Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107097

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Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rinp

Analytical investigation and graphical simulations for the solitary wave

behavior of Chaffee–Infante equation
Maasoomah Sadaf a , Saima Arshed a , Ghazala Akram a ,∗, Mohamed R. Ali b,c , Iffat Bano a
a
Department of Mathematics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
b
Basic Engineering Science Department, Benha Facultyv of Engineering, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
c
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Chaffee–Infante equation has several useful applications in the field of electromagnetic waves, fluid dynamics,
Chaffee–Infante equation plasma physics, signal processing in optical fibers and sound waves. In this study, the (1+1)-D and (2+1)-D forms
Exact solutions of the Chaffee–Infante equation are theoretically investigated to determine the variations in wave structure
Soliton solution
of the considered model by finding the analytical exact closed form solutions of the considered equations.
Traveling wave hypothesis
The expressions for traveling wave solution are retrieved which involve rational, hyperbolic and trigonometric
′
functions, through the ( 𝐺𝐺 , 𝐺1 )-expansion method for analytical treatment of the equation for the first time.
The solitons and other traveling wave structures are observed through two and three dimensional graphical
simulations.

Introduction It is crucial to examine the solutions in closed form for NLEEs

Nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs) frequently appear in math-
ematical description of the complicated physical processes in many
domains of mathematical physics including fluid mechanics, chemical
physics, optical fibers, biology and solid-state physics, etc. [1–3]. The
Chaffee–Infante (CI) equation is a nonlinear evolution equation initially
modeled to be used in the study of combustion physics and combus-
tion chemistry. Particularly in the context of premixed flames, it is
crucial for characterizing the dynamics of chemical reactions during
combustion processes. Since its creation, the CI equation has received
in order to deeply examine the physical framework of the related
systems. Owing to the importance of the analytical solutions of NLEEs,
various effective methods have been developed and implemented by
researchers. Some examples of analytic methods presented over the
last few decades include the simple equation method [8], sub-equation
method [9] first integral method [10], the improved F-expansion
methodology [11], sine-Gordon expansion approaches [12,13], auxil-
iary equation technique [14] symmetry approach [15], the Bäcklund
′ 𝐺′
transform [16], the ( 𝐺𝐺 )-expansion method [17,18], ( 𝐺 2 )-expansion

substantial research and use in the scientific world. It has been exten-
sively utilized in various other fields such as electronic science, ecology,
fluid dynamics, nuclear physics and others to describe the physical
processes of particle diffusion and mass transport [4]. The investigation
of the dynamical behavior of the equation has therefore enormous
scientific value and a wide range of potential applications [5]. The
(1 + 1)-D form of the CI equation can be written, as [6]
𝑘𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥𝑥 + 𝜇(𝑘3 − 𝑘) = 0,
where 𝜇 modulates the relative balance between the nonlinear term
and diffusion term.
The (2 + 1)-D form of CI equation [7] is
𝑘𝑥𝑡 + (−𝑘𝑥𝑥 + 𝐿𝑘3 − 𝐿𝑘)𝑥 + 𝜎𝑘𝑦𝑦 = 0,
where 𝜎 and 𝐿 are arbitrary constant.
method [19], a new modified Sardar sub-equation method [20] and
many others. Solitons, breathers, lamp solutions, and various other
types of waveforms are obtained as analytical solutions in the study
of NLEEs, each exhibiting distinct properties and behaviors [21–23].
Many researchers have contributed to calculate various forms of
solutions for CI equation including the following studies. An alge-
braic approach has been utilized to calculate double periodic solutions
(1) and two line-soliton solutions of the model [24]. Sakthivel and Chun
applied exp-function technique to calculate solutions in the form of
traveling waves [25]. Oscillatory damped approximate solutions to
the equation were obtained by using method of undetermined coeffi-
cients [25]. Mao derived solutions involving the elliptic functions via
(2) trial equation method and canonical-like transformation method for the
concerned equation [26]. Closed form solitary wave solutions to the CI

