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𝟐. (𝑦 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
The equations :
i. (𝑦 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
′′ ′ 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
ii. 𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 𝑦 = 0, 2 −2 +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
iii. 𝑥 3 −4 + 6𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
The equations:
i. (1 + 𝑦)𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
ii. + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑4 𝑦
iii. + 𝑦2 = 0
𝑑𝑥 4
Example 1 :
𝑥4 𝑑𝑦
Verify that 𝑦 = is a solution of the nonlinear equation =
16 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥 𝑦 on the interval (−∞, ∞) .
2
Solution:
1
𝑑𝑦
Write the differential equation as −𝑥𝑦 =0
2
𝑑𝑥
3
1
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥3 𝑥4 2 𝑥2
Using = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = ( ) =2
𝑑𝑥 4 16 4
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3
We see that − 𝑥 𝑦2 = −𝑥( ) = − =0
𝑑𝑥 4 4 4 4
Example 2 :
𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0
On the interval (−∞, ∞)
Solution:
We compute
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 & 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥
Observe that
𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 ) − 2(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 0
For every real number.
Solution:
4
Example 4:
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
= 2 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 & = −2 sin 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
We see that + 𝑦 = (−2 sin 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 ) + (2 sin 𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 2
3 cos 𝑥 ) = 0
𝑥 ′′ + 16𝑥 = 0
Solution:
5
Substituting 𝑥 ′′ & 𝑥 then gives
𝟏. (1 − 𝑥 )𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑥𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
The equation is linear and second order.
Observe that
′ 1 −𝑥 𝑥
−2
2𝑦 + 𝑦 = 2 (− 𝑒 2 ) +𝑒 =0
2
𝑑𝑦
𝟏𝟑. − 2𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 ; 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 10𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
We compute 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑒 3𝑥 + 20𝑒 2𝑥
Observe that
6
𝑑𝑦
− 2𝑦 = 3𝑒 3𝑥 + 20𝑒 2𝑥 − 2(𝑒 3𝑥 + 10𝑒 2𝑥 ) = 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝟏𝟓. 𝑦 ′ = 25 + 𝑦 2 ; 𝑦 = 5 tan 5𝑥
We compute 𝑦 ′ = 25 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 5𝑥
Observe that
Observe that
1 1 1 1
𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 = ( cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 − 10𝑒 −𝑥 ) + ( sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 +
2 2 2 2
10𝑒 −𝑥 ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0