Hindawi

International Journal of Differential Equations

Volume 2018, Article ID 3048428, 17 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3048428

Research Article
Linearization of Fifth-Order Ordinary Differential Equations by
Generalized Sundman Transformations

1,2
Supaporn Suksern and Kwanpaka Naboonmee1
1
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
2
Research Center for Academic Excellence in Mathematics, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand

Correspondence should be addressed to Supaporn Suksern; supapornsu@nu.ac.th

Received 24 April 2017; Revised 6 August 2017; Accepted 24 September 2017; Published 2 January 2018

Academic Editor: Patricia J. Y. Wong

Copyright © 2018 Supaporn Suksern and Kwanpaka Naboonmee. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.

In this article, the linearization problem of fifth-order ordinary differential equation is presented by using the generalized Sundman
transformation. The necessary and sufficient conditions which allow the nonlinear fifth-order ordinary differential equation to be
transformed to the simplest linear equation are found. There is only one case in the part of sufficient conditions which is surprisingly
less than the number of cases in the same part for order 2, 3, and 4. Moreover, the derivations of the explicit forms for the linearizing
transformation are exhibited. Examples for the main results are included.

1. Introduction 𝑛 + 1, 𝑛 + 2, or 𝑛 + 4 point symmetries. They suggested that the

Nonlinear problems are of interest to engineers, physicists,
mathematicians and many other scientists since most equa-
tions are inherently nonlinear in nature. Although linear
ordinary differential equations can be solved by a large num-
ber of methods but this situation does not hold for nonlinear
equations. One common method to solve nonlinear ordinary
differential equations is to change their unknowns by suitable
variables so as to get linear ordinary differential equations.
The main tools used to solve the linearization problem
are transformations such as point, contact, tangent, and
generalized Sundman transformations.
It was recognized that Lie [1] is the first person who solved
linearization problem for ordinary differential equations in
1883. He discovered the linearization of second-order ordi-
nary differential equations by point transformations. Later,
Liouville [2] and Tresse [3] attacked the equivalence problems
for second-order ordinary differential equations via group of
point transformations. Moreover, Cartan [4] approached the
second-order ordinary differential equations by geometric
structure of a certain form.
Mahomed and Leach [5] indicated that the 𝑛th-order
(𝑛 > 3) linear ordinary differential equation has exactly one of
necessary and sufficient conditions for the 𝑛th-order (𝑛 ≥ 3)
to be linearizable by a point transformation must admit the 𝑛
dimensional Abelian algebra.
The linearization problem of third-order ordinary differ-
ential equations under point transformations was solved by
Bocharov et al. [6], Grebot [7], and Ibragimov and Meleshko
[8]. Fourth-order ordinary differential equation was studied
by Ibragimov et al. [9]. They found the necessary and suf-
ficient conditions for a complete linearization problem. The
linearization problem of a fifth-order ordinary differential
equation with respect to fiber preserving transformations was
considered by Suksern and Pinyo [10].
In the series of articles [8, 11–14] the linearization problem
of a third-order ordinary differential equation via the contact
transformations was solved. For a fourth-order ordinary
differential equation, this problem was studied in [15, 16]. The
criteria of the linearization problem of fifth-order ordinary
differential equations were discovered by Suksern [17].
The linearization problems of third-order and fourth-
order ordinary differential equations by the tangent trans-
formations are examined in [18, 19]. These are the first
application of tangent (essentially) transformations to the lin-
earization problems of third-order and fourth-order ordinary
2 International Journal of Differential Equations

differential equations. Necessary and sufficient conditions for 𝑥(5) + (𝐴 1 𝑥󸀠 + 𝐴 0 ) 𝑥(4)

third-order and fourth-order ordinary differential equations
to be linearizable are obtained there. + (𝐵3 𝑥󸀠󸀠 + 𝐵2 𝑥󸀠2 + 𝐵1 𝑥󸀠 + 𝐵0 ) 𝑥󸀠󸀠󸀠
Sundman introduced the generalized Sundman trans-
formations in 1992. Later on Duarte et al. [20] applied + (𝐶1 𝑥󸀠 + 𝐶0 ) 𝑥󸀠󸀠2 (4)
this method to transform second-order ordinary differential
equations into free particle equations. In addition, Muriel + (𝐷3 𝑥󸀠3 + 𝐷2 𝑥󸀠2 + 𝐷1 𝑥󸀠 + 𝐷0 ) 𝑥󸀠󸀠 + 𝐻5 𝑥󸀠5
and Romero [21] characterized the equations that can be lin-
earized by means of generalized Sundman transformations in + 𝐻4 𝑥󸀠4 + 𝐻3 𝑥󸀠3 + 𝐻2 𝑥󸀠2 + 𝐻1 𝑥󸀠 + 𝐻0 = 0.
terms of first integral. A new characterization of linearizable
equations in terms of the coefficients of ordinary differential Here 𝐴 𝑖 = 𝐴 𝑖 (𝑡, 𝑥), 𝐵𝑖 = 𝐵𝑖 (𝑡, 𝑥), 𝐶𝑖 = 𝐶𝑖 (𝑡, 𝑥), 𝐷𝑖 = 𝐷𝑖 (𝑡, 𝑥),
equation and one auxiliary function was given by Mustafa et and 𝐻𝑖 = 𝐻𝑖 (𝑡, 𝑥) are some functions of 𝑡 and 𝑥. Expressions of
al. [22]. Moreover, Nakpim and Meleshko [23] pointed out these coefficients are presented in the appendix.
that the solution given by Duarte et al. using the Laguerre
form is not complete. Proof. By a generalized Sundman transformation (3), we have
For the third-order ordinary differential equations, the
linearization by the generalized Sundman transformation 𝐷𝑡 𝐹 (𝑡, 𝑥) 𝐹 + 𝑥󸀠 𝐹𝑥
was investigated by [24] for the form 𝑋󸀠󸀠󸀠 (𝑇) = 0 and [25] 𝑋󸀠 (𝑇) = = 𝑡 = 𝑃 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑥󸀠 ) ,
𝐷𝑡 ∫ 𝐺 (𝑡, 𝑥) 𝑑𝑡 𝐺
for the Laguerre form. Some applications of the generalized
Sundman transformation to ordinary differential equations 𝐷𝑡 𝑃 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑥󸀠 ) 𝑃𝑡 + 𝑥󸀠 𝑃𝑥 + 𝑥󸀠󸀠 𝑃𝑥󸀠
can be found in [26]. More information of the generalized 𝑋󸀠󸀠 (𝑇) = =
Sundman transformation are collected in the book [27]. 𝐷𝑡 ∫ 𝐺 (𝑡, 𝑥) 𝑑𝑡 𝐺
The linearization problem of a fourth-order ordinary 1
differential equation with respect to generalized Sundman = [2𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥󸀠 + 𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺 − 𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡 − 𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝑥󸀠 + 𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥󸀠2
transformations was studied in [28]. They found the nec- 𝐺3
essary and sufficient conditions which allow the fourth- − 𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝑥󸀠 − 𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝑥󸀠2 + 𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥󸀠󸀠 ] = 𝑄 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑥󸀠 , 𝑥󸀠󸀠 ) ,
order ordinary differential equation to be transformed to the
simplest linear equation. 𝐷𝑡 𝑄
𝑋󸀠󸀠󸀠 (𝑇) =
In this article, we intend to use the generalized Sundman 𝐷𝑡 ∫ 𝐺 (𝑡, 𝑥) 𝑑𝑡
transformations to linearize the fifth-order ordinary differen-
tial equations in some particular cases. We use computer alge- 𝑄𝑡 + 𝑥󸀠 𝑄𝑥 + 𝑥󸀠󸀠 𝑄𝑥󸀠 + 𝑥󸀠󸀠󸀠 𝑄𝑥󸀠󸀠 1
= = 5 [(𝐹𝑥 𝐺2 ) 𝑥󸀠󸀠󸀠
bra system Reduce to compute the necessary and sufficient 𝐺 𝐺
conditions of the linearization. We provide some examples to
illustrate the conditions that we have found and also obtain + 𝐺 (3𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺 − 4𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥 ) 𝑥󸀠 𝑥󸀠󸀠
the linearizing transformations.
+ 𝐺 (3𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺 − 𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥 − 3𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡 ) 𝑥󸀠󸀠 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅]
2. Necessary Conditions = 𝑅 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑥󸀠 , 𝑥󸀠󸀠 , 𝑥󸀠󸀠󸀠 ) ,
We now concentrate on finding the fifth-order ordinary 𝐷𝑡 𝑅
differential equations 𝑋(4) (𝑇) =
𝐷𝑡 ∫ 𝐺 (𝑡, 𝑥) 𝑑𝑡
𝑥(5) = 𝑓 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑥󸀠 , 𝑥󸀠󸀠 , 𝑥󸀠󸀠󸀠 , 𝑥(4) ) , (1)
𝑅𝑡 + 𝑥󸀠 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑥󸀠󸀠 𝑅𝑥󸀠 + 𝑥󸀠󸀠󸀠 𝑅𝑥󸀠󸀠 + 𝑥(4) 𝑅𝑥󸀠󸀠󸀠
=
which can be transformed to the linear equation 𝐺
1
𝑋(5) (𝑇) = 0, (2) = [(𝐹𝑥 𝐺3 ) 𝑥(4) + 𝐺2 (4𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺 − 7𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥 ) 𝑥󸀠 𝑥󸀠󸀠󸀠
𝐺7
under the generalized Sundman transformation + 𝐺2 (4𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺 − 𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥 − 6𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡 ) 𝑥󸀠󸀠󸀠 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅]
𝑋 = 𝐹 (𝑡, 𝑥) , = 𝑆 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑥󸀠 , 𝑥󸀠󸀠 , 𝑥󸀠󸀠󸀠 , 𝑥(4) ) ,
(3)
𝑑𝑇 = 𝐺 (𝑡, 𝑥) 𝑑𝑡. 𝐷𝑡 𝑆
𝑋(5) (𝑇) =
𝐷𝑡 ∫ 𝐺 (𝑡, 𝑥) 𝑑𝑡
It turns out that those equations must be in the form of the
following theorem.
𝑆𝑡 + 𝑥󸀠 𝑆𝑥 + 𝑥󸀠󸀠 𝑆𝑥󸀠 + 𝑥󸀠󸀠󸀠 𝑆𝑥󸀠󸀠 + 𝑥(4) 𝑆𝑥󸀠󸀠󸀠 𝐺 + 𝑥(5) 𝑆𝑥(4)
=
Theorem 1. Any linearizable fifth-order ordinary differential 𝐺
equations that can be transformed by a generalized Sundman 1
transformation has to be in the form = [(𝐹𝑥 𝐺4 ) 𝑥(5) + 𝐺3 (5𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺 − 11𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥 ) 𝑥󸀠 𝑥(4)
𝐺9
International Journal of Differential Equations 3

