Professional Documents
Culture Documents
These differential equations can be obtained by directly differentiating their solutions. Differential
equations of this type are called exact equations and bear the following property:
“An exact differential equation can always be obtained from its primitive directly by
differentiation, without any subsequent multiplication, elimination etc. “
Working Rule:
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
If the equation 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 0 satisfies the condition = , then it is exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
To integrate it:
i. Integrate M with respect to x regarding y as constant;
ii. Find out those terms in N which are free from x and integrate them with
regard to y;
iii. Add the two expressions so obtained and equate the sum to an arbitrary
constant.
Solution:
Here, 𝑀 = 𝑦 4 + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 + 3𝑥 and 𝑁 = 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦 + 1
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 4𝑦 3 + 4𝑥 3 and = 4𝑥 3 + 4𝑦 3
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
To find solution of the differential equation, integrating with respect to 𝑥, keeping 𝑦 as constant.
We get,
3
𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑥 4 𝑦 + 𝑥 2
2
𝑦2
In 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦 + 1, terms free from 𝑥 are 𝑦 + 1 whose integral with respect to 𝑦 is 2 + 𝑦.
Therefore, the general solution is
2 1
𝑦 4𝑥 + 𝑥 4𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 = 𝑐
3 2
Solution:
Course Title: Mathematics –II Prepared by: Syeda Sabikun Nahar
Assistant Professor (Mathematics)
Course code: MATH 1201 Department of Natural Science
Here, 𝑀 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑎2 𝑥 and 𝑁 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 − 𝑏2 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑥𝑦 and = 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
To find solution of the differential equation, integrating with respect to 𝑥, keeping 𝑦 as constant.
We get,
𝑥4 1 2 2 1 2 2
+ 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑎 𝑥
4 2 2
In 𝑁, terms free from 𝑥 are −𝑦 3 − 𝑏2 𝑦 whose integral is
1 1
− 𝑦 4 − 𝑏2 𝑦 2
4 2
Hence the general solution is
𝑥4 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 1 2 2
+ 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑏 𝑦 =𝑐
4 2 2 4 2
Example 3: (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟒𝒚𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Solution:
Here, 𝑀 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 and 𝑁 = 4𝑦 3 + 6𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= −2𝑥 + 6𝑦 and = 6𝑦 − 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
To find solution of the differential equation, integrating with respect to 𝑥, keeping 𝑦 as constant.
We get,
𝑥3
− 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 𝑥
3
In 𝑁, terms free from 𝑥 is 4𝑦 3 whose integral is 𝑦 4
Hence the general solution is
𝑥3
− 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 4 = 𝑐
3
Solution:
Course Title: Mathematics –II Prepared by: Syeda Sabikun Nahar
Assistant Professor (Mathematics)
Course code: MATH 1201 Department of Natural Science
To find solution of the differential equation, integrating with respect to 𝑥, keeping 𝑦 as constant.
We get,
Solution:
The equation can be put as
𝑎2 𝑦 𝑎2 𝑥
(𝑥 + 𝟐 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 − 𝟐 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐
𝑎2 𝑦 𝑎2 𝑥
Here, 𝑀 = 𝑥 + 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 and 𝑁 = 𝑦 − 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐
𝜕𝑀 (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝑎 2 −𝑎 2𝑦.2𝑦 𝑎 2 (𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐 ) 𝜕𝑁 −𝑎 2 (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )+𝑎 2 𝑥.2𝑥 𝑎 2 (𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐 )
= 2 = 2 and = 2 = 2
𝜕𝑦 (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 ) (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 ) 𝜕𝑥 (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 ) (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )
To find solution of the differential equation, integrating with respect to 𝑥, keeping 𝑦 as constant.
We get,
1 2 1 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦. tan−1 ⟹ + 𝑎2 tan−1
2 𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑦
𝑦2
In 𝑁, terms free from 𝑥 is 𝑦 whose integral with respect to 𝑦 is .
2