Additional

Mathematics
PREPARED BY: KAYDENE THOMAS
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Section 1- Indices, Surds and

Logarithms
 Objectives 3

At the end of class students should be able to:

 Perform operations involving surds;

 Use the laws of indices to solve exponential equations with one

unknown;

 Use the fact that 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑐 ⟺ 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏 where 𝑎 ∈ 𝑁 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍 + ;

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 Simplifying expressions by using the laws of logarithms;

 Solve logarithmic equations;

 Use logarithms to solve equations of the form 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑏;

 Apply logarithms to problems involving the transformation of a given

relationship to linear form.
 Surds 5

 Surds- are numbers left in a square root form that are used when
detailed accuracy is required in a calculation.

 If written in a decimal form, surds can go on forever.

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 Simplify the following:

 Solution:
a. 40
a. 20 = 5 × 4 = 5 × 4 = 2 5
b. 98
b. 98 = 49 × 2 = 49 × 2 = 7 2
c. 18
c. 18 = 9 × 2 = 9 × 2 = 3 2
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 Simplify 5 2 + 3 2  Simplify 6 5 − 2 5

 Solution:  Solution:

5 2+3 2= 5+3 2 6 5−2 5= 6−2 5

=8 2 =4 5
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 Simplify 2 5 × 3 3 5 3
 Simplify
2 2
 Solution:
 Solution:
2 5×3 3=2×3× 3× 5
Simplification requires the surd to
=6 3 5 be removed from the
denominator (rationalized)
= 6 15
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5 3 2 2 5× 3×2× 2
× = 5 3 5 6
2 2 2 2 2× 2×2× 2 ∴ =
2 2 8
10 6
=
4×2

10 6
=
8
 Indices 10

 Laws of indices: V. 𝑎0 = 1

I. 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 VI. 𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛

II. 𝑎𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 VII.

𝑚
𝑎 =
𝑛
𝑛
𝑎𝑚
1
III. 𝑎−𝑚 =
𝑎𝑚

1
𝑛
IV. 𝑎 =
𝑛 𝑎
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 Solve 22𝑥+1 3 2𝑥 − 2 = 0 2𝑎2 − 3𝑎 − 2 = 0

 Solution: 2𝑎2 + 𝑎 − 4𝑎 − 2 = 0

22𝑥 ∙ 21 − 3 2𝑥 − 2 = 0 2𝑎2 + 𝑎 + −4𝑎 − 2 = 0

2 2𝑥 2 − 3 2𝑥 − 2 = 0 𝑎 2𝑎 + 1 − 2 2𝑎 + 1 = 0

Let 𝑎 = 2𝑥 𝑎 − 2 2𝑎 + 1 = 0
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𝑎 − 2 = 0 𝑜𝑟 2𝑎 + 1 = 0 ∴𝑥=1

1
𝑎=2 𝑜𝑟 𝑎=−
2

1
2𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 =
2
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 If 3𝑥+1 = 81, find 𝑥. 𝑥 =4−1

∴𝑥=3
 Solution:

3𝑥+1 = 34

By equating powers

𝑥+1=4
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 Express 𝑥 2 = 8 in logarithm  Express 102 = 100 in logarithm

form. form.

 Solution:  Solution:
𝑥 2 = 8 ⟺ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 8 = 2 102 = 100 ⟺ 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 100 = 2
 Laws of Logarithm 16

 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 1  𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥

 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 1 = 0  𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑋 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑌 ⟺ 𝑋 = 𝑌

 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦

𝑥
 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦
𝑦
 Using the Laws of Logarithm 17

 Evaluate 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 4.  Solve for x 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 − 1 =

𝑙𝑜𝑔2 4𝑥 − 7 .
 Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔8 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 4 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 2 ∙ 4  Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔8 2 ∙ 4 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 8 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 4𝑥 − 7
𝑙𝑜𝑔8 8 = 1 𝑥 − 1 = 4𝑥 − 7
4𝑥 − 𝑥 = 7 − 1
3𝑥 = 6
∴𝑥=2
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 Simplify 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 5 − 3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 4.

 Solution:
2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 5 − 3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 4 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 52 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 28 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 4
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 52 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 28 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 4 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 25 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 8 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 4

25 × 4
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 25 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 8 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 4 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
8
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25 × 4 25
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
8 2

25
∴ 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 5 − 3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 4 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
2
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 Solve the equation 3𝑥+1 = 8.  Solve the equation 3𝑦+1 = 4𝑦

 Solution:  Solution:
3𝑥+1 = 8 3𝑦+1 = 4𝑦
log 3𝑥+1 = log 8 log 3𝑦+1 = log 4𝑦
𝑥 + 1 log 3 = log 8 𝑦 + 1 log 3 = 𝑦 log 4
𝑥 log 3 + log 3 = log 8 𝑦 log 3 + log 3 = 𝑦 log 4
𝑥 log 3 = log 8 − log 3 𝑦 log 3 − 𝑦 log 4 = − log 3

log 8 − log 3 𝑦 log 3 − log 4 = − log 3

∴𝑥=
log 3 − log 3
𝑦=
log 3 − log 4
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Culminating Activity

 2013 Add Math Paper 02

Given that 53𝑥+2 = 7𝑥+2 , show that

2 log 5 + log 7
𝑥=
log 125 − log 7

[4 marks]
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 2015 Add Math Paper 02

Solve the following equations:

1
a. 16𝑥+2 =
4

[2 marks]

b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 6𝑥 − 8

[4 marks]
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 Ali, F.W. & Khan, S.A. Developing Mathematical Minds for CSEC
Additional Mathematics.

 Bahall, D. (2013). Pure Mathematics Unit 2 for CAPE Examinations.

 CSEC Additional Mathematics Syllabus.

 Hiong, K.N. & Thong, H.S. New Additional Mathematics (3𝑟𝑑 𝑒𝑑.)