+ 𝐺3 (5𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺 − 𝐹𝑡 𝐹𝑥 − 10𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡 ) 𝑥(4) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅] where 𝐷𝑡 = 𝜕/𝜕𝑡 + 𝑥󸀠 (𝜕/𝜕𝑥) + 𝑥󸀠󸀠 (𝜕/𝜕𝑥󸀠 ) + 𝑥󸀠󸀠󸀠 (𝜕/𝜕𝑥󸀠󸀠 ) +
𝑥(4) (𝜕/𝜕𝑥󸀠󸀠󸀠 )+𝑥(5) (𝜕/𝜕𝑥(4) )+⋅ ⋅ ⋅ is a total derivative. Replacing
= 𝑉 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑥󸀠 , 𝑥󸀠󸀠 , 𝑥󸀠󸀠󸀠 , 𝑥(4) , 𝑥(5) ) , 𝑋(5) (𝑇) in (2), we get that
(5)

5𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺 − 11𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥 5𝐹 𝐺 − 𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥 − 10𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡 5 (2𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺 − 3𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥 )

𝑥(5) + (( ) 𝑥󸀠 + ( 𝑡𝑥 )) 𝑥(4) + (( ) 𝑥󸀠󸀠
𝐹𝑥 𝐺 𝐹𝑥 𝐺 𝐹𝑥 𝐺

10𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 − 45𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 − 14𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

+( ) 𝑥󸀠2
𝐹𝑥 𝐺2

20𝐹𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 − 50𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 − 4𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺 + 15𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥2 − 40𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

+( ) 𝑥󸀠 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅) 𝑥󸀠󸀠󸀠
𝐹𝑥 𝐺2

15𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 − 60𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 − 18𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺 + 70𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥2

+ (( ) 𝑥󸀠 (6)
𝐹𝑥 𝐺2

15𝐹𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 − 30𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 − 3𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺 + 10𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥2 − 30𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

+( )) 𝑥󸀠󸀠2
𝐹𝑥 𝐺2

10𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺3 − 70𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 − 45𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 + 195𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥2 𝐺 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

+ (( ) 𝑥󸀠3 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅) 𝑥󸀠󸀠
𝐹𝑥 𝐺3

𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺4 − 10𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺3 − 10𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺3 + 45𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥2 𝐺2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

+( ) 𝑥󸀠5 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 0.
𝐹𝑥 𝐺4

Denoting 𝐴 𝑖 , 𝐵𝑖 , 𝐶𝑖 , 𝐷𝑖 , and 𝐻𝑖 as (A.1)–(A.18), we obtain the Theorem 2. Equation (4) can be linearizable by the gener-
necessary form (4). This proves the theorem. alized Sundman transformation if its coefficients satisfy the
following equations:
3. Sufficient Conditions and
Linearizing Transformation
To get the sufficient conditions, we consider (A.1)–(A.18)
appearing in the previous section. After using the compatibil-
ity theory to those equations, we derive the following results.

(7𝐴 1 𝑆4 + 49𝑆1 + 23𝑆42 )

𝑆4𝑥 = , (7)
280
−1
𝑆8𝑡 = (27720𝑆2 𝑆8 − 8520𝑆5 𝑆8 + 62𝑆6 𝑆8 + 4928𝑆7 − 115𝑆82 ) (277200𝑆4 ) , (8)
−1
𝑆8𝑥 = (21𝐴 1 𝑆4 𝑆8 + 147𝑆1 𝑆8 + 73920𝑆2 𝑆42 − 22720𝑆42 𝑆5 − 40𝑆42 𝑆6 + 69𝑆42 𝑆8 ) (840𝑆4 ) , (9)

𝐵2𝑥𝑥 = (−2195200𝐵2𝑥 𝐴 1 + 823200𝐵2𝑥 𝑆4 − 548800𝑆1𝑥𝑥 − 644840𝑆1𝑥 𝐴 1 + 82320𝑆1𝑥 𝑆4 + 10633𝐴31 𝑆4 − 10633𝐴21 𝑆1

+ 1519𝐴21 𝑆42 + 89180𝐴 1 𝐵2 𝑆4 + 72716𝐴 1 𝑆1 𝑆4 + 2604𝐴 1 𝑆43 − 548800𝐵22 − 260680𝐵2 𝑆1 + 11760𝐵2 𝑆42 + 54880000𝐻5 (10)

+ 43218𝑆12 + 1176𝑆1 𝑆42 + 558𝑆44 ) (5488000)−1 ,

𝑆1𝑥 = (−78400𝐵2𝑥 − 637𝐴21 𝑆4 − 15680𝐴 1 𝐵2 − 5635𝐴 1 𝑆1 + 105𝐴 1 𝑆42 + 2940𝐵2 𝑆4 + 78400𝐷3 + 294𝑆1 𝑆4 + 30𝑆43 )
(11)
⋅ (5880)−1 ,
4 International Journal of Differential Equations

𝐶0𝑥 = (−5488560𝐴 1𝑡 𝑆42 − 38419920𝑆1𝑡 𝑆4 + 25347840𝑆5𝑥 𝑆4 + 75600𝑆6𝑥 𝑆4 − 18627840𝐴 1 𝐶0 𝑆4 − 6137208𝐴 1 𝑆2 𝑆4

+ 6337320𝐴 1 𝑆4 𝑆5 + 16929𝐴 1 𝑆4 𝑆6 + 6573𝐴 1 𝑆4 𝑆8 + 23950080𝐶0 𝑆42 + 46569600𝐷2 𝑆4 + 2794176𝑆1 𝑆2 − 5188848𝑆1 𝑆5 (12)

−1
− 12096𝑆1 𝑆6 − 6237𝑆1 𝑆8 − 5207664𝑆2 𝑆42 + 2080288𝑆42 𝑆5 + 3682𝑆42 𝑆6 + 5925𝑆42 𝑆8 ) (93139200𝑆4 ) ,

𝐴 1𝑡 = (−133056𝐴 1 𝑆2 𝑆4 + 168240𝐴 1 𝑆4 𝑆5 + 576𝐴 1 𝑆4 𝑆6 − 231𝐴 1 𝑆4 𝑆8 + 443520𝐶0 𝑆42 + 25872𝑆1 𝑆5 + 231𝑆1 𝑆8

(13)
−1
− 133056𝑆2 𝑆42 + 21424𝑆42 𝑆5 + 144𝑆42 𝑆6 − 215𝑆42 𝑆8 ) (1330560𝑆42 ) ,

𝑆1𝑡 = (13587840𝑆5𝑥 𝑆4 + 40320𝑆6𝑥 𝑆4 − 1862784𝐴 1 𝑆2 𝑆4 + 2662464𝐴 1 𝑆4 𝑆5 + 7056𝐴 1 𝑆4 𝑆6 + 2541𝐴 1 𝑆4 𝑆8 + 6209280𝐶0 𝑆42

+ 1862784𝑆1 𝑆2 − 3235008𝑆1 𝑆5 − 8064𝑆1 𝑆6 − 2541𝑆1 𝑆8 − 1862784𝑆2 𝑆42 + 483392𝑆42 𝑆5 + 504𝑆42 𝑆6 + 2165𝑆42 𝑆8 ) (14)
−1
⋅ (18627840𝑆4 ) ,

𝑆3𝑥 = (− ((246400 (144 (3 (308𝐵0 + 491𝑆3 ) 𝑆4 + 5𝑆6𝑡 ) 𝑆42 − (337𝑆5𝑥 + 𝑆6𝑥 ) (112𝑆5 + 𝑆8 ))

