Additional Mathematics

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 Section 1- Quadratics 2
Part 2

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 Objectives 3

At the end of class students should be able to:

Use the relationship between the sums and products of the roots
and the coefficients of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.

• Express the quadratic function 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 in the form

2
𝑎 𝑥+ℎ + 𝑘, where h and k are constants to be determined;

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 4

• Determine the maximum or minimum values and range of a

quadratic functions by completing the square;

• Sketch the graph of quadratic functions, including maximum or

minimum points and intercepts on the axes;

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 Sums and Products of Roots of a Quadratic 5

If the roots of a quadratic in the general for 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where a,

b and c∈ 𝑹 are 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽, then
𝑥−𝛼 𝑥−𝛽 =0
𝑥 2 − 𝛼𝑥 − 𝛽𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽 = 0
𝑥 2 − 𝛼 + 𝛽 𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽 = 0
𝑥 2 − 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = 0

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 6

Now,
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

Divide through by a,

2
𝑏 𝑐
𝑥 + 𝑥+ =0
𝑎 𝑎

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 7

By equating coefficients,

𝑏
𝛼+𝛽 =−
𝑎
𝑐
𝛼𝛽 =
𝑎

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 8

• The equation 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 = 0 has

4
roots 𝛼 and 𝛽. Find: 𝛼+𝛽 =− = −4
1
i. 𝛼+𝛽 𝑐
𝛼𝛽 =
𝑎
ii. 𝛼𝛽
3
• Solution: 𝛼𝛽 = = 3
1
𝑏
𝛼+𝛽 =−
𝑎
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• The roots of the quadratic 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 0

1
are 𝛼 and 𝛽. Find: 𝛼𝛽 =
2
i. 𝛼+𝛽 • The quadratic equation 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0 has
ii. 𝛼𝛽 roots 𝛼 and 𝛽, find the equation whose
roots are 𝛼 2 and 𝛽2 .
• Solution:
• Solution:
−3 3
𝛼+𝛽 =− =
2 2 −4
𝛼+𝛽 =− =4
1

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 10

3 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 2 − 2𝛼𝛽
𝛼𝛽 = = 3
1
𝛼 2 𝛽2 = 𝛼𝛽 2

For 𝛼 2 and 𝛽2 :
𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 = 4 2
−2 3
𝛼+𝛽 2 = 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽
= 16 − 6
= 𝛼2 + 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛼 + 𝛽2
= 10
= 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 + 2𝛼𝛽

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 11

𝛼𝛽 2 = 3 2 =9
∴ 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 9 is the equations whose
𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝛼 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽2 .

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 Completing the Square 12

An expression of the form 𝑥 + 𝑎 2 is called a complete, exact or

perfect square. Multiplying this out results in
𝑥+𝑎 2 = 𝑥+𝑎 𝑥+𝑎

= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2

In the same way consider 𝑥 − 𝑎 2 = 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2
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 13

• Express the expression 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2 in Step 2: if the coefficient of 𝑥 2 is 1,

2
the form 𝑎 𝑥 + ℎ + 𝑘. proceed to the third step, if not factor
out the coefficient of 𝑥 2 out of the
• Solution:
bracket.
Step 1: put in bracket the terms with a
Step 3: find half of the coefficient of x,
variable
add the square of it to the terms in the
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2
bracket and take it back out on the
outside.

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2
5
2
5
2 5 8 25
2
1 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + −2−1 𝑥+ − −
2 2 2 4 4

2
Step 5: simplify 5 33
𝑥+ −
2 4
2
5 25
𝑥+ −2−
2 4 Where 𝑎 = 1, ℎ =
5
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = −
33
2 4

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 15

• Express the expression −2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 3 −2 𝑥 − 2 2 +3+8

in the form 𝑎 𝑥 + ℎ 2 + 𝑘. −2 𝑥 − 2 2 + 11

• Solution: Where 𝑎 = −2, ℎ = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = 11.

