Diploma Study

Date- 19/03/2024
Branch- All
Unit no- 4
Unit title- Differential
Equations

GOOD MORNING Subject name and code:

Mathematics-IV
(09MA0402)
Faculty name:
Chirag R Kathiriya
 Diploma Study
Date- 19/03/2024
Branch- All
Unit no- 4
UNIT -4 Unit title- Differential
Equations
Subject name and code:
Differential Equations Mathematics-IV
(09MA0402)
(First order First degree) Faculty name:
Chirag R Kathiriya
➢ Definition: Differential Equations

If y is a function of 𝑥, then we denote it as 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). Here 𝑥 is called an

independent variable and 𝑦 is called a dependent variable. Here the equation
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑔 𝑥 contain the variable 𝑥 and derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥. This type
𝑑𝑥
of an equation is known as differential equation.
 𝑑𝑦
Example: (1) 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
(2) = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
2𝑦 3
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
(3) 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦
3
𝑑𝑦 2 2 𝑑2𝑦
(4) 1 + 𝑑𝑥
= 5 𝑑𝑥2
 𝑑𝑦
(5) + 𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
(6) 2𝑦 = 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 + 1+ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
(7) 𝑒 + = 𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(8) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥
➢ Order of differential equation:
Order of the highest order derivative of the dependent variable with respect to the
independent variable occurring in a given differential equation is called the order
of differential equation.
𝑑𝑦
Example: (1) 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
The order of the highest order derivative is 1. So it is a differential equation of
order 1.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(2) 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥
The order of the highest order derivative is 2. So it is a differential equation of
order 2.
 𝑑𝑦 2
(3) 𝑑𝑥
+ 6𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0
The order of the highest order derivative is 1. So it is a differential equation of order 1.
𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 6
(4) −6 − 4𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
The order of the highest order derivative is 4. So it is a differential equation of order 4.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(5) 𝑑𝑥 2
= 𝑑𝑥
+5

The order of the highest order derivative is 2. So it is a differential equation of order 2.

➢ Degree of differential equation:
When a differential equation is in a polynomial form in derivatives, the highest power of the
highest order derivative occurring in the differential equation is called the degree of the
differential equation.
𝑑𝑦 2
Example: (1) + 2𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
In this equation the highest power of the highest order derivative is 1. So the degree of the
differential equation is 2.
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 4
(2) +7 − 4𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
In this equation the highest power of the highest order derivative is 3. So the degree of the
differential equation is 1.
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(3)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 0 is a given differential equation. Its order is 1 and degree
𝑑𝑥
is not defined because the equation is not in a polynomial form in derivatives.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(4) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝑦, the order of the equation is 2 and the degree is not
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
defined because we cannot express this equation in a polynomial form in
derivatives.
Example: Find the order and degree of the following
differential equation.
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝟏 𝟐 + =𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Ans: order-2 and degree-1
𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝟐 𝒙+ = 𝟏+𝒚
𝒅𝒙
Ans: order-1 and degree-4
2 2
𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑥+ =1+𝑦
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 4
∴ 𝑥2 +2𝑥 + = 1+𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 3 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3 2 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Ans: order-2 and degree-1/3
1 1
2
𝑑 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 2
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
➢ General solution of D.E(Differential Equation):
The general solution of a differential equation is a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , … 𝑐𝑛 )
or 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , … 𝑐𝑛 = 0 with arbitrary constants whose number is equal to the
order of the differential equation.
This solution is denoted by
𝐺 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , … 𝑐𝑛 = 0 where 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , … 𝑐𝑛 are arbitrary constants.
➢ Particular solution of D.E(Differential Equation):
If we can find definite values of the arbitrary constants occurring in the general
solution of the D.E under some condition on the given variable x, y and
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
derivatives , 2 , …etc, then the solution of the differential equation with
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
definite value of arbitrary constants is called particular solution.
Methods to find the solution of the differential equation:
In this term, we’ll discuss about three methods to find the solutions of the given
differential equation :
(1) Method of variable separable
(2) Method of homogeneous equation
(3) Method of integrating factor
➢ Solution of D.E by Separable variable Method:
In the differential equation 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 of first order and first
degree, if 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is a function 𝑝 𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 only and 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) is function 𝑞 𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑦
only, then the general form of first order and first-degree differential equation is
𝑝 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0. Such an equation is said to be in variable-separable form.
Now ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑝 ׬‬+ ‫( 𝑐 = 𝑦𝑑 𝑦 𝑞 ׬‬c is arbitrary constant) is the general solution.
➢ Solve the D.E by Separable variable Method:
(1) 𝒙𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
ANS: 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑑𝑥
1 1
∴ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Integrating on both the side;