− (7020925440𝑆52 + 33795200𝑆5 𝑆6 − 2623280𝑆5 𝑆8 + 61440𝑆62 − 41624𝑆6 𝑆8 + 2776064𝑆7 + 52785𝑆82 ) 𝑆4 ) 𝑆4

− 77 (149022720𝑆3 𝑆42 − 23206400𝑆52 − 62720𝑆5 𝑆6 − 225680𝑆5 𝑆8 − 224𝑆6 𝑆8 + 21504𝑆7 − 765𝑆82 ) 𝑆1 + 443520 (32𝑆6 (15)

+ 23𝑆8 + 27344𝑆5 ) 𝑆2 𝑆42 + 77 (949760𝑆52 + 8960𝑆5 𝑆6 − 10000𝑆5 𝑆8 + 416𝑆6 𝑆8 + 21504𝑆7 − 765𝑆82 + 149022720𝑆3 𝑆42 )
−1
⋅ 𝐴 1 𝑆4 )) (65569996800𝑆43 ) ,

𝑆5𝑥 = (−155232𝐴 1 𝑆4 𝑆5 − 1617𝐴 1 𝑆4 𝑆8 + 362208𝑆1 𝑆5 + 1617𝑆1 𝑆8 − 680064𝑆2 𝑆42 − 69856𝑆42 𝑆5 − 136𝑆42 𝑆6 − 1449𝑆42 𝑆8 )
(16)
−1
⋅ (1034880𝑆4 ) ,

𝑆7𝑥 = (77616000𝑆6𝑡 𝑆43 − 64680𝑆6𝑥 𝑆4 𝑆8 + 1617𝐴 1 𝑆4 𝑆6 𝑆8 + 206976𝐴 1 𝑆4 𝑆7 + 20490624000𝐵0 𝑆44 + 11319𝑆1 𝑆6 𝑆8

+ 1448832𝑆1 𝑆7 + 4719052800𝑆2 𝑆42 𝑆5 + 2069760𝑆2 𝑆42 𝑆6 + 17001600𝑆2 𝑆42 𝑆8 + 18255283200𝑆3 𝑆44 − 3786137600𝑆42 𝑆52 (17)
−1
− 18085760𝑆42 𝑆5 𝑆6 − 5225600𝑆42 𝑆5 𝑆8 − 30520𝑆42 𝑆62 − 3887𝑆42 𝑆6 𝑆8 − 1022336𝑆42 𝑆7 ) (4139520𝑆4 ) ,

(9𝐴 1 𝑆4 + 60𝐵2 + 3𝑆1 + 𝑆42 )

𝐶1 = , (18)
40

and (A.19), (A.20), (A.21), (A.22), (A.23), (A.24), (A.25) 𝑆8 = −41580𝐵1 + 55440𝐶0 − 8316𝑆2 + 9176𝑆5
(moved to the appendix in order to avoid the huge expressions),
+ 27𝑆6 .
where
(19)
𝑆1 = −10𝐴 1𝑥 − 2𝐴21 + 5𝐵2 ,
Proof. We start with the coefficients 𝐴 𝑖 , 𝐵𝑖 , 𝐶𝑖 , 𝐷𝑖 , and 𝐻𝑖 in
𝑆2 = −20𝐴 0𝑥 − 4𝐴 0 𝐴 1 + 5𝐵1 , Theorem 1 through the unknown functions 𝐹 and 𝐺. From
(A.1) and (A.2), we have the derivatives
𝑆3 = 10𝐴 0𝑡 + 2𝐴20 − 5𝐵0 , (𝐹𝑥 (11𝐺𝑥 + 𝐴 1 𝐺))
𝐹𝑥𝑥 = , (20)
𝑆4 = −2𝐴 1 + 𝐵3 , (5𝐺)
(𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥 + 10𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡 + 𝐹𝑥 𝐴 0 𝐺)
𝑆5 = −80𝑆4𝑡 + 2𝐴 0 𝑆4 + 7𝑆2 , 𝐹𝑡𝑥 = . (21)
(5𝐺)
𝑆6 = −462𝐴 0 𝑆4 + 231𝑆2 − 337𝑆5 ,
From (A.4), one obtains the derivative
𝑆7 = −13860𝑆5𝑡 𝑆4 + 1386𝑆2 𝑆5 + 8316𝑆3 𝑆42 − 202𝑆52
(63𝐺𝑥2 + 𝐺𝑥 𝐴 1 𝐺 + 𝐺2 𝑆1 )
𝐺𝑥𝑥 = , (22)
+ 𝑆5 𝑆6 , (40𝐺)
International Journal of Differential Equations 5

where where
𝑆1 = −10𝐴 1𝑥 − 2𝐴21 + 5𝐵2 . (23)
𝑆2 = −20𝐴 0𝑥 − 4𝐴 0 𝐴 1 + 5𝐵1 . (25)
From (A.5), one gets the derivative
𝐺𝑡𝑥 From (A.6), one finds the derivative
(−9𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥2 + 135𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥 + 𝐹x 𝐺 (2𝐺𝑥 𝐴 0 + 𝐺𝑆2 )) (24)
= ,
(80𝐹𝑥 𝐺)

(9𝐹𝑡2 𝐺𝑥2 + 225𝐹𝑡 𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥 + 𝐹𝑡 𝐹𝑥 𝐺 (14𝐺𝑥 𝐴 0 − 𝐺𝑆2 ) + 400𝐹𝑥2 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺 − 600𝐹𝑥2 𝐺𝑡2 + 8𝐹𝑥2 𝐺2 𝑆3 )
𝐹𝑡𝑡 = , (26)
(120𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺)

where + 11319𝑆1 𝑆2 − 16513𝑆1 𝑆5 − 49𝑆1 𝑆6 − 1155𝑆2 𝑆42

−1
𝑆3 = 10𝐴 0𝑡 + 2𝐴20 − 5𝐵0 . (27) − 7751𝑆42 𝑆5 − 23𝑆42 𝑆6 ) (64680𝑆4 ) ,

From (A.3), one obtains the derivative 𝑆2𝑡 = (889680𝑆5𝑡 𝑆4 + 2640𝑆6𝑡 𝑆4 + 609840𝐵0 𝑆42

(𝐺𝑆4 ) + 70224𝑆2 𝑆5 + 231𝑆2 𝑆6 + 121968𝑆3 𝑆42 − 102448𝑆52

𝐺𝑥 = , (28)
7 −1
− 641𝑆5 𝑆6 − 𝑆62 ) (609840𝑆4 ) .
where
(34)
𝑆4 = −2𝐴 1 + 𝐵3 . (29)
From (A.8), we have
We note that, for the case 𝐺𝑥 = 0, the generalized Sundman
(𝐺𝑆8 )
transformations are indeed the point transformations. We 𝐺𝑡 = , (35)
then suppose 𝐺𝑥 ≠ 0, which also implies 𝑆4 ≠ 0. (6160𝑆4 )
The relations (𝐺𝑥 )𝑥 = 𝐺𝑥𝑥 and (𝐺𝑥 )𝑡 = 𝐺𝑡𝑥 provide
where
condition (7) and the derivative
𝑆8 = −41580𝐵1 + 55440𝐶0 − 8316𝑆2 + 9176𝑆5
(385𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝑆4 + 7𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑆5 ) (36)
𝐹𝑡 = , (30) + 27𝑆6 .
(9𝐺𝑆42 )

where The relations (𝐺𝑡 )𝑡 = 𝐺𝑡𝑡 and (𝐺𝑡 )𝑥 = 𝐺𝑡𝑥 provide conditions
(8) and (9). From (A.18), (A.15), (A.17), (A.13), and (A.11), we
𝑆5 = −80𝑆4𝑡 + 2𝐴 0 𝑆4 + 7𝑆2 . (31) obtain conditions (A.19)–(A.21), (10), (A.22). Substituting the
relation 𝐶0𝑡 into 𝐶0𝑡𝑡 , one obtains condition (A.23). Equations
The relation (𝐹𝑡 )𝑡 = 𝐹𝑡𝑡 gives the derivative (A.9), (A.10), and (A.12) provide conditions (11), (12), (A.24).
Comparing the mixed derivatives (𝐹𝑥𝑥 )𝑡 = (𝐹𝑡𝑥 )𝑥 , (𝐺𝑥𝑥 )𝑡 =
(−2156000𝐺𝑡2 𝑆42 + 385𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑆4 𝑆6 + 4𝐺2 𝑆7 ) (𝐺𝑡𝑥 )𝑥 , (𝐹𝑡𝑡 )𝑥 = (𝐹𝑡𝑥 )𝑡 , (𝐹𝑡 )𝑥 = 𝐹𝑡𝑥 , we obtain conditions
𝐺𝑡𝑡 = , (32) (13)–(16). Substituting the relation 𝑆5𝑥 into 𝑆5𝑥𝑥 , one obtains
(1386000𝐺𝑆42 ) condition (A.25). Comparing the mixed derivative (𝐺𝑡𝑡 )𝑥 =
(𝐺𝑡𝑥 )𝑡 , one arrives at condition (17). From (A.7), one obtains
where
condition (18). This proves the theorem.
𝑆6 = −462𝐴 0 𝑆4 + 231𝑆2 − 337𝑆5 ,
Corollary 3. Under the sufficient conditions in Theorem 2, the
𝑆7 = −13860𝑆5𝑡 𝑆4 + 1386𝑆2 𝑆5 + 8316𝑆3 𝑆42 − 202𝑆52 (33) transformation (3) mapping equation (4) to a linear equation
(2) can be solved by the compatible system of (20), (28), (30),
+ 𝑆5 𝑆6 . and (35).

