Ain Shams Engineering Journal (2013) 4, 493–499

Ain Shams University

Ain Shams Engineering Journal

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ENGINEERING PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS

Exact solutions of some nonlinear evolution equations

via the first integral method
N. Taghizadeh, M. Mirzazadeh *, A. Samiei Paghaleh

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, P.O. Box: 1914, Iran

Received 15 April 2012; revised 8 October 2012; accepted 10 October 2012

Available online 11 November 2012

KEYWORDS Abstract The first integral method can be used to construct exact traveling wave solutions of non-
First integral method; linear partial differential equations. In this work, we explore new application of this method to
B(n, n) equation; some special nonlinear partial differential equations. By means of this method, the exact solutions
Generalized sine-Gordon of the B(n, n) equation and the generalized sine-Gordon equation and a kind of nonlinear reaction–
equation; diffusion equation and generalized form of the double sinh-Gordon equation are obtained.
Nonlinear reaction–diffusion  2012 Ain Shams University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
equation; All rights reserved.
Generalized form of the
double sinh-Gordon
equation

1. Introduction transformed rational function method [4], extended tanh-

In the nonlinear science, many important phenomena in vari-
ous fields can be described by the nonlinear evolution equa-
tions (NLEEs). Searching for exact soliton solutions of
NLEEs plays an important and a significant role in the study
on the dynamics of those phenomena. With the development
of soliton theory, many powerful methods for obtaining the
exact solutions of NLEEs have been presented, some of them
are: tanh method [1,2], multiple exp-function method [3],
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 9113445754.
E-mail addresses: taghizadeh@guilan.ac.ir (N. Taghizadeh),
mirzazadehs2@guilan.ac.ir (M. Mirzazadeh), ameneh.samiei@gmail.
com (A. Samiei Paghaleh).
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University.
Production and hosting by Elsevier
2090-4479  2012 Ain Shams University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2012.10.002
function method [5,6], first integral method [7–18], and so on.
The first integral method is a powerful solution method for
the computation of exact traveling wave solutions. This meth-
od is one of most direct and effective algebraic method for
finding exact solutions of nonlinear partial differential equa-
tions. The first integral method was first proposed by Feng
[7] in solving Burgers–KdV equation which is based on the ring
theory of commutative algebra. Recently, this useful method is
widely used by many such as in [8–18] and by the reference
therein. Raslan [13] proposed the first integral method to solve
the Fisher type. The first integral method has been utilized to
construct exact solutions of the Cahn–Allen equation by
Tascan and Bekir in [14]. Abbasbandy and Shirzadi [15] solved
the modified Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation by using the
first integral method. Tascan et al. [16] used the first integral
method to obtain the exact solutions of the modified
Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation and ZK–MEW equation.
Jafari et al. [17] solved the Davey–Stewartson equation by
using the first integral method. Recently, this method [18]
494 N. Taghizadeh et al.

has been successfully used for constructing the exact solutions
of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation.
In this work, the following generalized form of the double
sinh-Gordon equation
utt  kuxx þ 2a sinhðnuÞ þ b sinhð2nuÞ ¼ 0;
is studied, where k, a, b are real constants and n is a positive
integer.
This equation can be seen as a generalization of the well-
studied sinh-Gordon equation
utt  uxx þ sinh u ¼ 0;
which is derived from research on the surfaces of positive con-
stant curvature and various areas of physics [19]. More details
are presented [20].
In work [21], the sine-Gordon equation, the sinh-Gordon
equation, and the famous sinh-Gordon equation given by
utt  uxx þ sin u ¼ 0;
utt  uxx þ sinh u ¼ 0;
and
uxt þ sinh u ¼ 0;
respectively, were investigated by using the standard tanh
method.
In [22] the authors were presented a direct method for find-
ing particular solutions of equations of sine-Gordon type,
including single sinh-Gordon, single sine-Gordon equations,
double sinh-Gordon and double sine-Gordon equations. In
this paper, we use the first integral method to construct exact
traveling wave solutions to such problems.
2. The first integral method
Step 1. Consider a general nonlinear PDE in the form
Eðu; ux ; ut ; uxx ; uxt ; . . .Þ ¼ 0: ð1Þ
where u = u(n) is an unknown function, H is a polynomial in
the variable u and its derivatives.
Step 2. Suppose the solution of ODE (5) can be written as
follows:
uðx; tÞ ¼ fðnÞ; ð6Þ
and furthermore, we introduce a new independent variable
@fðnÞ
XðnÞ ¼ fðnÞ; YðnÞ ¼ : ð7Þ
@n
Step 3. Under the conditions of Step 2, Eq. (5) can be con-
verted to a system of nonlinear ODEs as follows
@XðnÞ
¼ YðnÞ;
@n
ð8Þ
@YðnÞ
¼ FðXðnÞ; YðnÞÞ:
@n
If we can find the integrals to Eq. (8), then the general solu-
tions to Eq. (8) can be solved directly. However, in general, it is
really difficult for us to realize this even for one first integral,
because for a given plane autonomous system, there is neither
a systematic theory that can tell us how to find its first inte-
grals, nor a logical way for telling us what these first integrals
are. We will apply the so-called Division Theorem [23] to ob-
tain one first integral to Eq. (8) which reduces Eq. (5) to a first
order integrable ODE. An exact solution to Eq. (1) is then ob-
tained by solving this equation.
Division Theorem. Suppose that P(w, z) and Q(w, z) are
polynomials in C[w, z], and P(w, z) is irreducible in C[w, z].
If Q(w, z) vanishes at all zero points of P(w, z), then there exists
a polynomial G(w, z) in C[w, z] such that
Qðw; zÞ ¼ Pðw; zÞGðw; zÞ:
The Divisor Theorem follows immediately from the Hil-
bert–Nullstellensatz Theorem [24].

