PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Linear First Order Differential Equation

1. Find an integrating factor for 𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 6 𝑒 −3𝑥

2
2. Find an integrating factor for 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = 0 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3. Solve 𝑑𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 0 𝐶1 𝑒 5𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
4. Solve 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 0 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥
𝑒𝑥
5. Solve 𝑦′ − 7𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 − + 𝐶1 𝑒 7𝑥
6
6. Solve 𝑦′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶1
7. Solve 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥
2𝑥−1 𝐶
8. Solve 5𝑥𝑦 ′ + 10𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑥 2 = 0 + 𝑒 2𝑥1
4
3
9. Solve 𝑦̇ + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥

Linear Differential Equations: Theory of Solutions

10. Find the Wronskian of the set {𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑒 −𝑥 } −2

11. Find the Wronskian of the set {sin 3𝑥, cos 3𝑥} −3
12. Find 𝑊(𝑥 3 , |𝑥 3 |) on [−1, 1] 0, 0
13. Is the set {𝑥 2 , 𝑥, 1} linearly dependent on (∞, −∞)? No
14. Is the set {1 − 𝑥, 1 + 𝑥, 1 − 3𝑥} linearly dependent on (∞, −∞)? Yes
15. Is 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑥 linear? Yes
16. Is 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑒 𝑥 = 0 linear? Yes
17. Is 𝑦 (4) + 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 linear? Yes
18. Is 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑒 𝑦 = 0 linear? No

Second-Order Linear Homogeneous Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients

19. Solve 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 = 0 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥
20. Solve 𝑦̈ − 𝑦 = 0 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥
21. Solve 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
(3+√29)𝑥 (3−√29)𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
22. Solve 𝑑𝑥 2 − 3 𝑑𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 0 𝐶1 𝑒 2 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2

23. Solve 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 0 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥

nth-Order (Third, Fourth, …) Linear Homogeneous Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients

24. Solve 𝑦 ′′′ − 2𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥

25. Solve 𝑦 (4) − 𝑦 = 0 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶3 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶4 sin 𝑥
26. Solve 𝑦 ′′′ − 3𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
27. Solve 𝑦 ′′′ − 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶3 sin 𝑥
28. Solve 𝑦 (4) + 8𝑦 ′′ + 16𝑦 = 0 𝐶1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑥(𝐶3 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶4 sin 2𝑥)

Find the differential equations of the following set of independent solutions

29. {𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑒 −𝑥 } 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 = 0
30. {𝑒 5𝑥 , 𝑥𝑒 5𝑥 } 𝑦 ′′ − 10𝑦 ′ + 25𝑦 = 0
31. {𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥, 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥} 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 13𝑦 = 0
32. {𝑒 3𝑥 , 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 } 𝑦 ′′′ − 𝑦 ′′ − 5𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0
33. {𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥, 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 } 𝑦 (4) − 4𝑦 ′′′ + 11𝑦 ′′ − 14𝑦 ′ + 10𝑦 = 0
Higher Order (Second, Third, …) Linear Non-Homogenous Equations with Constant Coefficients

34. Solve 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 7
35. Solve 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 3𝑒 2𝑥 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑒 2𝑥
36. Solve 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥
𝑒𝑥𝑥 3
37. Solve 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 6
𝑒𝑥𝑥 3
38. Solve 𝑦 ′′′ − 3𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + −1
6
39. Solve 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥 + ln (cos 𝑥) cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 sin 𝑥

Reduction of Order is based on essay, that’s why it isn’t included here, and its questions are mostly
based on Constant Coefficients, Cos & Sin or Cauchy-Euler equations

Initial-Value Conditions

40. Solve 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0; 𝑦(0) = 1 𝑒𝑥

41. Solve 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 ; 𝑦(1) = 2, 𝑦 ′ (1) = 1 Skip this
42. Solve 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 = 0; 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 2 𝑒 2𝑥

Laplace Transform

43. The Formula for Laplace transform is check handout

1
44. Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 𝑠
1
45. Find ℒ{𝑒 5𝑥 } 𝑠−5
12
46. Find ℒ{2𝑥 3 } 𝑠4
𝑠−1
47. Find ℒ{𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥} (𝑠−1)2+4

Inverse Laplace Transform (NOTE: Learn Partial Fraction Decomposition)

1
48. Find ℒ −1 {𝑠2 } 𝑥
1 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 2
49. Find ℒ −1 {(𝑠−2)3 } 2
2 2
50. Find ℒ −1 {(𝑠−2)2+9} 2𝑥
𝑒 3 sin 3𝑥
1
51. Find ℒ −1 {𝑠2 −2𝑠+2} 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥
2𝑠2
52. Find ℒ −1 {(𝑠−1)(𝑠2 +1)} 𝑒 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
1 1 1
53. Find ℒ −1 {𝑠2 −1)} − 2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 2 𝑒 𝑥

Convolution

54. Write Convolution Formula check handout

55. Find 𝑓(𝑥) ∗ 𝑔(𝑥) when 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 3𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥
1 4
56. Find 𝑓(𝑥) ∗ 𝑔(𝑥) when 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑥
12
1
57. Find ℒ −1 {(𝑠−1)2 } by convolution 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
6
58. Find ℒ −1 {𝑠2 −1)} by convolution 3𝑒 𝑥 − 3𝑒 −𝑥

You can skip Solution of Linear differential equations with constant coefficients using Laplace
transform entirely because its solutions are based on essay so no need
I’m not sure of Module 3 Unit 5 Integral Equations on the handout

It’s best to know the Taylor series of e, cos and sin since its objective

Linear Differential Equations with Variable Coefficients (Using Series Solution)

PART A – Determination of Ordinary or Singular Points (the answer is in bold)

59. Is 𝑥 = 1 an ordinary or singular point in the differential equation 𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑥𝑦 = 0