Substituting 𝐴 0 into 𝐴 0𝑥 and 𝐴 0𝑡 , one obtains the conditions
𝑆2𝑥 = (94360𝑆5𝑥 𝑆4 + 280𝑆6𝑥 𝑆4 − 11319𝐴 1 𝑆2 𝑆4
+ 16513𝐴 1 𝑆4 𝑆5 + 49𝐴 1 𝑆4 𝑆6 + 32340𝐵1 𝑆42
Remark 4. In the part of sufficient conditions for second-
order, there are 2 cases in [20] and 3 cases in [23]. For the
third-order, there are 3 cases in [24] and 4 cases in [25]. For
the fourth-order, there are 2 cases in [28]. But for the fifth-
order there is only one case.
6 International Journal of Differential Equations

4. Examples 𝑆6 = 0,
𝑆7 = 0,
Example 1. For the fifth-order ordinary differential equation
𝑆8 = 0.
(5) 4 󸀠 (4) 3 󸀠󸀠 󸀠󸀠󸀠 3 󸀠2 󸀠󸀠󸀠 2
𝑥 𝑥 − 11𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 − 15𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 + 60𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 (38)
(37)
+ 70𝑥󸀠 𝑥󸀠󸀠2 𝑥2 − 210𝑥󸀠3 𝑥󸀠󸀠 𝑥 + 105𝑥󸀠5 = 0, Moreover, these coefficients also satisfy the conditions in
Theorem 2. We now conclude that (37) is linearizable by
we can verify that this equation cannot be linearized by a generalized Sundman transformation. Corollary 3 yields
a point transformation [10] or contact transformation [17]. the linearizing transformation by solving the following equa-
However, (37) is in fact the form (4) in Theorem 1 with the tions:
coefficients
𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 0, (39)
−11
𝐴1 = , 𝐺
𝑥 𝐺𝑥 = , (40)
𝑥
𝐴 0 = 0,
𝐺𝑡 = 0, (41)
−15
𝐵3 = ,
𝑥 𝐹𝑡 = 0. (42)
60
𝐵2 = , Considering (40), one arrives at
𝑥2
𝐵1 = 0, 𝐺 = 𝑥𝐾1 (𝑡) . (43)

𝐵0 = 0, Considering (41), one obtains

70 𝐺 = 𝐾2 (𝑥) . (44)
𝐶1 = ,
𝑥2
From (43) and (44), one can choose 𝐾1 (𝑡) = 1 and 𝐾2 (𝑥) = 𝑥;
𝐶0 = 0,
then we have
−210
𝐷3 = , 𝐺 = 𝑥. (45)
𝑥3
𝐷2 = 0, Considering (39), one gets
𝐷1 = 0, 𝐹 = 𝐾3 (𝑡) 𝑥 + 𝐾4 (𝑡) . (46)
𝐷0 = 0,
Considering (42), one arrives at
105
𝐻5 = 4 , 𝐹 = 𝐾5 (𝑥) . (47)
𝑥
𝐻4 = 0, From (46) and (47), one can choose 𝐾3 (𝑡) = 1, 𝐾4 (𝑡) = 0, and
𝐾5 (𝑥) = 𝑥; then we obtain
𝐻3 = 0,
𝐻2 = 0, 𝐹 = 𝑥. (48)

𝐻1 = 0, So the linearizing transformation is

𝐻0 = 0, 𝑋 = 𝑥,
(49)
−52 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑥𝑑𝑡.
𝑆1 = 2 ,
𝑥
Hence, by (49), (37) becomes
𝑆2 = 0,
𝑆3 = 0, 𝑋(5) = 0. (50)

7 The general solution of (50) is

𝑆4 = ,
𝑥
𝑐1 4 𝑐2 3 𝑐3 2
𝑆5 = 0, 𝑋= 𝑇 + 𝑇 + 𝑇 + 𝑐4 𝑇 + 𝑐5 , (51)
24 6 2
International Journal of Differential Equations 7

where 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 , 𝑐4 , and 𝑐5 are arbitrary constants. Substituting 𝐻3 = 0,

(49) into (51), the general solution of (37) is
𝐻2 = 0,
𝑐1 𝑐 𝑐 𝐻1 = 0,
𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝜙 (𝑡)4 + 2 𝜙 (𝑡)3 + 3 𝜙 (𝑡)2 + 𝑐4 𝜙 (𝑡) + 𝑐5 , (52)
24 6 2
𝐻0 = 0,
where the function 𝑇 = 𝜙(𝑡) is a solution of the equation
−128
𝑆1 = ,
𝑑𝑇 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑥2
= 1 𝑇4 + 2 𝑇3 + 3 𝑇2 + 𝑐4 𝑇 + 𝑐5 . (53) 24
𝑑𝑡 24 6 2 𝑆2 = ,
𝑡𝑥
Example 2. For the fifth-order ordinary differential equation −12
𝑆3 = ,
𝑡2
𝑥(5) 𝑡𝑥4 − 22𝑥󸀠 𝑥(4) 𝑡𝑥3 + 3𝑥(4) 𝑥4 − 30𝑥󸀠󸀠 𝑥󸀠󸀠󸀠 𝑡𝑥3
14
󸀠2 󸀠󸀠󸀠 2 󸀠 󸀠󸀠󸀠 3 󸀠 󸀠󸀠2 2
𝑆4 = ,
+ 212𝑥 𝑥 𝑡𝑥 − 48𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 + 244𝑥 𝑥 𝑡𝑥 𝑥
(54) 252
− 26𝑥󸀠󸀠2 𝑥3 − 1180𝑥󸀠3 𝑥󸀠󸀠 𝑡𝑥 + 320𝑥󸀠2 𝑥󸀠󸀠 𝑥2 𝑆5 = ,
𝑡𝑥
+ 880𝑥󸀠5 𝑡 − 320𝑥󸀠4 𝑥 = 0 −98784
𝑆6 = ,
𝑡𝑥
we can verify that this equation cannot be linearized by
𝑆7 = 0,
a point transformation [10] or contact transformation [17].
However, (54) is in fact the form (4) in Theorem 1 with the 𝑆8 = 0.
coefficients
(55)
−22 Moreover, these coefficients also satisfy the conditions in
𝐴1 = ,
𝑥 Theorem 2. We now conclude that (54) is linearizable by
3 a generalized Sundman transformation. Corollary 3 yields
𝐴0 = , the linearizing transformation by solving the following equa-
𝑡
tions:
−30
𝐵3 = , 𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 0, (56)
𝑥
212 (2𝐺)
𝐵2 = , 𝐺𝑥 = , (57)
𝑥2 𝑥
−48 𝐺𝑡 = 0, (58)
𝐵1 = ,
𝑡𝑥
(𝐹𝑥 𝑥)
𝐵0 = 0, 𝐹𝑡 = . (59)
𝑡
244
𝐶1 = , Considering (57), one arrives at
𝑥2
−26 𝐺 = 𝐾1 (𝑡) 𝑥2 . (60)
𝐶0 = ,
𝑡𝑥 Considering (58), one obtains
−1180
𝐷3 = , 𝐺 = 𝐾2 (𝑥) . (61)
𝑥3
320 From (60) and (61), one can choose 𝐾1 (𝑡) = 1 and 𝐾2 (𝑥) = 𝑥2 ;
𝐷2 = , then we obtain
𝑡𝑥2
𝐷1 = 0, 𝐺 = 𝑥2 . (62)

𝐷0 = 0, Equation (59) becomes

880 𝑡𝐹𝑡 − 𝑥𝐹𝑥 = 0, (63)
𝐻5 = ,
𝑥4
and by Cauchy method, one arrives at
−320
𝐻4 = , 𝐹 = 𝑡𝑥. (64)
𝑡𝑥3
8 International Journal of Differential Equations

This solution satisfies (56), so the linearizing transformation 𝐶1

is
(15𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 − 60𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 − 18𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺 + 70𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥2 ) (A.7)
= ,
𝑋 = 𝑡𝑥, (𝐹𝑥 𝐺2 )
(65)
𝑑𝑇 = 𝑥2 𝑑𝑡. 𝐶0 = (15𝐹𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 − 30𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 − 3𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺 + 10𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥2
(A.8)
−1
− 30𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺 − 15𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺 + 60𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥 ) (𝐹𝑥 𝐺2 ) ,
Hence, by (65), (54) becomes
𝐷3 = (10𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺3 − 70𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 − 45𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺2
(5)
𝑋 = 0. (66)
+ 195𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥2 𝐺 − 11𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 + 125𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 (A.9)
The general solution of (66) is −1
− 210𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥3 ) (𝐹𝑥 𝐺3 ) ,
𝑐1 4 𝑐2 3 𝑐3 2
𝑋= 𝑇 + 𝑇 + 𝑇 + 𝑐4 𝑇 + 𝑐5 , (67) 𝐷2 = (30𝐹𝑡𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺3 − 150𝐹𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 − 60𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺2
24 6 2
+ 255𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥2 𝐺 − 6𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 + 65𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺
where 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 , 𝑐4 , and 𝑐5 are arbitrary constants. Substituting
(65) into (67), the general solution of (54) is − 105𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥3 − 60𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺2 − 75𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺2 (A.10)