1 1
∴ න 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥

∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐

∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑐
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑐
∴ General solution and c is an arbitrary positive constant.
➢ Solve the D.E by Separable variable Method:
(2) 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
ANS: 𝑥 1 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑦
∴ (1+𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (1+𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 2𝑦
∴ (1+𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (1+𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦

Integrating on both the side;

2𝑥 2𝑦
∴න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) (1 + 𝑦 2 )

∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐

1 + 𝑥2
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
1 + 𝑦2
1 + 𝑥2
∴𝑐=
1 + 𝑦2
∴ 1 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑐(1 + 𝑦 2 )
∴ General solution and c is an arbitrary positive constant.
 𝒅𝒚
(2) Find particular solution of the differential equation 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒚 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
given that y=1 when x=0. This is general solution. Now substitute y=1 and
𝑑𝑦 x=0 in equation (2)
ANS: = 𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1=sec0 c
∴ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
1= 1 c
1
∴ 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ________(1) c=1
Integrating on both the side; ∴ 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 is the particular solution.
1
∴ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑛𝑎𝑡 ׬ = 𝑦𝑑 𝑦 ׬‬
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑐
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 ________(2)
Example : Solve the following differential equations by method of variable
separable :
𝒅𝒚
(1) 𝒅𝒙 = −𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
ANS:
𝑑𝑦
= −4𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
1
∴ 2 𝑑𝑦 = −4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
Integration both the side, we get
1
න 2 𝑑𝑦 = −4 න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦

∴ න 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 = −4 න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 −1 𝑥3
∴ = −4 + 𝑐
−1 3
1 −4𝑥 3
∴− = +𝑐
𝑦 3
 𝒅𝒚
(2) = 𝒆−(𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝒚)
𝒅𝒙
ANS:
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥 −3𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑒
𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑒 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integration both the side, we get

∴ න 𝑒 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑒 3𝑦 𝑒 −2𝑥
∴ = +𝑐
3 −2
(3) 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
ANS:
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝑦 = −2 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
1 1
∴ 𝑑𝑦 = −2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
Integration both the side, we get
1 1
∴ න 𝑑𝑦 = −2 න 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥

∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = −2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐

∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 −2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = log(𝑥 −2 𝑐)
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑥 −2 𝑐
 𝒅𝒚
(4) 𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚
𝒅𝒙
ANS:
1
1+𝑦−𝑦 1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ∴න 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑦(𝑦 + 1) 𝑥
1 1
∴ 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 +𝑦 𝑥 1+𝑦 𝑦 1
∴න − 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝑑𝑥
𝑦(𝑦 + 1) 𝑦(𝑦 + 1) 𝑥
Integration both the side, we get
1 1 1 1 1
∴න 2 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝑑𝑥 ∴න − 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 +𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 (𝑦 + 1) 𝑥

1 1 ∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 − log 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑥𝑐

∴න 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝑑𝑥
𝑦(𝑦 + 1) 𝑥 𝑦
∴ log = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑐
𝑦+1
1+𝑦−𝑦 1 𝑦
∴න 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝑑𝑥 ∴ = 𝑥𝑐
𝑦(𝑦 + 1) 𝑥 𝑦+1
 𝒅𝒚
(5) 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚(𝟐) = −𝟐
ANS:
𝑑𝑦
∴ 2𝑥 = −𝑦
𝑑𝑥 Now , 𝑦(2) = −2
1 1
∴ 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 2𝑥 This means 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −2 in G.S
Integration both the side, we get 1
−
1 1 1 ∴ −2 = (2) 2 𝑐
∴ න 𝑑𝑦 = − න 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑐
∴ −2 =
1 2
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑥𝑐
2 ∴ −2 2 = 𝑐
1
−2
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑥𝑐 Again from G.S
1 1
−2 −2
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = log(𝑥 𝑐) 𝑦 = −2 2 𝑥 ← Particular solution
1
−2
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑐 ← general Solution(G. S)
 𝒅𝒚
(6) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒙𝒚, 𝒚(𝟏) =0
ANS: Now , 𝑦(1) = 0
𝑑𝑦 This means 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0 in G.S
∴ = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦(1 + 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
∴
𝑑𝑥
= (1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑦) ∴ log 1 + 0 = 1 + + 𝑐
1 1
2
∴ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 3
1+𝑦 1+𝑥 ∴0= +𝑐
Integration both the side, we get 2
1 3
∴න
1+𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = න(1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∴− =𝑐
2
𝑥2
Again from G.S
∴ log 1 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 + + 𝑐
2 𝑥2 3
↑ general Solution(G. S) ∴ log 1 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 + − ← Particular solution
2 2
➢ Solution of D.E by Homogeneous Method:
𝑛 𝑦
If two variable function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) can be written as 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 ∅
𝑥
form, then the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is called homogeneous function of
degree n.

