1
and B
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1 37 8 2 1 3 2 1 0
the matrix then the value of n is 53. If 7 4 A 5 ,
3 0 1
then matrix
0 1
equal to - A equals -
(A) 26 (B) 27 7 5 2 1
(C) 377 (D) 378 (A) 1 1 8 (B) 5 3
7 1 5 3
49. If A is a skew symmetric matrix such that (C) 34 5 (D) 1 3 8
ATA = I, then A4n–1 n N is equal to -
(A) – AT (B) I
(C) – I (D) AT
0 5 60. Let three matrices A =
2
54. If A = and (x) = 1 + x + x + ...... +
0 0 2 1 3 4 3 –4
4 1 ; B = 2
3
and C =
3
then
x16, then (A) = –2
1 5 ABC A( BC ) 2
(A) 0 (B) t r ( A) tr tr tr
0 1 2 4
1 5 0 5 A( BC )3
(C) (D) 1 1 ......
0 0 8
1 22
55. If M = and M –M – I2 = O , then (A) 6 (B) 9
2 3
(C) 12 (D) none of these
equals -
(A) –2 (B) 2 0 1 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2
1 3 , A 4
c
(C) –4 (D) 4 61. If A = 2 1
3 ,
3 a 1 5 / 2 3 / 2 1 / 2
then -
a 0 0
1
56. If A 0 a 0 , then | A | | Adj A | is equal (A) a = 1, c = –1(B) a = 2, c = –
r
2
0 0 a
to -
(A) a25 (B) a27
Si (C) a = –1, c = 1(D) a = , c =
1
2
1
2
(C) a81 (D) none of these
a1 1 a12 a1 3
62. Let 0 = a 21 a 22 a 23 (where 0 0)
57. If A and B are square matrices of same order
.B
a 31 a 32 a 33
and AAT = I then (ATBA)10 is equal to -
(A) AB10AT (B) ATB10A and let 1 denote the determinant formed
(C) A10B10(AT)10 (D) 10ATBA by the cofactors of elements of 0 and 2
denote the determinant formed by the
cofactor at 1 and so on n denotes the
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(C) A –1
(D) none of these (A) 20 n (B) 20
2
68 0 0 34 0 0
0 0 0
(C) 68 0 (D) 34
0 0 68 0 0 34
ANSWER KEY
1. A 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. A 11. B 12. B 13. A
14. A 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. A 21. D 22. C 23. D 24. C 25. B 26. C
27. A 28. D 29. D 30. A 31. A 32. C 33. A 34. D 35. A 36. D 37. B 38. B 39. A
40. B 41. A 42. B 43. A 44. A 45. A 46. C 47. C 48. B 49. D 50. A 51. A 52. D
53. A 54. B 55. D 56. D 57. B 58. ABC59.C 60. A 61. A 62. B
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Si
.B
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