𝑥 (𝑡) + 330𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 − 27𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 + 205𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺

−1
((𝑐1 /24) 𝜙 (𝑡)4 + (𝑐2 /6) 𝜙 (𝑡)3 + (𝑐3 /2) 𝜙 (𝑡)2 + 𝑐4 𝜙 (𝑡) + 𝑐5 ) (68) + 105𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺 − 525𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥2 ) (𝐹𝑥 𝐺3 ) ,
= ,
𝑡
𝐷1 = (−120𝐹𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺2 − 90𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺2 + 390𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺
where the function 𝑇 = 𝜙(𝑡) is a solution of the equation
+ 30𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺3 − 90𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 − 15𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺2
𝑑𝑇 + 60𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥2 𝐺 − 12𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 + 85𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺
𝑑𝑡 (A.11)
4 3 2 2 (69) + 45𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺 − 210𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥2 − 30𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺2
(𝑐1 /24) 𝑇 + (𝑐2 /6) 𝑇 + (𝑐3 /2) 𝑇 + 𝑐4 𝑇 + 𝑐5
=( ) . + 135𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺 + 165𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺 − 21𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺2
𝑡
−1
+ 80𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 − 420𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺𝑥 ) (𝐹𝑥 𝐺3 ) ,

Appendix 𝐷0 = (−30𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡t 𝐺2 + 135𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺 + 10𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺3

Equations for Theorem 1 in Section 2 − 10𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 − 60𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺2 − 15𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺2

+ 60𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 + 45𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺 − 6𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺2 (A.12)

(5𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺 − 11𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥 )
𝐴1 = , (A.1)
(𝐹𝑥 𝐺) + 20𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 − 105𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺𝑥 − 5𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺2
−1
(5𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺 − 𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥 − 10𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡 ) + 60𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺 − 105𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡3 ) (𝐹𝑥 𝐺3 ) ,
𝐴0 = , (A.2)
(𝐹𝑥 𝐺)
𝐻5 = (𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺4 − 10𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺3 − 10𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺3
5 (2𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺 − 3𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥 )
𝐵3 = , (A.3) + 45𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥2 𝐺2 − 5𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺3 + 60𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2
(𝐹𝑥 𝐺)

(10𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 − 45𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 − 14𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺 + 60𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥2 ) − 105𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥3 𝐺 − 𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺3 + 15𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 (A.13)
𝐵2 = , (A.4)
(𝐹𝑥 𝐺2 ) 2
+ 10𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 − 105𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥2 𝐺 + 105𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑥4 )
𝐵1 = (20𝐹𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 − 50𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 − 4𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺 + 15𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥2 −1
⋅ (𝐹𝑥 𝐺4 ) ,
−1
(A.5)
− 40𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺 − 24𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺 + 105𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥 ) (𝐹𝑥 𝐺2 ) , 𝐻4 = (5𝐹𝑡𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺4 − 40𝐹𝑡𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺3 − 30𝐹𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺3
𝐵0 = (−40𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺 + 10𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺2 − 5𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 − 4𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺 + 135𝐹𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥2 𝐺2 − 10𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺3 + 120𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2
−1
(A.6)
+ 15𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥 − 10𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺 + 45𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡2 ) (𝐹𝑥 𝐺2 ) , − 210𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥3 𝐺 − 𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺3 + 15𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2
International Journal of Differential Equations 9

2
+ 10𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 − 105𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥2 𝐺 + 105𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑥4 𝐻1 = (−10𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺3 + 120𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺2 − 210𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡3 𝐺

− 10𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺3 − 20𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺3 + 90𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 + 5𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺4 − 10𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺3 − 40𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺3

− 15𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺3 + 120𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 + 60𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 − 20𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺3 + 90𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 − 30𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺3

− 315𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥2 𝐺 − 4𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺3 + 45𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 + 135𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺2 + 120𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺2 − 15𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺3

+ 40𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 − 210𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥2 𝐺 + 15𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 + 60𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 − 315𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 + 40𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺2 (A.17)
−1 − 210𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺 − 4𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺3 + 15𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2
− 210𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 + 420𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥3 ) (𝐹𝑥 𝐺4 ) ,
(A.14) + 45𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺2 − 210𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 + 420𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡3 𝐺𝑥

𝐻3 = (−40𝐹𝑡𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺3 − 60𝐹𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺3 + 270𝐹𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 − 𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺3 + 15𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺2 + 10𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡2 𝐺2

−1
− 30𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺3 + 240𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 + 120𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 − 105𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺 + 105𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡4 ) (𝐹𝑥 𝐺4 ) ,

− 630𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥2 𝐺 + 10𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺4 − 60𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺3 𝐻0 = (𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺4 − 10𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺3 − 10𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺3

− 30𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺3 + 135𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥2 𝐺2 − 5𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺3 + 45𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺2 − 5𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺3 + 60𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺2
(A.18)
+ 60𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 − 105𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥3 𝐺 − 4𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺3 − 105𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡3 𝐺 − 𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺3 + 15𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺2
−1
+ 45𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 + 40𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 − 210𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥2 𝐺 + 10𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡2 𝐺2 − 105𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺 + 105𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡4 ) (𝐹𝑥 𝐺4 ) .

+ 15𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 − 210𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡 G𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 + 420𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥3 (A.15) Equations for Theorem 2 in Section 3
3
− 10𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺 + 45𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺2 + 120𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺 2
𝑆3𝑡𝑡𝑡 = (23856004085760000000𝑆6𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑆43 𝑆5
− 15𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺3 + 60𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 − 315𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺𝑥 𝐺
+ 85200014592000000𝑆6𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑆43 𝑆8
2 2 2
+ 45𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺 + 40𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺 − 420𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 2 2
− 45181825920000000𝑆6𝑡 𝑆4 𝑆5
3 2 2
− 6𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺 + 45𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 + 20𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺
2 2
− 122636384640000𝑆6𝑡 𝑆4 𝑆8
− 105𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥2 𝐺 − 105𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺 + 630𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺𝑥2 )
− 8179201400832000000𝑆7𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑆43
4 −1
⋅ (𝐹𝑥 𝐺 ) ,
+ 121461140802355200000000𝐻0 𝑆46
3
𝐻2 = (−30𝐹𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺 + 135𝐹𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺2 + 240𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺 2

+ 1288224220631040000𝑆22 𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆6
3 2
− 30𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺 + 120𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 − 630𝐹𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺𝑥 𝐺
+ 333433269227520000𝑆22 𝑆52 𝑆6
4 3 3
+ 10𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺 − 40𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 − 10𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺
+ 202242458880000𝑆22 𝑆5 𝑆62
+ 45𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥2 𝐺2 − 60𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺3 − 60𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺3
+ 1247633114112000𝑆22 𝑆5 𝑆6 𝑆8
+ 270𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 − 15𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺3 + 120𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2
− 398786229338112000𝑆22 𝑆5 𝑆7
+ 60𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 − 315𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥2 𝐺 + 45𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺2
2 2
+ 40𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺 − 420𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 − 6𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑥𝑥 𝐺3 + 2142294739200𝑆22 𝑆62 𝑆8
(A.16)
+ 45𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 + 20𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺2 − 105𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥2 𝐺 − 169957431705600𝑆22 𝑆6 𝑆7

− 105𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐺 + 630𝐹𝑡 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺𝑥2 − 5𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺3 − 1775000304000𝑆22 𝑆6 𝑆82

+ 60𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺2 − 105𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝑡3 𝐺 + 40𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺2 − 147532492800000𝑆22 𝑆7 𝑆8

− 210𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡2 𝐺 − 4𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺3 + 15𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺2 + 487653901701120000𝑆2 𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆5 𝑆6
+ 45𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑥 𝐺𝑡 𝐺2 − 210𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑥 𝐺 + 420𝐹𝑥 𝐺𝑡3 𝐺𝑥 ) + 2581818624000000𝑆2 𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆62
−1
⋅ (𝐹𝑥 𝐺4 ) , + 3947600676096000𝑆2 𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆6 𝑆8
10 International Journal of Differential Equations

− 1004306790187008000𝑆2 𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆7 − 7047118848000000𝑆54 𝑆8

