3.

1O ► Fundamentals of Mathematics-Algebra I

3. The number of terms common to two APs 3, 7, 11 ,.... , 9. Ifs r denotes the sum of the first r terms of an AP, then
407 and 2, 9, 16, . , 709 is s -s
J, ,-i is equal to
(a) 21 (b) 28 Sz, - Sz,- 1
(c) 14 (d) None of these (a) 2r - 1 (b) 2r + 1
4. The largest term common to the sequences 1, 11 , 21, (c) 4r + 1 (d) 2r + 3
31 , ..... upto 100 terms and 31 , 36, 41 , 46, ..... upto 100 10. Let s denote the sum of the first n terms of an AP If
1l
terms is s 211 = 3s,,, then sJ11 :s11 is equal to
(a) 381 (b) 471
(a) 4 (b) 6
(c) 281 (d) None of these
(c) 8 (d) 10
5. Let xi' x 2• .. be positive integers in AP, such that x 1 + x 2 11. The mu, term of an arithmetic progression is x and the
+ xJ= 12 andx 4 + x 6 = 14. Thenx5 is nu, term is y. Then the sum of the first (m + n) terms is
(a) 7 (b) 1
(c) 4 (d) None of these (a) m+n[(x+ y)+ x-yJ
2 m-n
6. In the sequence 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4 .... ; where
n consecutive terms have the value n, the 150th term is
(b) m+n[(x-y)+ x+
2 m-n
y]
(a) 17 (b) 16
(c) _!_[x+y + x+y]
(c) 18 (d) None of these 2 m+n m-n

7. Six numbers are in AP such that their sum is 3. The (d) _!_[x+y _x-y]
first number is four times the third number. The fifth 2 m+n m-n
number is equal to 12. Ifs denotes the sum of r terms of an AP and ---f = --1-
s s
(a) -15 (b) -3 , . a b
= c, then Sc lS
(c) 9 (d) -4 (a) cJ (b) c/ab
8. The sum of the first n terms (n > 1) of an AP is 153 (c) abc (d) a + b + c
and the common difference is 2. If the first term is an 13. The sum of the series: 12 - 2 2 + 32 - 42 + 52 - 62 + .
integer, the number of possible values of n is - 100 2 is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (a) -10100 (b) -5050
(c) 5 (d) 6 (c) -2525 (d) None of these

Answer Keys
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b)

Properties of arithmetic progression Similarly,

n n n
(t 2 +t"_1) = [a +d +a +(n-2)d] = [2a +(n-l)d]
(a) nu, term can also be written as, t,, = s 11 -s 11_ 1 2 2 2
(b) Summation of equidistant terms from beginning and and so on. Hence the result.
end of an AP is always constant and is equal to sum of (c) If nu, term t11 = an + b, then the series so formed is an
first and last term AP (with common difference a)

Proof: t = an + b
1l

⇒ t,,+1 = a(n + 1) + b
⇒ t,,+1 - t,, = a constant independent of n.
⇒ given sequence is an AP
 Sequence and Progression «: 3.11

(d) If sum of first n terms of a series sn = an 2 + bn + c, 2n+l

then series so formed is an AP (with common differ- Proof: s 211
+1 = - - [a 1 + a 2
n+ ]
1
(terms have their usual
2
ence 2a) provided (c = 0). meanings)
Proof: t 1 = S1 =a+ b + c 2
= ( n+l) [2a 1 +(2n)d]=(2n+ l)[a 1 +nd]
t2 = s2 -SI= (4a + 2b + c)-(a + b+ c) = 3a + b
2
t3 = S 3 -S2 = (9a + 3b + c)-(4a + 2b + c) =Sa+ b = (2n + 1) a + 1= (2n + 1) (middle term)
11

Now, tn = S,, - S,,_ 1 = a[n 2 - (n - 1)2] + b[n - (n - l)]

(/) If terms a 1, a 2, ••. , a n- , a are in AP The sum of
= a(2n - 1) + b; n ~ 2 2 1 211

