1. If 𝑥 = 3, the value of 𝑥 −3 is 3−3 = 1⁄27, so A is the correct answer.

3 3 3
2. If 𝑥 = 4, then √−64 ∙ 𝑥 3 = − √43 ∙ √𝑥 3 = −4 ∙ 𝑥 = −16, so D is the correct answer.

3. 𝑒 < 3 yields ln 100 > log 3 100 = ln 𝑥, which yields 100 > 𝑥, so A.

4. 𝑊 = 1012 ∙ 1011 ∙ 1035 = 1058 , hence log10 𝑊 = 58, so C is the correct answer.
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) → −2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 = −3𝑥 + 2 → 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3 = 0 →

−𝑏 1 𝑐 3 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 3
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = = − 2, 𝑥1 ∙ 𝑥2 = 𝑎 = − 2 → 𝑥1 = 1, 𝑥2 = − 2
𝑎

6. At equilibrium is 𝑄𝑑 = 𝑄𝑠 , so 100 − 6𝑃 = 28 + 3𝑃 , which yields 𝑃 = 8 and 𝑄 =

28 + 3𝑃 = 52.

7.
−8𝑥 5 + 6𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 5𝑥
lim𝑥→0 10 = lim𝑥→0 = −5/9
3𝑥 + 10𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 −9𝑥
−8𝑥 5 + 6𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 − 500 −8𝑥 5 −8
lim𝑥→−∞ 10 4
= lim𝑥→−∞ 10 = lim𝑥→−∞ 5 = 0
3𝑥 + 10𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 6 3𝑥 3𝑥

−18𝑥10 − 19𝑥 3 + 25𝑥 2 − 50 −18𝑥10 −18

lim𝑥→−∞ = lim𝑥→−∞ = ∙ (−∞) = +∞
3𝑥 7 + 400𝑥 4 − 82𝑥 + 700 3𝑥 7 3

ln(0.2𝑥) + 𝑒 −1.5𝑥 − 4𝑥 −5 ln(0.2𝑥)

lim𝑥→+∞ = lim𝑥→+∞ =0
100 + 𝑒 −0.8𝑥 + 2𝑥 80 2𝑥 80

2𝑥 0.2 + 𝑒 −3𝑥 − 6√𝑥 −6𝑥 0.5 𝑥 0.5

lim𝑥→+∞ = lim𝑥→+∞ = −6lim𝑥→+∞ 0.3𝑥 = 0
ln(200𝑥) + 𝑒 0.3𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 𝑒 0.3𝑥 𝑒

𝑒 −8𝑥 − 1 𝑒 −8𝑥 − 1 −8𝑥 −8 1

lim𝑥→0+ 2
= lim𝑥→0+ ∙ 2 = 1 ∙ ( ) lim𝑥→0+ = −∞
3𝑥 −8𝑥 3𝑥 3 𝑥
ln(1 + 𝑥 0.4 ) ln(1 + 𝑥 0.4 ) 𝑥 0.4 1 1
lim𝑥→0+ = lim𝑥→0+ 0.4
∙ = lim𝑥→0+ 0.6 = +∞
5𝑥 𝑥 5𝑥 5 𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 − ln(𝑥 − 2) 𝑒 6 − ln 1 𝑒 6 − ln 1
lim+ = lim = +∞; lim = −∞, so limit does not exist
𝑥→3 𝑥2 − 9 𝑥→3+ +0 𝑥→3− −0

√7 + 𝑥 2 √16
lim+ 2
= lim+ = +∞
𝑥→3 𝑥 −9 𝑥→3 +0

𝑒 ln 𝑥 + ln(𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑥+𝑥 2
lim = lim =
𝑥→+∞ 5𝑥 𝑥→+∞ 5𝑥 5
𝑥 − 43 1 − 43/𝑥
lim𝑥→+∞ (ln(𝑥 − 43) − ln(𝑥 + 8)) = lim ln ( ) = lim ln ( ) = ln 1 = 0
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥+8 𝑥→+∞ 1 + 8/𝑥
8.

𝑥 0≤𝑥<2 2 2<𝑥<4
𝑓′ + 0 −
𝑓 ↗ 0 ↘
So, 𝑓(𝑥) has its local max at 𝑥 = 2 which is the global max on [0,4] and A is the correct
answer.

9.