− 332554631270400000𝑆2 𝑆53 𝑆6 + 291110400000𝑆52 𝑆63

− 1429140303360000𝑆2 𝑆52 𝑆62 + 2269611955200𝑆52 𝑆62 𝑆8

− 1233512146944000𝑆2 𝑆52 𝑆6 𝑆8 − 402813609984000𝑆52 𝑆6 𝑆7

+ 353437928718336000𝑆2 𝑆52 𝑆7 − 517887216000𝑆52 𝑆6 𝑆82

− 2831431680000𝑆2 𝑆5 𝑆63 − 57156096000000𝑆52 𝑆7 𝑆8

− 6606314668800𝑆2 𝑆5 𝑆62 𝑆8 − 2773848000000𝑆52 𝑆83

+ 1176324891033600𝑆2 𝑆5 𝑆6 𝑆7 − 1049440000𝑆5 𝑆64

+ 2489610816000𝑆2 𝑆5 𝑆6 𝑆82 + 6279324480𝑆5 𝑆63 𝑆8

+ 149604618240000𝑆2 𝑆5 𝑆7 𝑆8 − 650224460800𝑆5 𝑆62 𝑆7

− 10866683520𝑆2 𝑆63 𝑆8 − 9707266800𝑆5 𝑆62 𝑆82

+ 2607397309440𝑆2 𝑆62 𝑆7 − 637826227200𝑆5 𝑆6 𝑆7 𝑆8

+ 4354257600𝑆2 𝑆62 𝑆82 + 11823801000𝑆5 𝑆6 𝑆83

+ 130235212800𝑆2 𝑆6 𝑆7 𝑆8 − 17672824422400𝑆5 𝑆72

− 3590433000𝑆2 𝑆6 𝑆83 + 505169280000S5 𝑆7 𝑆82

+ 176538275020800𝑆2 𝑆72 − 21954900000𝑆5 𝑆84

− 512265600000𝑆2 𝑆7 𝑆82 + 4937432𝑆64 𝑆8 + 896097408𝑆63 𝑆7

+ 159828655472640000000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆53 − 14788620𝑆63 𝑆82

+ 2184672479109120000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆52 𝑆6 − 1103392000𝑆62 𝑆7 𝑆8 − 1631850𝑆62 𝑆83

+ 672295138099200000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆52 𝑆8 + 151872430080𝑆6 𝑆72

+ 10708586380800000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆5 𝑆62 − 536659200𝑆6 𝑆7 𝑆82

+ 1042969036032000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆5 𝑆6 𝑆8 + 32170875𝑆6 𝑆84 − 12909568000𝑆72 𝑆8

+ 337584386506752000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆5 𝑆7 + 848760000𝑆7 𝑆83 − 62184375𝑆85

+ 5249697868800000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆5 𝑆82 + 7683984000 (155232000𝑆2 𝑆5 𝑆6

+ 14883644160000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆63 + 554400𝑆2 𝑆6 𝑆8 − 170311680𝑆2 𝑆7

+ 4409023449600𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆62 𝑆8 − 838252800𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆6

− 74094096384000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆6 𝑆7 − 35795200𝑆52 𝑆6 + 112000𝑆5 𝑆62

+ 4756386096000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆6 𝑆82 − 164800𝑆5 𝑆6 𝑆8 + 48762880𝑆5 𝑆7

+ 291637463040000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆7 𝑆8 − 272𝑆62 𝑆8 − 96000𝑆6 𝑆7

+ 21679812000000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆83 + 1155𝑆6 𝑆82 + 64000𝑆7 𝑆8 ) 𝐵0 𝑆42

− 552494117683200000𝑆55 + 17740800 (276623424000𝐵0 𝑆42

+ 68289477365760000𝑆54 𝑆6 − 82987027200𝑆22 + 69144768000𝑆2 𝑆5

International Journal of Differential Equations 11

− 59209920𝑆2 𝑆6 + 55440000𝑆2 𝑆8 − 𝑆22 ) (280𝑆5 + 𝑆8 )

+ 264608467200𝑆3 𝑆42 − 16𝑆7𝑡 𝑆4 ) − (5438522880000𝑆53

− 49174841600𝑆52 − 232872800𝑆5 𝑆6 + 30283456000𝑆52 𝑆6

− 1724000𝑆5 𝑆8 + 18086822400𝑆52 𝑆8 + 96768000𝑆5 𝑆62

− 514314𝑆62 − 1160𝑆6 𝑆8 − 49754880𝑆7 + 99126880𝑆5 𝑆6 𝑆8

+ 144375𝑆82 ) 𝑆7𝑡 𝑆4 + 6218168320𝑆5 𝑆7 + 3603600𝑆5 𝑆82

+ 211536𝑆62 𝑆8
+ 25818186240000 (4158000𝑆6𝑡 𝑆4
− 29151360𝑆6 𝑆7 + 120120𝑆6 𝑆82
− 415800𝑆2 𝑆6 + 1096381440𝑆3 𝑆42
+ 10810240𝑆7 𝑆8 + 129525𝑆83 )
− 129382400𝑆52
+ 93139200 (3160𝑆6 + 1397𝑆8
− 741880𝑆5 𝑆6 − 268800𝑆5 𝑆8
+ 879840𝑆5 ) 𝑆3 𝑆42
− 1280𝑆62 − 684𝑆6 𝑆8
+ 55440 (81088000𝑆52 − 565600𝑆5 𝑆6
− 4992𝑆7 − 825𝑆82 ) 𝑆3𝑡 𝑆43
+ 326560𝑆5 𝑆8 − 844𝑆6 𝑆8 + 467712𝑆7
+ 1022400175104000000 (77𝑆6 + 20𝑆8
− 1155𝑆82 + 838252800𝑆3 𝑆42 ) 𝑆2 ) 𝑆6𝑡 𝑆4 )
+ 23968𝑆5 ) 𝑆3𝑡𝑡 𝑆44
−1
⋅ (56681865707765760000000𝑆45 ) ,
− 619636469760000 (24213𝑆6
(A.19)
+ 4880𝑆8 + 4866176𝑆5 ) 𝑆32 𝑆44
𝑆6𝑡𝑥 = ((2 (40320 (2 (99 (259952𝑆22
+ 768000 ((417386935𝑆6
− 436299𝑆3 𝑆42 − 19404000𝐻3
+ 422682482𝑆8 ) 𝑆6
+ 1724800𝐶02 ) 𝑆4
− 88 (1252844464𝑆7 + 2443875𝑆82 )) 𝑆53

− 511200087552000 (𝑆6 𝑆8 + 24736𝑆7𝑥 − 285959520𝑆3𝑥 𝑆42

+ 672348600𝑆1𝑡𝑡 𝑆4
− 384𝑆7 + 280𝑆5 𝑆6 ) 𝑆23
+ 1280664000𝐶0𝑡𝑥 𝑆4
− 8520001459200000 (𝑆6 𝑆8

− 192𝑆7 + 280𝑆5 𝑆6 ) 𝐵0𝑡 𝑆43 − 384199200𝐵0𝑥 𝑆42

+ 19670999040000 (327𝑆6 − 125𝑆8 + 96049800𝐴 1𝑡𝑡 𝑆42 ) 𝑆4

+ 26080𝑆5 + 249480𝑆2 ) 𝑆7𝑡𝑡 𝑆42 − 1334025 (112𝑆5 + 𝑆8 ) 𝑆1𝑡𝑥 )

− 76839840000 (332640 ((280𝑆5 − (48428561920𝑆52

+ 𝑆8 ) 𝑆2 − 2520𝑆3 𝑆42 ) + 654609600𝑆5 𝑆6

+ 54790400𝑆52 + 380800𝑆5 𝑆6 + 600371360𝑆5 𝑆8

+ 158720𝑆5 𝑆8 + 688𝑆6 𝑆8 + 1929680𝑆62 + 9171338𝑆6 𝑆8

− 112896𝑆7 + 1155𝑆82 ) 𝑆6𝑡𝑡 𝑆42 + 552802176𝑆7

− 277200 (6147187200 (3 (5𝐵0 𝑆42 − 10786905𝑆82 ) 𝑆42

12 International Journal of Differential Equations

− 1890 (819624960𝑆22 + 41309097984000 (𝐴 1

− 2209320960𝑆2 𝑆5 − 𝑆4 ) 𝐶0𝑡 𝑆42

− 7096320𝑆2 𝑆6 + 838252800 (67𝐴 1 + 6𝑆4 ) 𝑆6𝑡 𝑆42

+ 1626240𝑆2 𝑆8 − 34927200 (8624𝐴 1 𝑆5 + 77𝐴 1 𝑆8

+ 204906240𝑆3 𝑆42 − 487872𝑆2 𝑆4 + 265760𝑆4 𝑆5

+ 1478702080𝑆52 + 2112𝑆4 𝑆6 − 3298𝑆4 𝑆8 ) 𝑆1𝑡

+ 9564160𝑆5 𝑆6 − 73920 (176576𝑆6 + 4499𝑆8

− 2372480𝑆5 𝑆8 + 51980272𝑆5 ) 𝑆2 𝑆42 ) 𝑆4

+ 15360𝑆62 − 10274𝑆6 𝑆8 − 582120 (18627840𝑆3 𝑆42

− 206976𝑆7 + 5775𝑆82 ) 𝐵2 ) + 636160𝑆52 + 1120𝑆5 𝑆6

+ 5680𝑆5 𝑆8 + 52𝑆6 𝑆8
+ 189 (13113999360𝑆22
+ 2688𝑆7 − 75𝑆82
− 35713413120𝑆2 𝑆5
− 18480 (112𝑆5 + 𝑆8 ) 𝑆2 ) 𝑆1𝑥
− 113541120𝑆2 𝑆6
+ 22767360𝑆2 𝑆8 − 3725568000 (48𝑆6 − 11𝑆8