Hilbert–Nullstellensatz Theorem. Let K be a field and L be an

To find the traveling wave solutions to Eq. (1), we introduce algebraic closure of K. Then:
the wave variable
n ¼ x  ct; ð2Þ (i) Every ideal c of K[X1, X2, . . . , Xn] not containing 1
admits at least one zero in Ln.
so that (ii) Let x = (x1, x2, . . . , xn) and y = (y1, y2, . . . , yn) be two
uðx; tÞ ¼ uðnÞ: ð3Þ elements of Ln. For the set of polynomials of K[X1,
X2, . . . , Xn] zero at x to be identical with the set of poly-
Based on this we use the following changes nomials of K[X1, X2, . . . , Xn] zero at y, it is necessary
@ @ and sufficient that there exists a K-automorphism S of L
ðÞ ¼ ðÞ;
@x @n such that yi = S(xi) for 1 6 i 6 n.
@ @ (iii) For an ideal a of K[X1, X2, . . . , Xn] to be maximal, it is
ðÞ ¼ c ðÞ; necessary and sufficient that there exists an x in Ln such
@t @n
ð4Þ that a is the set of polynomials of K[X1, X2, . . . , Xn] zero
@2 @2
ðÞ ¼ ðÞ; at x.
@x2 @n2 (iv) For a polynomial Q of K[X1, X2, . . . , Xn] to be zero on
@2 @2 the set of zeros in Ln of an ideal c of K[X1,
ðÞ ¼ c 2 ðÞ;
@t@x @n X2, . . . , Xn], it is necessary and sufficient that there exists
an integer m > 0 such that Qm 2 c.
and so on for the other derivatives.
Using (4) changes the PDE (1) to an ODE
  3. The B(n, n) equation
@u @ 2 u
H u; ; ; . . . ¼ 0; ð5Þ
@n @n2 In this section we consider the B(n, n) equation [25]
Exact solutions of some nonlinear evolution equations via the first integral method 495
 n 
ut þ aðun Þx þ bðun Þxx ¼ 0: ð9Þ Xa01 ðXÞ ¼ hðXÞa1 ðXÞ  1  a1 ðXÞ; ð18Þ
1n
This equation is generalized form of the Burger’s equation.  c a 
The Burger’s equation has been widely applied in many Xa00 ðXÞ ¼ gðXÞ  X2 þ X a1 ðXÞ þ hðXÞa0 ðXÞ; ð19Þ
nb b
branches of physics like plasma physics, fluid dynamics, and 0 ¼ gðXÞa0 ðXÞ: ð20Þ
nonlinear optics.
Assume (9) has the traveling wave solution as Since ai(X)(i = 0,1) are polynomials, then from (18) we de-
n
duce that a1(X) is constant and hðXÞ ¼ 1  1n . For simplicity
uðx; tÞ ¼ UðnÞ; n ¼ x  ct; ð10Þ
take a1(X) = 1. Balancing the degrees of g(X) and a0(X),
where c is wave velocity. Substituting (10) into Eq. (9) yields we conclude that deg (g(X)) = 0, deg(a0(X)) = 2. Suppose
that
cU0 þ aðUn Þ0 þ bðUn Þ00 ¼ 0: ð11Þ
gðXÞ ¼ A0 ; a0 ðXÞ ¼ B0 þ B1 X þ B2 X2 ; ðB2 –0Þ; ð21Þ
Due to the difficulty in obtaining the first integral of Eq.
1
(11), we propose a transformation denoted by U ¼ V1n . where A0, B0, B1, B2 are all constants to be determined.
Then Eq. (11) is converted to Substituting a0(X), a1(X) and g(X) in (19) and (20), and set-
ting all the coefficients of powers X to be zero, we obtain a sys-
c na 0 nbð2n  1Þ ðV0 Þ2 nb 00
 VV0 þ V þ þ V ¼ 0: tem of nonlinear algebraic equations and by solving it, we
1n 1n ð1  nÞ2 V 1n obtain the following solutions
ð12Þ
ð1  nÞa ð1  nÞc
A0 ¼ B0 ¼ 0; B1 ¼ ; B2 ¼  ; ð22Þ
If we let X ¼ V; Y ¼ dV dn
, the Eq. (12) is equivalent to the bn nb
two dimensional autonomous system where c is arbitrary constant.
(
X0 ¼ Y; Using the conditions (22) in (16), we obtain
  Y2 ð13Þ
Y0 ¼ nbc XY  ab Y þ 1  1n
n
: n1
X Y ðaX  cX2 Þ ¼ 0;
nb
Making the following transformation
combining this first integral with (15), the second order differ-
dn ential Eq. (12) can be reduced to
dg ¼ ; ð14Þ
X
dV n  1
then system (13) becomes ¼ ðaV  cV2 Þ: ð23Þ
dn nb
( dX
dg
¼ XY; Solving Eq. (23), we have
  2 ð15Þ
dY
¼ nbc X2 Y  ab XY þ 1  1n
n
Y: aðn1Þ
dg a e nb ðxctþn0 Þ
Vðx; tÞ ¼
Now, we are applying the Division Theorem to seek c 1 þ eaðn1Þ
nb
ðxctþn0 Þ