−2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 3
−2 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3
−2 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + −2 2 + 3 + 2 −2 2

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 16

• Express the expression 2𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 2 𝑥+3 2 −4

14 in the form 𝑎 𝑥 + ℎ 2 + 𝑘. Where 𝑎 = 2, ℎ = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = −4
• Solution:
2𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 14
2 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 14
2 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 3 2 + 14 − 2 3 2

2
2 𝑥+3 + 14 − 18

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• a represents the shape of the curve

• a- when positive the shape of the curve is minimum
• a- when negative the of the curve is maximum

• -h represents the axis of symmetry

• k represents the maximum or minimum value

• (-h, k) represents maximum or minimum point

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5 2 33 −2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 3 = −2 𝑥 − 2 2 + 11
2
𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 2 = 𝑥 + −
2 4
𝑎 = −2 ⇒ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒
𝑎 = +1 ⇒ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒
𝑘 = 11 ⇒ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
33
𝑘=− ⇒ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
4 −ℎ, 𝑘 = 2, 11 ⇒
5 33 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
−ℎ, 𝑘 = − ,− ⇒
2 4

𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
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2𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 14 = 2 𝑥 + 3 2 −4

𝑎 = +2 ⇒ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒

𝑘 = −4 ⇒ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

−ℎ, 𝑘 = −3, −4 ⇒
𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

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 Curve Sketching 22

• Sketch the curve of the equation 𝑥+2 2 +3−4=0

𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 = 0. 𝑥+2 2 −1=0

• Solution: Solve for x to find the roots:

𝑥+2 2 −1+1=0+1
Complete the square:
𝑥+2 2 =1
2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 3 = 0
𝑥+2 2 = 1
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2 2
+3− 2 2
=0

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𝑥 + 2 = ±1 ⇒minimum value: −1
𝑥 + 2 = 1, 𝑥 + 2 = −1 ⇒minimum point: −ℎ, 𝑘 = −2, −1
𝑥 = 1 − 2, 𝑥 = −1 − 2
⇒y-intercept: when 𝑥 = 𝑜, 𝑦 = 𝑐 ∴ 3
𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = −3

⇒ roots: -1, -3

⇒curve: 𝑎 = +𝑣𝑒 curve is minimum

⇒ axis of symmetry: −2
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 24

• ∴ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝑖𝑠:

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• Sketch the curve of the equation --- − 𝑥+3 2 −5+9=0

− 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 5 = 0. − 𝑥+3 2 +4=0

• Solution: Solve for x to find the roots:

− 𝑥+3 2 +4−4=0−4
Complete the square:
2 − 𝑥 + 3 2 = −4
− 𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 5 = 0
𝑥+3 2 =4
2 2 2
− 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 3 −5+ 3 =0
𝑥+3 2 = 4
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𝑥 + 3 = ±2 ⇒maximum value: 4
𝑥 + 3 = 2, 𝑥 + 3 = −2 ⇒minimum point: −ℎ, 𝑘 = −3, 4
𝑥 = 2 − 3, 𝑥 = −2 − 3
⇒y-intercept: when 𝑥 = 𝑜, 𝑦 = 𝑐 ∴ −4
𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = −5

⇒ roots: −1, −5

⇒curve: 𝑎 = −𝑣𝑒 curve is maximum

⇒ axis of symmetry: −3
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• Which curve represents the function −𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 5 = 0?

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 Culminating Activity 28

• Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1.

a. Express 𝑓(𝑥) in the form 𝑎 𝑥 + ℎ 2 + 𝑘 where ℎ and 𝑘 are

constants. [ 3 marks]

b. State the minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥). [1 mark]

c. Determine the value of 𝑥 for which 𝑓(𝑥) is a minimum.

[1 mark]

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• The quadratic equation 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 6 = 0 has roots 𝛼 and 𝛽.

Calculate the value of 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 . [5 marks]

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 Solution to Culminating Activity 30

𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1 a. 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1 = 3 𝑥 + 1 2 −4
3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1 b. Minimum value is 𝑘 = −4
3 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1
c. Minimum point is (-h, k) ∴ 𝑥 = −1
3 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 1 2 −1−3 1 2

3 𝑥+1 2 −1−3
3 𝑥+1 2 −4

Where 𝑎 = 3, ℎ = 1 & 𝑘 = −4

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 31

𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 6 = 0 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 2 − 2𝛼𝛽
2
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −4 & 𝑐 = 6 = 4 −2 6

𝛼+𝛽 =−
−4
=4 = 16 − 12
1
=4
6
𝛼𝛽 = = 6
1

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 References 32

• Additional Mathematics Syllabus

• Developing Mathematical Minds for CSEC Additional Mathematics

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