+ 1434343680𝑆3 𝑆42 + 14944𝑆5 − 11088𝑆2 ) 𝐶0𝑥 𝑆42

+ 698544000 (192𝑆6 − 11𝑆8

+ 24190668800𝑆52
+ 154603520𝑆5 𝑆6 + 63472𝑆5 − 44352𝑆2 ) 𝐵2𝑡 𝑆42

− 33214720𝑆5 𝑆8 + 4300800 (17555𝑆6 − 2693𝑆8

+ 245760𝑆62 − 95326𝑆6 𝑆8 + 4417608𝑆5 − 5580036𝑆2 ) 𝑆5𝑥 𝑆42

+ 206976𝑆7 − 5775𝑆82 ) 𝐴21 + 13440 (18360𝑆6 − 2657𝑆8

− 42 (29506498560𝑆22
− 79535554560𝑆2 𝑆5
− 255467520𝑆2 𝑆6
+ 3797800𝑆5
− 4241160𝑆2 ) 𝑆6𝑥 𝑆42
+ 8870400 (1617 ((112𝑆5

+ 105114240𝑆2 𝑆8 + 𝑆8 ) 𝑆1 − 1728𝑆2 𝑆42 )

− 101056032000𝑆3 𝑆42 + (8064𝑆6 − 4841𝑆8

+ 31943598080𝑆52 + 1852816𝑆5 ) 𝑆42 ) 𝐶0 𝑆4

+ 253961600𝑆5 𝑆6 − 3 (4851 (18627840𝑆3 𝑆42

− 60480320𝑆5 𝑆8 + 552960𝑆62 − 47676160𝑆52
− 700362𝑆6 𝑆8 − 142240𝑆5 𝑆6 − 425680𝑆5 𝑆8
− 15044736𝑆7 + 976015𝑆82 ) 𝑆1 − 1228𝑆6 𝑆8 + 2688𝑆7 − 75𝑆82
− 663896217600 (21𝑆1 + 277200 (112𝑆5 + 𝑆8 ) 𝑆2 ) 𝑆1

− 11𝑆42 ) 𝐵0 𝑆42 − (3098182348800𝐵0 𝑆42

International Journal of Differential Equations 13

+ 1910545781760𝑆22 − 3671754240000𝑆2 𝑆52 𝑆6

− 2436527681280𝑆2 𝑆5
− 471905280000𝑆2 𝑆52 𝑆8
− 11120820480𝑆2 𝑆6
− 172480000𝑆2 𝑆5 𝑆62
+ 2970419760𝑆2 𝑆8
− 11718537600𝑆2 𝑆5 𝑆6 𝑆8
+ 4109618177280𝑆3 𝑆42
+ 4367800729600𝑆2 𝑆5 𝑆7
+ 394650233600𝑆52
− 2550240000𝑆2 𝑆5 𝑆82
+ 6026409760𝑆5 𝑆6
− 18098080𝑆2 𝑆62 𝑆8
− 4658100400𝑆5 𝑆8
+ 256650240𝑆2 𝑆6 𝑆7
+ 12337920𝑆62
+ 46985400𝑆2 𝑆6 𝑆82
− 16712320𝑆6 𝑆8
+ 2848384000𝑆2 𝑆7 𝑆8
− 588303744𝑆7
− 78540000𝑆2 𝑆83
+ 4150685𝑆82 ) 𝑆42

− 186278400 (64𝑆6 − 11𝑆8 + 39966552299520000𝑆32 𝑆44

+ 20336𝑆5 − 14784𝑆2 ) 𝐶0 𝑆42 ) 𝐴 1 − 10295681679360000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆52

− 1663200 (1617 (192 (80𝐶0 − 57𝑆2 ) 𝑆42 − 71642672640000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆5 𝑆6

+ (112𝑆5 + 𝑆8 ) 𝑆1 ) − 19314408960000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆5 𝑆8

+ (49392𝑆6 − 9451𝑆8 − 109438560000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆62

+ 15674288𝑆5 ) 𝑆42 − 54992044800𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆6 𝑆8

+ 42 (1536𝑆6 − 77𝑆8 + 509008𝑆5 + 11248234905600𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆7

− 354816𝑆2 ) 𝐴 1 𝑆4 ) 𝐴 1𝑡 𝑆4 )
−1
⋅ (167650560000𝑆43 ) ,
(A.20)
𝑆7𝑡𝑡 = (852000145920000000𝐵0𝑡𝑡 𝑆44
− 852000145920000000𝑆3𝑡𝑡 𝑆44
+ 215151552000000𝑆6𝑡𝑡 𝑆42 𝑆5
− 48898080000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆82
+ 24367472640000𝑆54
+ 3398088960000𝑆53 𝑆6
+ 717050880000𝑆53 𝑆8 + 86176𝑆63 𝑆8
− 29701056𝑆62 𝑆7 − 56120𝑆62 𝑆82
+ 4396160𝑆6 𝑆7 𝑆8 − 267075𝑆6 𝑆83

+ 307359360000𝑆6𝑡𝑡 𝑆42 𝑆8 − 1886760960𝑆72 − 15064000𝑆7 𝑆82

+ 85200014592000000𝐵02 𝑆44 + 628125𝑆84

− 1704000291840000000𝐻1 𝑆44 − 277200 (86240000𝑆2 𝑆5

+ 5553778728960000𝑆2 𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆5 + 252560𝑆2 𝑆8 − 1397088000𝑆3 𝑆42

− 18646467840000𝑆2 𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆6 + 72800000𝑆52 + 672000𝑆5 𝑆6
+ 3688312320000𝑆2 𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆8 − 56160𝑆5 𝑆8

− 17617797120000𝑆2 𝑆53 + 876𝑆6 𝑆8 − 276864𝑆7 − 455𝑆82 ) 𝑆6𝑡 𝑆4

14 International Journal of Differential Equations

+ 6400 ((2909900𝑆6 + 1186419𝑆8 ) 𝑆6 + 9564160𝑆5 𝑆6

− (440601056𝑆7 − 1100025𝑆82 )) 𝑆52 − 2372480𝑆5 𝑆8 + 15360𝑆62

+ 170755200 − 10274𝑆6 𝑆8 − 206976𝑆7

⋅ (41𝑆6 𝑆8 − 22848𝑆7 + 𝑆6 + 14000𝑆5 𝑆6 ) 𝑆22 + 5775𝑆82 ) 𝐴 1

− 737662464000000 (337𝑆5 − 231𝑆2 ) 𝐵0𝑡 𝑆43 + 55440 (828𝑆6 − 65𝑆8

+ 18441561600000 + 330832𝑆5 ) 𝑆2 𝑆4 ) 𝑆4

⋅ (51𝑆6 + 4𝑆8 + 16312𝑆5 − 8008𝑆2 ) 𝑆3𝑡 𝑆43 − 693 (18627840𝑆3 𝑆42

+ 17740800 (2373𝑆6 − 500𝑆8 + 636160𝑆52

+ 152320𝑆5 + 1681680𝑆2 ) 𝑆7𝑡 𝑆4 + 1120𝑆5 𝑆6 + 5680𝑆5 𝑆8

+ 40 (2 (2 (224875𝑆6 + 349638𝑆8 ) 𝑆62 + 52𝑆6 𝑆8 + 2688𝑆7

−75 (520192𝑆7 − 29095𝑆82 ) 𝑆8 ) − 75𝑆82 − 18480 (112𝑆5 + 𝑆8 ) 𝑆2 ) 𝑆1

− 4435200 (48𝑆6 − 11𝑆8

− (304667776𝑆7 + 2689035𝑆82 ) 𝑆6 ) 𝑆5
+ 14944𝑆5 − 11088𝑆2 ) 𝐶0 𝑆42
− 30735936000 (𝑆6 𝑆8 − 672𝑆7
+ 1663200 (192𝑆6 − 11𝑆8
+ 700𝑆5 𝑆6 + 2217600𝑆3 𝑆42 ) 𝐵0 𝑆42 )
+ 63472𝑆5 − 44352𝑆2 ) 𝐴 1𝑡 𝑆42 ))
−1
⋅ (103272744960000𝑆42 ) , −1
⋅ (245887488000𝑆43 ) ,
(A.21)
(A.22)
𝐶0𝑡 = (− ((332640 (4 (45𝑆6𝑡 𝑆4
𝑆6𝑡𝑡 = (− ((36960 (15 (3049200 (672 (10 (𝐷1𝑡
− 27720𝐵0 𝑆42 − 92400𝐷1 𝑆4
− 3𝐻2 ) −3𝐵0𝑡 𝑆4 ) 𝑆42
− 5544𝑆22 + 20110𝑆3 𝑆42 ) 𝑆4
− (𝐴 1𝑡𝑡 𝑆4 + 7𝑆1𝑡𝑡 ) (112𝑆5 + 𝑆8 )) 𝑆4
− 385 (112𝑆5 + 𝑆8 ) 𝑆1𝑡 )
+ (86240𝐴 1 𝑆4 𝑆5 + 2387𝐴 1 𝑆4 𝑆8
− (7120943360𝑆52
+ 1509200𝑆1 𝑆5
+ 38913440𝑆5 𝑆6
+ 5390𝑆1 𝑆8 + 3326400𝑆2 𝑆42
− 10308880𝑆5 𝑆8 + 60480𝑆62
− 3437680𝑆42 𝑆5 − 14400𝑆42 𝑆6
− 64408𝑆6 𝑆8 − 769152𝑆7
+ 7604𝑆42 𝑆8 ) 𝑆6𝑡
+ 57855𝑆82 ) 𝑆4