the first integral to system (15). Suppose that X = X(g),   

a aðn  1Þ
nontrivial solutions to (15), and qðX; YÞ ¼ ¼ 1 þ tanh ðx  ct þ n0 Þ ; ð24Þ
P=
Y
m
Y(g) are the
i 2c 2nb
i¼0 ai ðXÞY is an irreducible polynomial in C[X, Y], such that
X
m where n0 is an arbitrary constant.
qðXðgÞ; YðgÞÞ ¼ ai ðXðgÞÞYi ðgÞ ¼ 0; ð16Þ Then, we obtain the exact solution to the B(n, n) equation in
i¼0 the following form
where ai(X)(i = 0,1, . . . , m), are polynomials of X and am   
1n
1
a aðn  1Þ
(X) „ 0. Eq. (16) is called the first integral to system (15). Sup- uðx; tÞ ¼ 1 þ tanh ðx  ct þ n0 Þ :
2c 2nb
pose that m = 1 in (16). Note that dq is a polynomial in Xand
dg Comparing our result with Wazwaz’s result [25] then it can be

Y, and q[X(g), Y(g)] = 0 implies dq dg
¼ 0. According to the seen that the result is same.
ð15Þ
Division Theorem, there exists a polynomial g(X) + h(X)Yin
C[X, Y] such that
   4. The generalized sine-Gordon equation
dq dq dX dq dY 
¼  þ 
dgð15Þ dX dg dY dg ð15Þ Let us consider the generalized sine-Gordon equation
! !
X1 X1
utt  uxx þ sinðnuÞ ¼ 0: ð25Þ
¼ a0i ðXÞYi ðXYÞ þ iai ðXÞYi1
i¼0 i¼0
c a  n  2
2
 X Y  XY þ 1  Y
nb b 1n
Remark. If n = 1, we have the sine-Gordon equation
X
1
¼ ðgðXÞ þ hðXÞYÞ ai ðXÞYi ; ð17Þ
i¼0 utt  uxx þ sin u ¼ 0:
where prime denotes differentiation with respect to the vari- The sine-Gordon equation is a completely integrable, infi-
able X. By comparing with the coefficients of Yi(i = 2,1,0) of nite dimensional Hamiltonian system [26], and it can be solved
both sides of (17), we have by the inverse scattering method. Integrable means that there
496 N. Taghizadeh et al.