Let 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
𝑦 𝑦 2
= 𝑥2 3+2 𝑥
+ 𝑥
𝑦
= 𝑥 2∅ 𝑥
𝑦
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ∅
𝑥
➢ Homogeneous Differential Equation:
If in a differential equation 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
and 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 are homogeneous function with same degree, then this
differential equation is called homogeneous differential equation.
𝑦
NOTE: ∅ type of function is always homogeneous.
𝑥
➢ Solution of Homogeneous Differential Equation:
Let the homogeneous differential equation 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 be in the form
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
of 𝑑𝑥 = ∅ .
𝑥
𝑦
Let 𝑥 = 𝑣, 𝑠𝑜 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
Differentiating w.r.t ‘x’,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
∴ 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑣)
𝑑𝑣
∴𝑥 =∅ 𝑣 −𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
∴ =
∅ 𝑣 −𝑣 𝑥
Integrating on both the sides, we get,
𝑑𝑣 1
න = න 𝑑𝑥
∅ 𝑣 −𝑣 𝑥

𝑑𝑣
∴න = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐
∅ 𝑣 −𝑣

This is the general solution of a homogeneous differential equation

and c is arbitrary constant.
➢ Solve the D.E by Homogeneous Method:
𝒅𝒚 𝒚(𝒙+𝒚)
(1) + 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒚(𝒙+𝒚)
ANS: 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝒙𝟐
𝒚 𝒚 𝟐
=− +
𝒙 𝒙
𝑦
Let = 𝑣
𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
So, =𝑣 +𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
∴𝑣+ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑣 − 𝑣 2
𝑑𝑣
∴ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑣 − 𝑣 2 − 𝑣 = −(2𝑣 + 𝑣 2 )
𝑑𝑣 −𝑑𝑥
∴ =
2𝑣+𝑣 2 𝑥
 1 1
∴න 𝑑𝑣 = න − 𝑑𝑥
𝑣(𝑣 + 2) 𝑥
1 2+𝑣−𝑣 1
∴ න 𝑑𝑣 = න − 𝑑𝑥
2 (𝑣 + 2)𝑣 𝑥
1 (𝑣 + 2) 1 𝑣 1
∴ න 𝑑𝑣 − න 𝑑𝑣 = න − 𝑑𝑥
2 (𝑣 + 2)𝑣 2 (𝑣 + 2)𝑣 𝑥
1 1 1 1 −1
∴ න 𝑑𝑣 − න 𝑑𝑣 = න 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑣 2 𝑣+2 𝑥
1 1 1
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑣 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑣 + 2 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐
2 2 2
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑣 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑣 + 2 = −2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑣 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑣 + 2 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐
𝑣 𝑐
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
𝑣+2 𝑥
𝑦 𝑐
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑐(2𝑥 + 𝑦)
This is the general solution
 𝟐 𝒅𝒚
𝒙 𝒅𝒙
(2) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐
ANS: Here
𝑑𝑦 𝒙𝟐 +𝒙𝒚+𝒚𝟐
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒙𝟐
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 2
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑦
Let = 𝑣 , so 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 as 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑣 + 𝑣2
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑣 + 𝑣 2
𝑑𝑣
∴ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑣 2
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
∴ =
1+𝑣 2 𝑥
Integration both the side, we get
1 1
‫ ׬‬1+𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 = ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑣 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑣 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥𝑐
−1 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥𝑐 is the general solution of the given D.E
𝑥
 𝒅𝒚 𝒚 𝒚
(3) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙
ANS:
∴Here
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
Let 𝑥 = 𝑣 , so 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
∴ =𝑣+𝑥 as = 𝑣 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
∴ 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑣
𝑑𝑣
∴ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑣
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
∴ =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑣 𝑥
Integration both the side, we get
1 1
න 𝑑𝑣 = න 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑣 𝑥
1
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑑𝑣 = න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐

𝑦
−𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥𝑐 is the general solution of the given D.E
𝑥
 𝒅𝒚 𝒚 𝒚
(4) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
ANS:
∴Here
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
Let 𝑥 = 𝑣 , so 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
∴ =𝑣+𝑥 as = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
∴𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
∴ = 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣
Integration both the side, we get
1
න 𝑑𝑣 = න 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣

න 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑣𝑑𝑣 = න 1 𝑑𝑥

𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑣 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 = 𝑥 + 𝑐 is the general solution of the
𝑥 𝑥
given D.E
(5) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒚
ANS:
∴Here
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒚
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 1 𝑥 1 𝑦
= = +
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑦 2 𝑥
𝑦
Let 𝑥 = 𝑣 , so 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 1 1𝑣
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 as = + 2
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1 1𝑣 1 1 + 𝑣 2
∴𝑣+𝑥 = + =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 2 2 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣 2
∴𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣
 𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣 2 1 + 𝑣 2 − 2𝑣 2 1 − 𝑣 2
∴𝑥 = −𝑣 = =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 2𝑣 2𝑣
2𝑣 𝑑𝑥
∴ 2
𝑑𝑣 =
1−𝑣 𝑥
Integration both the side, we get
2𝑣 1
∴න 2
𝑑𝑣 = න 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑣 𝑥

∴ −𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 − 𝑣 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐

1
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑐
1−𝑣
∴ 1 − 𝑣 2 𝑥𝑐 = 1 is the general solution of the given D.E
➢ Linear Differential Equation:
If 𝑃 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(𝑥) are function of variable x, then the differential
𝑑𝑦
equation 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥) is called a Linear Differential Equation
(LDE).

𝑑𝑦
For example, (1) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑄 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 1
(2) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑃 𝑥 = − 𝑥 , 𝑄 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
(3) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑄 𝑥 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
(4) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑃 𝑥 = 1, 𝑄 𝑥 =𝑥
➢ Method of solving a Linear Differential Equation:
𝑑𝑦
Let + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥) be a given linear differential equation.
𝑑𝑥
If we multiply both the side by 𝑒 ‫ 𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑃 ׬‬, we get
𝑑𝑦 ‫𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑃 ׬‬
𝑒 + 𝑦𝑒 ‫𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑃 ׬ 𝑒)𝑥(𝑄 = 𝑥 𝑃 ∙ 𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑃 ׬‬
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
∴ 𝑦𝑒 ‫𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑃 ׬ 𝑒)𝑥(𝑄 = 𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑃 ׬‬
𝑑𝑥
Integrating w.r.t x, we get

𝑦𝑒 ‫ = 𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑃 ׬‬න 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑃 ׬‬

𝐼. 𝐹 𝑦 = න 𝐼. 𝐹 𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(where Integrating Factor (I.F) = 𝑒 ‫) 𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑃 ׬‬

➢ Solve the example LDE
𝒅𝒚 𝒚
(1) + 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒚
ANS: 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 _______(1)
𝑑𝑦
Here given equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
1
So 𝑃 𝑥 = , 𝑄 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
𝑥
‫𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑃 ׬‬
I.F= 𝑒
1
‫𝑥𝑑𝑥׬‬
=𝑒
= 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑥
Now solution of LDE

𝐼. 𝐹 𝑦 = න 𝐼. 𝐹 𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∴ 𝑥𝑦 = න 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

∴ 𝑥𝑦 = ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4
∴ 𝑥𝑦 = + 𝑐, This is the general solution of the given D.E
4
 𝒅𝒚
(2) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
𝑑𝑦
ANS: 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥______(1)
This is a linear D.E
Here, 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥, 𝑄 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
I.F = 𝑒 ‫𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑃 ׬‬
= 𝑒 ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬
= 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
Now solution of LDE

𝐼. 𝐹 𝑦 = න 𝐼. 𝐹 𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)𝑦 = න 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

∴ 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬+ ‫𝑛𝑎𝑡 ׬‬2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∴ 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬+ ‫ 𝑐𝑒𝑠(׬‬2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐 is the general solution
 𝒅𝒚
(3) = 𝒚𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦
ANS: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
− 𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑥
Here 𝑃 𝑥 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