− 9 (819624960𝑆22 + 1848 (72𝑆6 + 91𝑆8 + 104944𝑆5 ) 𝑆22 𝑆4

− 24 (330129𝑆6 − 20551𝑆8
− 2209320960𝑆2 𝑆5
− 7096320𝑆2 𝑆6 + 94386224𝑆5 ) 𝑆3 𝑆43

+ 1626240𝑆2 𝑆8 + 231 (2383360𝑆52 + 7840𝑆5 𝑆6

+ 204906240𝑆3 𝑆42 + 21280𝑆5 𝑆8 + 28𝑆6 𝑆8 − 2688𝑆7

+ 1478702080𝑆52 + 75𝑆82 − 18627840𝑆3 𝑆42 ) 𝑆1𝑡 )

International Journal of Differential Equations 15

− (3544441600𝑆52 + 15097240𝑆5 𝑆6 + 15367968000 (77 (192 (10𝐶0 − 3𝑆2 ) 𝑆42

+ 703120𝑆5 𝑆8 + (112𝑆5 + 𝑆8 ) 𝑆1 )
+ 17280𝑆62 + 3970𝑆6 𝑆8 + (120𝑆6 + 17𝑆8 + 60272𝑆5 ) 𝑆42 ) 𝐵0 𝑆42
+ 3094464𝑆7 + 13785𝑆82
− 91476000 (3696 (5040 (4𝐵0 + 𝑆3 ) 𝑆42
− 34379009280𝑆3 𝑆42 ) 𝑆2 𝑆4
+ (112𝑆5 + 𝑆8 ) 𝑆2 )
− 19958400 (2695𝑆1 − 7099𝑆42
− (603904𝑆52 + 1792𝑆5 𝑆6
+ 385𝐴 1 𝑆4 ) 𝑆3𝑡 𝑆42
+ 5392𝑆5 𝑆8 − 26𝑆6 𝑆8
− 2880 (2695𝑆1 − 3183𝑆42 − 539𝐴 1 𝑆4 ) 𝑆7𝑡
− 2688𝑆7 + 75𝑆82 )) 𝐴 1𝑡 𝑆42
+ 5940 (896𝑆7 − 25𝑆82
+ 11 (11176704000 (24𝑆6
+ 14𝑆6 𝑆8 + 2069760𝑆3 𝑆42 ) 𝐶0 𝑆4
− 11𝑆8 + 6856𝑆5
− 5544000 (24𝑆6 − 11𝑆8
− 5544𝑆2 ) 𝐵0 𝑆42
+ 6856𝑆5 − 5544𝑆2 ) 𝐷1 𝑆42 )
+ 21451820544000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆5
+ (160 ((4626885𝑆6 − 4733737𝑆8 ) 𝑆6
+ 71624044800𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆6
+ 293259136𝑆7 +5053935𝑆82 ) 𝑆5
− 20676902400𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆8
+ 13742136217600𝑆53
− 4004044800𝑆53
+ 150598419200𝑆52 𝑆6
+ 133593600𝑆52 𝑆6
− 63989446400𝑆52 𝑆8
− 107251200𝑆52 𝑆8
+ 1382400𝑆63 − 828024𝑆62 𝑆8
− 39200𝑆5 𝑆62 + 49007280𝑆5 𝑆6 𝑆8
+ 190854144𝑆6 𝑆7 − 2697315𝑆6 𝑆82
+ 3140157440𝑆5 𝑆7
− 214158080𝑆7 𝑆8 + 5466300𝑆83 ) 𝑆4 ) 𝑆4
− 81867600𝑆5 𝑆82 + 188188𝑆62 𝑆8
− 385 (776160 (𝑆6 𝑆8 − 192𝑆7
+ 12348672𝑆6 𝑆7 − 476955𝑆6 𝑆82
+ 280𝑆5 𝑆6 ) 𝑆2
− 10622080𝑆7 𝑆8
− (1341502525440𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆5 + 249900𝑆83 − 55440 (847𝑆6 𝑆8
+ 3259872000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆6 + 59136𝑆7 − 1125𝑆82 + 7840𝑆5 𝑆6
+ 3520661760𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆8 + 279417600𝑆3 𝑆42 ) 𝑆2 ) 𝐴 1 𝑆4 ))
− 40040448000𝑆53 − 183456000𝑆52 𝑆6 −1
⋅ (5532468480000𝑆44 ) ,
− 371804160𝑆52 𝑆8 − 431200𝑆5 𝑆62 (A.23)
− 274176𝑆5 𝑆6 𝑆8 + 19726336𝑆5 𝑆7
𝐵0𝑡 = (3688312320000𝑆3𝑡 𝑆43
− 3265920𝑆5 𝑆82 − 364𝑆62 𝑆8
− 620928000𝑆6𝑡 𝑆4 𝑆5
+ 182784𝑆6 𝑆7 − 441𝑆6 𝑆82 + 277200𝑆6𝑡 𝑆4 𝑆8
+ 103936𝑆7 𝑆8 − 11220𝑆83 )) 𝑆1 + 372556800𝑆7𝑡 𝑆4
16 International Journal of Differential Equations

− 1106493696000𝐵0 𝑆2 𝑆42 + 20913200𝐵2 𝑆8

+ 1614235392000𝐵0 𝑆42 𝑆5 − 1434343680𝐶0 𝑆42

+ 4790016000𝐵0 𝑆42 𝑆6 − 14343436800𝐷2 𝑆4

+ 11064936960000𝐷0 𝑆43 + 1290909312𝑆1 𝑆2

− 1052792048𝑆1 𝑆5
+ 442597478400𝑆2 𝑆3 𝑆42
− 5588352𝑆1 𝑆6
+ 62092800𝑆2 𝑆5 𝑆6
+ 6852307𝑆1 𝑆8
− 27720𝑆2 𝑆6 𝑆8 − 74511360𝑆2 𝑆7
+ 2189453112𝑆2 𝑆42
− 826011648000𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆5
− 3051480𝑆42 𝑆5
− 2567980800𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆6
+ 2469168𝑆42 𝑆6
− 119750400𝑆3 𝑆42 𝑆8
− 4097730𝑆42 𝑆8 ) 𝐴 1 𝑆4
+ 572006400𝑆53

− 19084800𝑆52 𝑆6 − 388080 (48𝐴 1 − 79𝑆4 ) 𝑆6𝑥 𝑆42 )

− (16666080𝑆6 + 97969487𝑆8
+ 15321600𝑆52 𝑆8 + 5600𝑆5 𝑆62

+ 38760𝑆5 𝑆6 𝑆8 + 9031282208𝑆5 ) 𝑆44

+ 1764 (7528052𝑆5
+ 36305920𝑆5 𝑆7 + 82800𝑆5 𝑆82
− 27160𝑆6 + 99515𝑆8
+ 512𝑆62 𝑆8 + 49728𝑆6 𝑆7
+ 15878940𝑆2 ) 𝑆1 𝑆42
− 1935𝑆6 𝑆82 − 34880𝑆7 𝑆8
+ 258720 (297𝑆6 + 14𝑆8
+2550𝑆83 )
+77780𝑆5 − 141372𝑆2 ) 𝐵2 𝑆42
−1
⋅ (11064936960000𝑆43 ) ,
− 3018400 (432𝑆6
(A.24)
− 485𝑆8 + 52960𝑆5
𝑆6𝑥𝑥 = (7 (33 (240 (108662400𝐻4
− 99792𝑆2 ) (𝐵2𝑥 − 𝐷3 ) 𝑆4
− 778447𝑆2 𝑆42 − 3773 (6912𝑆6 − 13183𝑆8
+ 2199120𝐷2 𝑆4
+ 819440𝑆5 − 1596672𝑆2 ) 𝐴21 𝑆42 )
− 18110400𝐷2𝑥 −1
⋅ (162993600𝑆42 ) .
− 1164240𝐵2𝑡 𝑆4 ) 𝑆42 (A.25)
− 136171 (112𝑆5 + 𝑆8 ) 𝑆12
Conflicts of Interest
− 53760 (4851𝑆1
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest
− 2188𝑆42 ) 𝐶0 𝑆42 ) regarding the publication of this paper.

+ 2 (4303031040𝐵2 𝑆2 Acknowledgments
− 2283635200𝐵2 𝑆5 The first author would like to thank Naresuan University,
Thailand, for the partial financial support of this project
− 18627840𝐵2 𝑆6 under Grant no. R2560C104.
International Journal of Differential Equations
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