are a sufficiently large number of conserved quantities [26]. Since ai(X)(i = 0,1) are polynomials, then from (35) we deduce
This equation can be used in interpreting biological concepts that a1(X) is constant and h(X) = 4(c2  1). For simplicity,
such as DNA dynamic. take a1(X) = 1. Balancing the degrees of g(X) and a0(X), we
conclude that deg(g(X)) = deg(a0(X)) = 2. Suppose that
Using the Painlevé transformation [20]
v ¼ eiu ; ð26Þ gðXÞ ¼ A0 þ A1 X þ A2 X2 ; a0 ðXÞ
2
carries (25) into the ODE ¼ B0 þ B1 X þ B2 X ; ðA2 –0; B2 –0Þ; ð38Þ

2vvtt  2vvxx  2v2t þ 2v2x þ vnþ2  vnþ2 ¼ 0: ð27Þ where A0, A1, A2, B0, B1, B2 are all constants to be determined.
Substituting (38) into Eq. (36), we obtain
Using the wave variable n = x  ct, carries (27) into the
ODE gðXÞ ¼ 4ðc2  1ÞB0 þ 4ðc2  1ÞB2 X2 : ð39Þ
nþ2 nþ2 2 00 2 0 2
v v þ 2ðc  1Þvv  2ðc  1Þðv Þ ¼ 0: ð28Þ Substituting a0(X), a1(X) and g(X) in (37), and setting all
2
By using transformation v ¼ Un ; Eq. (28) becomes the coefficients of powers X to be zero, we obtain a system
4 4 of nonlinear algebraic equations and by solving it, we obtain
U4  1  ðc2  1ÞðU0 Þ2 þ ðc2  1ÞUU00 ¼ 0: ð29Þ the following solutions
n n
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
By using (6) and (7), we have n
( B0 ¼ B2 ¼  ; B1 ¼ 0; ð40Þ
X0 ¼ Y; 4ð1  c2 Þ
  ð30Þ
Y0 ¼ 4ðc2 1ÞX
n
1  X4 þ 4n ðc2  1ÞY2 :
where c is arbitrary constant.
Making the following transformation Using the conditions (40) in (33), we obtain
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
dn n
dg ¼ ; ð31Þ Y ð1 þ X2 Þ ¼ 0;
4ðc2  1ÞX 4ð1  c2 Þ
then system (30) becomes combining this first integral with (32), the second order differ-
( dX ential Eq. (29) can be reduced to
¼ 4ðc2  1ÞXY; rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
dg
  ð32Þ dU n
dY
¼ n 1  X4 þ 4n ðc2  1ÞY2 : ¼ ð1 þ U2 Þ: ð41Þ
dg dn 4ð1  c2 Þ
Now, we are applying the Division Theorem to seek Solving Eq. (41), we have
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 
the first integral to system (32). Suppose that X = X(g), n
Y = Y(g) are the nontrivial solutions to (32), and qðX; YÞ ¼ Uðx; tÞ ¼  tan ðx  ct þ n0 Þ ; ð42Þ
P m
4ð1  c2 Þ
i
i¼0 ai ðXÞY is an irreducible polynomial in C[X, Y], such that
where n0 is an arbitrary constant. Then
X
m
qðXðgÞ; YðgÞÞ ¼ ai ðXðgÞÞYi ðgÞ ¼ 0; ð33Þ rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 
2n
n
i¼0 vðx; tÞ ¼  tan ðx  ct þ n0 Þ : ð43Þ
4ð1  c2 Þ
where ai(X)(i = 0,1, . . . , m), are polynomials of X and am
(X) „ 0. Eq. (33) is called the first integral to system (32). Sup- Thus, we have the exact solutions of the generalized sine-Gor-
pose that m = 1 in (33). According to the Division Theorem, don equation in the following form
there exists a polynomial g(X) + h(X)Y in C[X, Y] such that 0 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4n 1
   B tan
n
ðx  ct þ n0 Þ þ 1C
dq dq dX dq dY  B 4ð1c2 Þ
C 2
¼  þ  uðx;tÞ ¼ arccos B     2 C; c < 1:
dgð32Þ dX dg dY dg ð32Þ @ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi n A
! n
2 tan 4ð1c2 Þ
ðx  ct þ n0 Þ
X1
0 i
¼ ai ðXÞY ð4ðc2  1ÞXYÞ
ð44Þ
i¼0
!  
X1
4 Comparing our results with Bougoffa’s results [22] and
þ iai ðXÞY i1
: n 1  X4 þ ðc2  1ÞY2 Wazwaz’s results [21] then it can be seen that the results are
n
i¼0 new.
X
1 When n = 1,
¼ ðgðXÞ þ hðXÞYÞ ai ðXÞYi ; 0   1
i¼0
tan 4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 ffi ðx  ct þ n0 Þ þ 1
ð34Þ B 2 ð1c2 Þ C
uðx; tÞ ¼ arccos B
@   C 2
A; c < 1:
where prime denotes differentiation with respect to the vari- 2 tan 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1
2
ffi ðx  ct þ n0 Þ
2 ð1c Þ
able X. By comparing with the coefficients of Yi(i = 2, 1, 0)
of both sides of (34), we have
When n = 2,
4ðc2  1ÞXa01 ðXÞ ¼ hðXÞa1 ðXÞ  4ðc2  1Þa1 ðXÞ; ð35Þ 0   1
2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1
B tan ðx  ct þ n0 Þ þ 1C
2ð1c2 Þ
4ðc2  1ÞXa00 ðXÞ ¼ gðXÞa1 ðXÞ þ hðXÞa0 ðXÞ; ð36Þ uðx;tÞ ¼ arccos B    C 2
@ A; c < 1:
a1 ðXÞðnð1  X4 ÞÞ ¼ gðXÞa0 ðXÞ: ð37Þ 2tan pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1
2
ðx  ct þ n0 Þ
2ð1c Þ
Exact solutions of some nonlinear evolution equations via the first integral method 497