⇒ t
11
-t,,_ 1 = a[2n - 1] - a[2(n - 1) - 1] = 2a for n ~ 3 these terms will be equal to (2n) ( a,, + an+i ), where
⇒ t , t , t , ..... are in AP. But t - t = 2a -c
2
2 3 4 2 1 a,, + a,,+i = AM of middle terms.
ti' t 2 , t 3 , t 4 , .... , will be in AP Provided c = 0 2
(e) If every term of an AP is increased or decreased by the 2n 2n
Proof: s, = - [a 1 +a,]= - [2a 1 + (2n - l)d] (terms
2
Oil 2 .!.fl
same quantity, the resulting terms will also be in AP
with no change in common difference. have their usual meanings)
2n 2n
= - [{a +(n-l)d}+{a +nd}]=-[a +a ]
Proof: Let the AP be a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ... Let each
2
term be changed by ± k, then new sequence is a ± k, a +
d ± k, a + 2d ± k, ...... which is again an AP with common
~ (:n) [ a'. +2a•., ] ~ 2n x (~M of two mi~lot::,)
difference d.
(m) If for two different AP's ratio of sum of 1st n terms is
(f) If every term of an AP (C.D. = d) is multiplied or
divided by the same non-zero quantity k, then result- S,, = f(n) then ~ = f(2n -1)
ing terms will be in AP with new common difference s; ¢(n)' t',, ¢(2n-1)
equal to d.k or d/k.
f
Proo:
.)
(1
a· s,, f(n)
Proof: On multiplying each term by k or 1/k we get ka, 1ven ~ = ¢(n)
k(a + d), k(a + 2d), k(a + 3d), ... or a/k, (a+d)/k., (a+ 2d)/k,
.... which are clearly in AP with common difference kd and %[ 2a+(n-l)d] f(n)
d/k respectively. ⇒

_'l_[ 2a'+ (n -1) d'] ¢(n)

(g) <T > is an AP ⇒ <T,,_k+ 1> is also an AP VkE 1, 2, ... ,
11 2
n with common difference= (-d) a+(n-l)d/2 f(n)
(h) <a,,> and <b,,> are two APs, then <a ± b,,> is also an ⇒
11
a'+(n-l)d'/2 ¢(n)
AP with common difference = da ±db.
n-1
(i) If equal number of terms (say k terms of an AP) are Put - - = (m -1) ⇒ n = 2m -1
dropped alternately, the resulting terms lie in AP with 2
common difference = (k + 1) d. e.g. a, a + d, a + 2d, a + a+(m-l)d f(2m-1) Tm f(2m-l)
-----= ---- ⇒
3d, a + 4d, a + 5d, a + 6d, then for sequence a, a, 3d, a + a '+ (m - I) d ' ¢ ( 2m - l) Tm ' ¢(2m-1)
6d, number of terms dropped = 2; so common difference
T f (2n-1)
= (2 + 1) d= 3d In general -" = - - -
' T,, ' ¢ ( 2n -1)
(j) If equal number of terms say 'k' terms of an AP are
grouped together and sum of terms in each group (n) If for two AP's, ratio of nth term is given by
is obtained; then the sums are in AP with common
difference k2d e.g., T,, F;(n) S,, F;(n;l)
a + a + d + a + 2d, a + 3d + a + 4d + a + 5d,
S 1 =3a+3J
-=-- ⇒ -=----

T: F 2 (n) s: F
2
(n;1)
a + 6d + a + 7d + a + 8d
S 3 ::::3a+21d

Proof: Given!.-:.._= a+(n-l)d F;(n)

⇒ S 1, S 2 , S 3 , ... are in AP
T,,' a'+(n-l)d' F2 (n)
with common difference of sums = 9d i.e., (3 )2d = 9d.
n
(k) If terms a 1, a 2 , .•. , a,,, a + 1, .••• , a + 1 are in AP Then
11 211 S -[2a + (n - l)d] a+(T)d
sum of these terms will be equal to (2n + 1)a + 1. 11
⇒ _n = ~ 2 ~ - - - -
Here total number of terms in the series is (2n + 1) and S'
,,
n
-[2a'+(n-l)d']
middle term is a,,+1· 2
3. 12 ► Fundamentals of Mathematics-Algebra I

POINTS TO REMEMBER

(i) 3 numbers in AP be taken as a - d, a, a+ d [c.d. =dl

(ii) 4 numbers in AP be taken as a - 3d, a - d, a+ d, a + 3d [c.d=2dJ
(iii) 5 numbers in AP be taken as a - 2d, a - d, a, a+ d, a + 2d [c.d. =dl

NOTE
In general, if we have to take (2r + 1) terms in AP, we take them as a - rd, a - (r - 7)d, ..., a - d, a, a+ d, .., a+ rd and if
we have to take 2r terms in AP, we take them as (a - (2r- 1 )d), (a - (2r- 3)d), ..... ,(a+ (2r- 3)d), (a+ (2r- 1 )d).