60. Is 𝑥 = 2 an ordinary or singular point in the differential equation (𝑥 − 2)𝑦 ′′ + 3(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 +
2)𝑦 ′ + (𝑥 − 2)2 𝑦 = 0
1
61. Is 𝑥 = 0 an ordinary or singular point in the differential equation (𝑥 + 1)𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥 𝑦 ′ + 𝑥𝑦 = 0
1
62. Is 𝑥 = −1 an ordinary or singular point in the differential equation (𝑥 + 1)𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥 𝑦 ′ + 𝑥𝑦 =
0
63. Is 𝑥 = 0 an ordinary or singular point in the differential equation 𝑥 3 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 0
64. Is 𝑥 = 0 an ordinary or singular point in the differential equation 𝑥 3 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 = 0
65. Is 𝑥 = 0 an ordinary or singular point in the differential equation 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 ′′ + (sin 𝑥)𝑦 ′ + 𝑥𝑦 =
0
66. Is 𝑥 = −1 an ordinary or singular point in the differential equation (𝑥 + 1)3 𝑦 ′′ + (𝑥 2 −
1)(𝑥 + 1)𝑦 ′ + (𝑥 − 1)𝑦 = 0
67. Is 𝑥 = 2 an ordinary or singular point in the differential equation 𝑥 4 (𝑥 2 − 4)𝑦 ′′ + (𝑥 +
1)𝑦 ′ + (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2)𝑦 = 0
68. Is 𝑥 = 0 an ordinary or singular point in the differential equation 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 = 0

PART B – Power Series (Ordinary Points)

69. Find the general solution near 𝑥 = 0 of 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑥𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0

1 1 2 4 5 8 7
𝑦 = 𝑎0 (1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 6 + ⋯ ) + 𝑎1 (𝑥 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +⋯)
2 6 3 15 105
70. Find the general solution near 𝑥 = −1 of 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ + (2𝑥 − 1)𝑦 = 0
3 1 1
𝑦 = 𝑎0 (1 + (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑥 + 1)3 + (𝑥 + 1)4 + ⋯ )
2 6 6
1 1
+ 𝑎1 ((𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑥 + 1)3 + 0(𝑥 + 1)4 + ⋯ )
2 2
71. Solve 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ + (2𝑥 − 1)𝑦 = 0; 𝑦(−1) = 2, 𝑦 ′ (−1) = −2
2 1
𝑦 = 2 − 2(𝑥 + 1) + 2(𝑥 + 1)2 − (𝑥 + 1)3 + (𝑥 + 1)4 + ⋯
3 3
PART C – Frobenius Method (Regular Singular Point)

72. Find the general solution near 𝑥 = 0 of 8𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 10𝑥𝑦 ′ − (𝑥 − 1)𝑦 = 0

1 1 1 2 1 1 1
𝑦1 = 𝐶1 𝑥 4 (1 − 𝑥+ 𝑥 + ⋯ ) , 𝑦2 = 𝐶2 𝑥 −2 (1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ )
14 616 2 40
73. Find the general solution of 𝑥𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0
1 1 3 3
𝑦1 = 𝐶1 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + ⋯ ) , 𝑦2 = 𝑦1 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶2 (−2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + ⋯ )
4 36 4
Bonus – Cauchy - Euler Equation (Just skip them, not sure if it’s part of our curriculum)

74. Solve 3𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0
75. Solve 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0
76. Solve 4𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0
77. Solve 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑥𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 0
Bessel Equation and Functions (78 to 81, 85 are in handout)

78. Write Bessel differential equation, Bessel Function of the first and second kind
79. What’s 𝐽0 (𝑥),
80. What’s 𝐽1 (𝑥) and 𝐽−1 (𝑥)
2 2
81. What’s 𝐽−𝑛 (𝑥)
82. Solve 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ + (3𝑥 2 − 2)𝑦 = 0 using Bessel’s method 𝐶1 𝐽√2 (√3𝑥) +
𝐶2 𝑌√2 (√3𝑥)
1
83. Solve 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑥𝑦 ′ + (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦 = 0 using Bessel’s method [𝐶1 𝐽√5 (𝑥) +
√𝑥
2

𝐶2 𝑌√5 (𝑥)]
2
1−16𝑘 2
84. Solve 𝑦 ′′ + (1 + 4𝑥 2
)𝑦 =0 √𝑥[𝐶1 𝐽2𝑘 (𝑥) + 𝐶1 𝑌2𝑘 (𝑥)]
𝑑 𝑑
85. What’s 𝑑𝑥 [𝑥 𝑛 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥)] and 𝑑𝑥 [𝑥 −𝑛 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥)]

Legendre Equation, Legendre Polynomials and Rodrigues Formula (86 and 88 is in handout)

86. Write Legendre Equation and Rodrigues Formula

87. Find 𝑃0 (𝑥), 𝑃1 (𝑥), 𝑃2 (𝑥), 𝑃3 (𝑥), 𝑃4 (𝑥)

88. Expand 1 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 in series of Legendre’s polynomials

Google and cram generating functions for Legendre polynomials since its objective

Gamma Functions (89 to 92 is in the handout)

89. Write the formula of Gamma function

90. What’s Γ(𝑛)
91. What’s 𝑛Γ(𝑛)
92. What’s Γ(𝑛 + 1) for n is a positive integer
93. Find the value of Γ(0) undefined
94. Find the value of Γ(1) 1
1
95. Find the value of Γ (2) √𝜋

Beta Functions (96, 97, 99 is in the handout)

96. Write formula of Beta function

97. Write trigonometric formula of Beta function
98. Is Beta function symmetric Yes
99. Write formula for Beta function relationship with gamma function
100. Find the value of 𝛽(5,2) 0.333