5. A kind of nonlinear reaction–diffusion equation where prime denotes differentiation with respect to the vari-
able X. By comparing with the coefficients of Yi(i = 2, 1, 0)
of both sides of (52), we have
Let us consider the nonlinear reaction–diffusion equation
[27]  
p
Xa01 ðXÞ ¼ hðXÞa1 ðXÞ  1  a1 ðXÞ; ð53Þ
1p
ut ¼ ðaup1 ux Þx  bu þ cup ; c > 0; p–1: ð45Þ  c 
Xa00 ðXÞ ¼ gðXÞ þ X2 a1 ðXÞ þ hðXÞa0 ðXÞ; ð54Þ
In [28], the author has obtained a kind of explosive-type  ak 
solution of Eq. (45). In this section, we will obtain a new type bð1  pÞ 3 cð1  pÞ 2
a1 ðXÞ X  X ¼ gðXÞa0 ðXÞ: ð55Þ
of exact solution of Eq. (45). ak2 ak2
Using the wave transformation u(x, t) = U(n),
n = k(x  ct), where k and c are the wave number and wave Since ai(X)(i = 0, 1) are polynomials, then from (53) we deduce
p
speed, respectively, Eq. (45) is carried out to the following that a1(X) is constant and hðXÞ ¼ 1  1p . For simplicity, take
ODE: a1(X) = 1. Balancing the degrees of g(X) and a0(X), we con-
clude that deg(g(X)) = 1, and deg(a0(X)) = 2. Suppose that
kcU0 ¼ ak2 ðUp1 U0 Þ0  bU þ cUp : ð46Þ gðXÞ ¼ A0 þ A1 X; a0 ðXÞ
1
We propose a transformation denoted by U ¼ V ; then 1p
¼ B0 þ B1 X þ B2 X2 ; ðA1 –0; B2 –0Þ; ð56Þ
Eq. (46) is converted to
where A0, A1, B0, B1, B2 are all constants to be determined.
kc ak2 00 ak2 ð2p  1Þ ðV0Þ2
VV0 þ V þ  bV2 þ cV Substituting (56) into Eq. (54), we obtain
1p 1p ð1  pÞ2 V
¼ 0: ð47Þ b
gðXÞ ¼ X: ð57Þ
kc
By using (6) and (7), we obtain
( Substituting a0(X), a1(X) and g(X) in (55), and setting all the
X0 ¼ Y; coefficients of powers X to be zero, we obtain a system of non-
  ð48Þ
Y2
Y0 ¼ 1  1p
p
X
 akc XY þ bð1pÞ
ak2
X2  cð1pÞ
ak2
X: linear algebraic equations and by solving it, we obtain the fol-
lowing solutions
Making the following transformation
ccðp  1Þ cðp  1Þ
dn B0 ¼ 0; B1 ¼ ; B2 ¼  ; ð58Þ
dg ¼ ; ð49Þ bka ka
X
where c, k are arbitrary constants.
then system (48) becomes Using the conditions (58) in (51), we obtain
8
< dX
dg
¼ XY; ccðp  1Þ cðp  1Þ 2
  ð50Þ Yþ X X ¼ 0;
: ¼ 1  p Y2  c X2 Y þ bð1pÞ
dY
X3  cð1pÞ X2 : bka ka
dg 1p ak ak2 ak2
combining this first integral with (50), the second order differ-
Now, we are applying the Division Theorem to seek the first ential Eq. (47) can be reduced to
integral to system (50). Suppose that X = X(g), Y = Y(g)
are solutions to (50), and qðX; YÞ ¼ dV ccð1  pÞ cð1  pÞ 2
Pm the nontrivial
i dn
¼
bka
V
ka
V: ð59Þ
i¼0 ai ðXÞY is an irreducible polynomial in C[X, Y], such
that Solving Eq. (59), we have
X
m ccð1pÞ
qðXðgÞ; YðgÞÞ ¼ ai ðXðgÞÞYi ðgÞ ¼ 0; ð51Þ c e bka ðkðxctÞþn0 Þ
Vðx; tÞ ¼ ; ð60Þ
i¼0 b 1 þ eccð1pÞ
bka
ðkðxctÞþn0 Þ