ILLUSTRATION 16: If the roots of the equation x3 -- l 2x2 + 39x -- 28 = 0 are in AP, then find its common difference.
SOLUTION: Let roots be a, {3, y and a = a -- d, {3 = a, y = a +d
then a+ {3 +y = 3a = -{--12) ⇒ a= 4
a{3y = a(a2 -d'-) = -{--28) ⇒ d = ±3
ILLUSTRATION 17: If the ratio of the sum of n terms of two AP's is (3n + 1): (2n + 3), then find the ratio of their
11th term.

SOLUTION: Here (Sn)1 = 3n+l ⇒ n/2[2lli_ +(n-l)d1 ] 3n+l

(Sn) 2 2n+3 n/2[2a2 +(n-I)d2] 2n+3
2lJi +(n- l)d1 3n+l
⇒
2a2 + (n- l)d2 2n+3
(n--1) d
lli + - ~
2 I 3n+l
⇒ (i)
(n-I) d 2n+3
a2+-~ 2
2
i;l = lli + lOdl (ii)
7;1' a2 +IOd2
n -- 1 = 10 ⇒ n = 21; putting the values of n in (i),
2
lJi +10d1 3x21+1 64
a 2 +IOd2 2x21+3 45

ILLUSTRATION 18: The sum of four integers in AP is 24 and their product is 945. Find the numbers.

SOLUTION: Let the numbers are a -- 3d, a -- d, a + d, a + 3d

given a -- 3d + a -- d + a + d + a + 3d = 24
or 4a = 24 . ·. a = 6
and(a -- 3d) (a -d) (a + d; (a + 3d) = 945
⇒ (a2 -- 9d 2) (a 2
-- d 2
) = 945 ⇒ (36 -- 9d 2 ) (36 -<i2) = 945
⇒ 4
d -40d + 144 2
= 105 ⇒ d -40d 2 + 39
4
= 0
 Sequence and Progression «: 3.13

or (d 2 -l)(d 2 -39)=0
Since numbers are integers
d 2
;t:39 ⇒ d 2 -l =O ⇒ d=±l
Hence the four integers are 3, 5, 7, 9 or 9, 7, 5, 3

ILLUSTRATION19: If b+c-a c+a-b a+b-c areinAP,thenshowthatl/a, lib, llcarealsoinAP.

a ' b ' c
b+c-a c+a-b a+b-c • AP
SOLUTION: - - - - - - - - - , are 1n .
a ' b ' c
b+c-a c+a-b a+b-c . . .
- - - + 2, - - - + 2 , - - - + 2 are m AP (addmg 2 m each term)
a b c
a+b+c c+a+b a+b+c . AP
or - - - , - - - , - - - , are m .
a b c
(dividing by (a + b + c) each term) lla, lib, lie are in AP
ILLUSTRATION 20: (a) If a 2 + ab + be + ca, b2 + ab + be + ca, c2 + ab + be + ca are in AP, then show that
1 1 1 .
- - - - - - are m AP
b+c' c+a' a+b
(b) If -a- , -b- , -c- are m
. AP, then prove th at - 1- , -1- , -1- are m
. AP
b+c c+a a+b b+c c+a a+b
SOLUTION: (a) a 2 + ab + be + ca, b2 + ab + be + ca, c 2 + ab + be + ca are in AP
⇒ (a + b)(a + c), (b + c)(b + a), (c + a)(c + b) are in AP
1 1 1
⇒ - - , - - , - - are in AP (dividing each term by (a + b) (b + c) (c + a))
b+c c+a a+b
Hence proved.
(b) _a___ b ___c_ are in AP.
b+c 'c+a' a+b
⇒ _a_+l,-b-+1,-c-+1 are in AP (adding 1 to each term)
b+c c+a a+b
⇒ a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c are in AP.
b+c ' c+a ' a+b
1 1 1 . . . .
⇒ - - , - - , - - are m AP] (div1dmg each term by (a + b + c))
b+c c+a a+b
Hence proved.
ILLUSTRATION 21: The sequence al' a 2 , a 3 , . . .... . a98 satisfies the relation an+1 =an + l for n = l, 2, 3, ..... .97 and has
49

the sum equal to 4949. then, evaluate I,a

1~1
21 .

SOLUTION: Given recurrence equation is an+ 1 = an +l

⇒ a2 = a 1 + 1; a3 = a 2 + 1 and so on.
the series is ⇒ a 1 + (a 1 + 1) + (a 1 + 1 + l)+.. ..... ..(a1 + 97)
98
⇒ 4949 = - 2 (a I + a I + 97)
⇒ 2a1 = 101 - 97 ⇒ a 1 = 2, a 2 = 3, a 4 = 5, and so on
Required sum= a 2 + a 4 + .... . + a 98 = 3 + 5 + 7 ... ..+ 99
49
S = -(3+99) = 49 X 51 = 2499
n 2