Now, I. F = 𝑒 ‫𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑃 ׬‬
= 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 −1
=𝑒
= 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
General solution of this linear equation is,
𝑦𝑒 ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑃 ׬ 𝑒)𝑥(𝑄 ׬ = 𝑥𝑑)𝑥(𝑃 ׬‬

𝐼. 𝐹 𝑦 = න 𝐼. 𝐹 𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = ‫׬‬ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∴‫׬‬ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥)
𝑎2 +𝑏2
𝑒𝑥
∴ 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
Question : Solve the following differential equations by using
method of integrating factor :
More Examples
Ex-(1)Obtain the differential equation of the family of concentric circles
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 .
Sol:
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
Ddifferentiating the equation w.r.t x, we get
𝑑𝑦
∴ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
∴ 2𝑦 = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
Ex-(2) Obtain the differential equation of the family of all represented
by 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄 having slope 2.
Sol:
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑐
Ddifferentiating the equation w.r.t x, we get
𝑑𝑦
=2 1 +0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ =2
𝑑𝑥
Ex-(3) Obtain the differential equation of the family of curves 𝒚 =
𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝒃)(a and b are arbitrary constants).
Sol:
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
∴ 2 = −𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑏 = −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
∴ 2+𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
Ex-(4) Verify that the function 𝒚 = 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙, Where A and B
are arbitrary constants, is the general solution of the differential
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
equation +𝒚= 𝟎.
𝒅𝒙𝟐
Sol:
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = −𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
∴ 2 = −𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
∴ 2 = −(𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
∴ 2 = −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
∴ 2+𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
Hence proved
 𝒅𝒚
Ex-(5) Verify 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒙𝟒 is a solution of differential equation 𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎, where c
𝒅𝒙
is an arbitrary constant.
Sol:
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 4 ____(1)
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐(4𝑥 3 )______(2)
𝑑𝑥
Now from (1)
𝑦
𝑐= 4
𝑥
∴ 2 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
= 4 4𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4𝑦
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴𝑥 = 4𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥
Hence proved
Ex-(6) Verify that 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐 (a is an arbitrary constant) is the general solution of
𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝒅𝒚
differential equation +𝒙 = 𝒚. Find a particular solution, when 𝒂 = 𝟑. Also
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
show that a singular solution of this differential equation is 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎.
Sol:
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 _______(1)
𝑑𝑦
∴ =𝑎 1 +0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 𝑎______(2)
𝑑𝑥
Substitution (2) in the (1)-
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= 𝑥+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑑𝑥
+𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦 hence proved
Now the general solution is
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑎-is arbitrary constant and 𝑎 = 3
∴ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 32
∴ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 9
Which is particular solution.
Ex-(7) Solve DE 𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
ANS:
𝑦 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 + 1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑒𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦+1 1+𝑒
Integration both the side, we get
𝑦 𝑒𝑥
න 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1+𝑦 1+𝑒

𝑦+1−1 𝑒𝑥
න 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1+𝑦 1+𝑒

1
න 1− 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦+1

𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
Ex-(8) Solve DE 𝒆𝒚 + 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒅𝐲 = 𝟎
ANS:
𝑒 𝑦 + 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑y = 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑒𝑦
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑒 +1
Integration both the side, we get
𝑒𝑦
න 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − න 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 +1

∴ −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑒 𝑦 + 1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐

∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑒 𝑦 + 1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = log(𝑐 𝑒 𝑦 + 1 )
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑐(𝑒 𝑦 + 1)
 𝒅𝒚
Ex-(9) Solve DE 𝒅𝒙 = −𝟒𝒚𝟐 𝒙 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒚 𝟎 = 𝟏
ANS:
𝑑𝑦
= −4𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑥 1
1 ∴ =0+𝑐
∴ 2
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 4
−4𝑦 1
Integration both the side, we get ∴ =𝑐
4
1 1 𝑥2 1
න 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∴ = +
−4𝑦 2 4𝑦 2 4
1 2
1
∴ =𝑥 +
1 1 2𝑦 2
∴ − න 2 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝑥𝑑𝑥 1
4 𝑦
∴ = 2𝑥 2 + 1
𝑦
1 1 𝑥2
∴ − − = +𝑐
4 𝑦 2
1 𝑥2
∴ = +𝑐
4𝑦 2