where ai(X)(i = 0,1, . . . , m), are polynomials of X and am

where n0 is an arbitrary constant.
(X) „ 0. Eq. (51) is called the first integral to system (50). Sup-
Thus, we have the exact solution of the nonlinear reaction–
pose that m = 1 in (51). According to the Division Theorem,
diffusion Eq. (45) in the following form
there exists a polynomial g(X) + h(X)Y in C[X, Y] such that
( ccð1pÞ )1p
1

   c e bka ðkðxctÞþn0 Þ
dq dq dX dq dY  uðx; tÞ ¼ :
¼  þ  b 1 þ eccð1pÞ
bka ðkðxctÞþn0 Þ
dg ð50Þ dX dg dY dg ð50Þ
! ! Comparing our result with Zhang’s result [27] then it can be
X1 X
1
¼ a0i ðXÞYi ðXYÞ þ iai ðXÞYi1 seen that the result is new.
i¼0 i¼0
  
p 2 c 2 bð1  pÞ 3 cð1  pÞ 2
 1 Y  X Yþ X  X 6. Generalized form of the double sinh-Gordon equation
1p ak ak2 ak2
X
1
In this section, we consider a generalized form of the double
¼ ðgðXÞ þ hðXÞYÞ ai ðXÞYi ;
i¼0
sinh-Gordon equation in the form
ð52Þ utt  kuxx þ 2a sinhðnuÞ þ b sinhð2nuÞ ¼ 0: ð61Þ
498 N. Taghizadeh et al.

This equation arises as mathematical physics models in a wide 2ðc2  kÞXa01 ðXÞ ¼ hðXÞa1 ðXÞ  2ðc2  kÞa1 ðXÞ; ð71Þ
range of scientific applications that range from chemical reac- 2ðc2  kÞXa00 ðXÞ ¼ gðXÞa1 ðXÞ þ hðXÞa0 ðXÞ; ð72Þ
tions to water surface gravity waves, and their solitary wave 4 3
solutions are obtained in [19] and the references therein. a1 ðXÞðbnX  2anX þ 2anX þ bnÞ ¼ gðXÞa0 ðXÞ: ð73Þ
Letting u(x, t) = u(n), n = x  ct, Eq. (61) is changed to a Since ai(X)(i = 0, 1) are polynomials, then from (71) we deduce
nonlinear ODE that a1(X) is constant and h(X) = 2(c2  k). For simplicity,
ðc2  kÞu00 þ 2a sinhðnuÞ þ b sinhð2nuÞ ¼ 0: ð62Þ take a1(X) = 1. Balancing the degrees of g(X) and a0(X), we
conclude that deg(g(X)) = deg(a0(X)) = 2. Suppose that
Using the Painlevé transformation [19]
gðXÞ ¼ A0 þ A1 X þ A2 X2 ; a0 ðXÞ
v ¼ enu ; ð63Þ
2
we have ¼ B0 þ B1 X þ B2 X ; ðA2 –0; B2 –0Þ; ð74Þ