𝑥 0≤𝑥<2 2 2<𝑥<3 3 3<𝑥≤4

𝑓′ + 0 − − −
𝑓′ ↘ 0 ↘ − ↗
Among offered points in A-D 𝑓′(𝑥) has its highest value at 𝑥 = 0.5. Hence, 𝑓 has its
highest rate of increase at this point and the correct answer is A.

10.

a) The graph of the function ℎ(𝑡) = −16𝑡 2 + 72𝑡 = 𝑡(−16𝑡 + 72), expressing the
trajectory of the ball, is parabola. The parabola has two roots 𝑡1 = 0, starting point of the
72
trajectory, and −16𝑡2 + 72 = 0, 𝑡2 = 16 = 4.5, the point when the ball hits the ground.
So the answer to a) is 4.5.
−𝑏 72 9
b) The highest point is at the vertex of parabola, so at 𝑡 = = 32 = 4. The
2𝑎
9 9 2 9
corresponding height is ℎ (4) = −16 (4) + 72 4 = −81 + 2 ∙ 81 = 81 meters.

11. The slope 0.8636 of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.8636𝑥 represents the rate of increase and
since 𝑥 unit is year, it is a yearly rate of increase. The correct answer is D.

12. After plotting values in the table, and taking into account that ∆𝑡 = 1,

𝑡 0≤𝑡<1 1≤𝑡<2 2<𝑡≤3 3<𝑡≤4

∆𝑓 + + + +
∆𝑓/∆𝑡 1 1.5 2.5 7

we could conclude that 𝑓(𝑡) is increasing, and even with a growing rate (∆𝑓/∆𝑡 is
increasing too). The correct answer is B.

13. From 𝑓 increasing we could conclude only that 𝑓′ is positive. Hence, the correct
answer is C.

14. If 𝑃 = 3 + 1.5𝐶 and ∆𝐶 = 1 (1Euro), then ∆𝑃 = 1.5. On the other hand

𝑄 = 100 − 2𝑃 and ∆𝑃 = 1.5 yields ∆𝑄 = −2∆𝑃 = −3. The correct answer is C.
15. The revenue, also called “total revenue”, is defined by 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑃 ∙ 𝑄. Hence, 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑃 ∙
6
𝑄 = (6 − 0.5𝑄)𝑄 is a quadratic polynomial having roots 𝑄1 = 0, 𝑄2 = 0.5 = 12. The
 −𝑏
maximal revenue occurs at the vertex of the corresponding parabola, so at 𝑄 = =
2𝑎
−6
= 6. (The other formula for the vertex is 𝑄 = (𝑄1 + 𝑄2 )/2).
−1
1
16-17. For the given function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 1 we calculate
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥
After solving 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4 = 0, the candidates for extrema are 𝑥1,2 = ∓2. The
candidate for the inflection point comes from 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0 so it is the point 𝑥3 = 0.

𝑥 −∞ < 𝑥 < 𝑥1 𝑥1 < 𝑥 < 𝑥3 𝑥3 < 𝑥 < 𝑥2 𝑥2 < 𝑥 < ∞

𝑓′ + − − +
𝑓′′ − − + +
𝑓 ↗ & 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 ↘ & 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 ↘ & 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑥 ↗ & 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑥
16. Reading the table: [1,4] intersects intervals 𝑥3 < 𝑥 < 𝑥2 and 𝑥2 < 𝑥 < ∞ where it is
first decreasing and then increasing. Hence, the correct answer is E.
17. Reading the table: at 𝑥1 is the local maximum, at 𝑥2 is the local minimum and at 𝑥3 is
the inflection point of 𝑓(𝑥).

18. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = ln(𝑥 2 ) + 0.5 ln(𝑦 2 ) + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 + 10

1) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is defined for 𝑥 2 > 0 and 𝑦 2 > 0 so for 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑦 ≠ 0.

2)
1
𝑓𝑥 = 2 ∙ + 𝑦 + 1
𝑥

1 1
𝑓𝑦 = 0.5 ∙ 2 ∙ 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 𝑥
1st order conditions:
𝑓𝑥 = 2 ∙ 𝑥 −1 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0 (∗)
1 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
𝑓𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = −𝑦 −1 (∗∗)

𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 (∗∗) 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 (∗) 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 (∗∗)

⇒ −2𝑦 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0 → 𝑦∗ = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 ∗ = −1

3)
𝜕
𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥 (2 ∙ 𝑥 −1 + 𝑦 + 1) = −2𝑥 −2 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (−1,1) = −2
𝜕
𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦 (2 ∙ 𝑥 −1 + 𝑦 + 1) = 1, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (−1,1) = 1