vv 1 2
v v 2 where A0, A1, A2, B0, B1, B2 are all constants to be determined.
sinhðnuÞ ¼ ; sinhð2nuÞ ¼ : ð64Þ Substituting (74) into Eq. (72), we obtain
2 2
Then (62) becomes gðXÞ ¼ 2ðc2  kÞB0 þ 2ðc2  kÞB2 X2 : ð75Þ
4 3 2 00 2
bnv þ 2anv  2anv  bn þ 2ðc  kÞvv  2ðc  kÞ Substituting a0(X), a1(X) and g(X) in (73), and setting all the
0 2 coefficients of powers X to be zero, we obtain a system of non-
 ðv Þ
linear algebraic equations and by solving it, we obtain the fol-
¼ 0: ð65Þ lowing solutions
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Using (6) and (7), we get 2ðk  c2 Þbn 2an
( B0 ¼  ; B1 ¼  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; B2
X0 ¼ Y; 2ðc2  kÞ 2ðk  c2 Þbn
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Y0 ¼ 2ðc2 kÞX
1
ð2ðc2  kÞY2  bnX4  2anX3 þ 2anX þ bnÞ: 2ðk  c2 Þbn
¼ ; ð76Þ
ð66Þ 2ðc2  kÞ

Making the following transformation where c is arbitrary constant.

Using the conditions (76) in (69), we obtain
dn sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 
dg ¼ ; ð67Þ
2ðc2  kÞX bn 2a 2
Y 1 þ X þ X ¼ 0;
2ðk  c2 Þ b
then system (66) becomes
( dX combining this first integral with (68), the second order differ-
dg
¼ 2ðc2  kÞXY;
ð68Þ ential Eq. (65) can be reduced to
dY
¼ 2ðc2  kÞY2  bnX4  2anX3 þ 2anX þ bn: sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
dg 
dv bn 2a 2
Now, we are applying the Division Theorem to seek the first ¼ 1 þ v þ v : ð77Þ
dn 2ðk  c2 Þ b
integral to system (68). Suppose that X = X(g), Y = Y(g)
are
Pm the nontrivial solutions to (68), and qðX; YÞ ¼ Solving Eq. (77), we have
i
i¼0 ai ðXÞY is an irreducible polynomial in C[X, Y], such pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
that a b2  a2
vðx; tÞ ¼  
X
m b b
0sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
qðXðgÞ; YðgÞÞ ¼ ai ðXðgÞÞYi ðgÞ ¼ 0; ð69Þ 2 2Þ
nðb  a
i¼0  tan @ ðx  ct þ n0 ÞA; b
2bðk  c2 Þ
where ai(X)(i = 0,1, . . . , m), are polynomials of X and am
(X) „ 0. According to the Division Theorem, there exists a > a; c2 < k; ð78Þ
polynomial g(X) + h(X)Y in C[X, Y] such that
   where n0 is an arbitrary constant.
dq dq dX dq dY  Thus, we have the exact solutions of the generalized form of
¼  þ 
dgð68Þ dX dg dY dg ð68Þ the double sinh-Gordon equation in the following form
! 0 1
X1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2
0 b2 a2 nðb2 a2 Þ
¼ ai ðXÞY ð2ðc2  kÞXYÞ
i
B  ba  b tan 2bðkc 2 Þðx  ct þ n0 Þ þ 1C
1 B
i¼0 uðx;tÞ ¼ arccosh B  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  CC;
! n @ a b2 a2 nðb2 a2 Þ A
X
1 2  b  b tan 2bðkc Þ2 ðx  ct þ n0 Þ
þ iai ðXÞYi1  ð2ðc2  kÞY2  bnX4
i¼0
where b > a, c2 < k.
 2anX3 þ 2anX þ bnÞ
Comparing our result with Wazwaz’s results [20] then it can
X
1
be seen that the result is same.
¼ ðgðXÞ þ hðXÞYÞ ai ðXÞYi ; ð70Þ
i¼0 7. Conclusion
where prime denotes differentiation with respect to the vari-
able X. By comparing with the coefficients of Yi(i = 2, 1, 0) In this paper, the first integral method has been used to con-
of both sides of (70), we have struct exact traveling wave solutions of nonlinear partial dif-
Exact solutions of some nonlinear evolution equations via the first integral method 499

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