𝜕
𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦 (𝑦 −1 + 𝑥) = −𝑦 −2, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (−1,1) = −1

4) 2nd order conditions show that at (−1,1) function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) has its local maximum:
2
∆(−1,1) = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = (−2) ∙ (−1) − 12 = 1 > 0 and 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (−1,1) = −2 < 0
Remark. The point (𝑥 ∗ , 𝑦 ∗ ) is the unique critical point, but we can’t conclude it is the
global maximum since the function 𝑓 is not defined for 𝑥 = 0, or 𝑦 = 0. Indeed, 𝑓 → +∞
for 𝑥 = 𝑦 → +∞.

19. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )e−𝑦

1) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is defined for every (𝑥, 𝑦)

2)

𝑓𝑥 = 2𝑥e−𝑦

𝑓𝑦 = (2𝑦 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ))e−𝑦 =(2𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )e−𝑦

1st order conditions:

𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
𝑓𝑥 = 2𝑥e−𝑦 = 0 → 𝑥 = 0 (∗)
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒 (∗)
𝑓𝑦 = (2𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )e−𝑦 = 0 → 2𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑦(2 − 𝑦) = 0
So 𝑦1 = 0, 𝑦2 = 2 and the candidate points are (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (0,0) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (0,2)

3)
𝜕
𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥 (2𝑥e−𝑦 ) = 2𝑒 −𝑦
𝜕
𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦 (2𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )e−𝑦 = (2 − 2𝑦 − (2𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ))𝑒 −𝑦 = (2 − 4𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑒 −𝑦
𝜕
𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦 (2𝑥e−𝑦 ) = −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑦

2nd order conditions

4) 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (0,0) = 2, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = 2, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,0) = 0

2
∆(0,0) = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = 4 > 0 and 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (0,0) = 2 > 0 imply that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) has a local
minimum at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (0,0).

5) 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (0,2) = 2𝑒 −2 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0,2) = −2𝑒 −2, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,2) = 0

2 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
∆(0,2) = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = −4𝑒 −4 < 0 → 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) has a saddle point at (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ).

20. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 4 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥𝑦

1)

𝑓𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦

𝑓𝑦 = 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥

1st order conditions:

 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
𝑓𝑥 = 0 , 𝑓𝑦 = 0 → 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 → 𝑥 = 𝑥4 → 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 3 ) = 0,
so 𝑥1 = 0, 𝑥2 = 1; 𝑦1 = 𝑥1 2 = 0, 𝑦2 = 𝑥2 2 = 1 and the candidate points are (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) =
(0,0) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (1,1)
2)
𝜕
𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥 (3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦) = 6𝑥
𝜕
𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦 (3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥)e−𝑦 = 6𝑦
𝜕
𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦 (3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦) = −3

2nd order conditions

3) 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (0,0) = 0, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = 0, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,0) = −3
2 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
∆(0,0) = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = −9 < 0 → 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) has a saddle point at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (0,0).
4) 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (1,1) = 6, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (1,1) = 6, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (1,1) = −3
2
∆(1,1) = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = 36 − 9 > 0 and 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (1,1) = 6 > 0 imply that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) has a
local minimum at (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (1,1).

21. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 8𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1

1)

𝑓𝑥 = 24𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 (∗∗)

𝑓𝑦 = 2𝑦 + 2𝑥 (∗)

1st order conditions:

(∗) 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 (∗∗) 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
𝑓𝑥 = 0 , 𝑓𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −𝑥 ⇒ 24𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 = 0 → 8𝑥(3𝑥 − 1) = 0,
so 𝑥1 = 0, 𝑥2 = 1/3; 𝑦1 = −𝑥1 = 0, 𝑦2 = −𝑥2 = −1/3
2)
𝜕
𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥 (24𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2𝑦) = 48𝑥 − 6
𝜕
𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦 (2𝑦 + 2𝑥) = 2
𝜕
𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝜕𝑥 (2𝑦 + 2𝑥) = 2

2nd order conditions

3) 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (0,0) = −6, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = 2, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,0) = 2
 2 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
∆(0,0) = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = −16 < 0 →
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) has a saddle point at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (0,0).
4) 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (1/3, −1/3) = 10, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (1/3, −1/3) = 2, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (1/3, −1/3) = 2
2 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
∆(1/3, −1/3) = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = 16 > 0 and 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (1/3, −1/3) = 10 > 0 →
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) has a local minimum at (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (1/3, −1/3).