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: maasoomah.math@pu.edu.pk (M. Sadaf), saima.math@pu.edu.pk (S. Arshed), toghazala2003@yahoo.com (G. Akram),
mohamed.reda@bhit.bu.edu.eg, mohamed.reda@fue.edu.eg (M.R. Ali), iffatbano6789@gmail.com (I. Bano).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2023.107097
Received 7 September 2023; Received in revised form 12 October 2023; Accepted 17 October 2023
Available online 24 October 2023
2211-3797/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
M. Sadaf et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107097

equation were calculated by utilizing the first integral method [27]. where 𝐻 is a polynomial. According to the traveling wave hypothesis,
Yusuf et al. exercised Cole–Hopf transformation to obtain breather a traveling wave transformation of the following form is considered.
waves and utilized Lie–Bäcklund symmetries to derive conservation
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = 𝐾(𝜒), 𝜒 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡, (13)
laws for the governing equation [28]. Arshed et al. studied solitary
wave behavior of (2 + 1)-dimensional CI equation [29]. where 𝑐 is the velocity. By employing the transformation on Eq. (12),
′
The generalized form of the well-known ( 𝐺𝐺 )-expansion technique Eq. (12) reduces to an ODE, as
′
is ( 𝐺𝐺 , 𝐺1 )-expansion method. It is a recently developed effective di- 𝐸(𝐾, 𝐾 ′ , 𝐾 ′′ , 𝐾 ′′′ , …) = 0, (14)
rect method to determine the precise solutions to a variety of NLEEs
𝑑
[30–32]. Although many analytical schemes have been implemented where (′ = 𝑑𝜒 ).
′
𝐺 1
on the CI equation but there remains a room to discover more precise The framework is focused on the generic solution
( 𝐺 , 𝐺 )-expansion
and new solutions for evolution equations. Nobody has looked into of Eq. (14) in the form, as
′
the application of ( 𝐺𝐺 , 𝐺1 )-expansion scheme for the solutions of the CI
′ ∑
𝑠 ∑
𝑠
equation. In this work, the ( 𝐺𝐺 , 𝐺1 )-expansion method is being first time 𝐾(𝜒) = 𝛼𝑖 𝛷𝑖 + 𝛽𝑖 𝛷𝑖−1 𝛹 . (15)
applied to investigate the exact closed form traveling wave solutions 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

of (1 + 1)-D and (2 + 1)-D forms of the CI equation. Hoping that these
results will be valuable addition in the literature of nonlinear evolution
equations, especially, the CI equation.
′
The manuscript is compiled in the following manner: The ( 𝐺𝐺 , 𝐺1 )-
expansion approach is briefly described in Section ‘‘Mathematical ex-
′
planation of ( 𝐺𝐺 , 𝐺1 )-expansion method’’. Section ‘‘Mathematical inves-
tigation of CI equation’’ presents application of the described method
to investigate the (1 + 1)-D and (2 + 1)-D forms of CI equation. In
Section ‘‘Graphical analysis of solutions’’, the traveling structures of the
earned solutions are presented and lastly conclusion of the method is
illustrated in Section ‘‘Conclusion’’.
where 𝛼𝑖 (𝑖 = 0, 1, 2, 3, … , 𝑠), 𝛽𝑖 (𝑖 = 1, 2, 3, … , 𝑠) are constants and 𝑠 in
Eq. (15) can be computed by the homogeneous balancing principle be-
tween the highest order nonlinear term and the highest order derivative
term of the Eq. (14).
Putting the value of Eq. (15) into Eq. (14) along with Eq. (5) and
(7), the resulting expression involves terms with different powers of 𝛷
and 𝛹 , the degree of 𝛹 being not greater than one. The values of 𝛼𝑖 ,
𝛽𝑖 , 𝛾, 𝜛, 𝑐, 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 are retrieved by comparing the coefficients of same
powers of 𝛷 and 𝛹 to zero.
Similarly, the exact solutions of Eq. (14) are attained by assigning
Eq. (15) into Eq. (14), using Eqs. (5) and (9) or Eqs. (5) and (11).

′ 𝟏 Mathematical investigation of CI equation

Mathematical explanation of ( 𝑮𝑮 , 𝑮
)-expansion method
′
In this section, the ( 𝐺𝐺 , 𝐺1 )-expansion methodology is adopted to
Considered the ordinary differential equation, as extract the exact analytical solitons and other traveling wave solutions
𝐺′′ (𝜒) + 𝜛𝐺(𝜒) = 𝛾. (3) for (1 + 1)-D and (2 + 1)-D forms of CI equation.

The variables defined by Solutions of (1 + 1)-D CI equation

𝐺′ (𝜒) 1
𝛷= , 𝛹= , (4) The traveling wave transformation is considered, as
𝐺(𝜒) 𝐺(𝜒)
satisfy the relation 𝑘(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐾(𝜒), 𝜒 = 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡. (16)

𝛷′ = −𝛷2 + 𝛾𝛹 − 𝜛, 𝛹 ′ = −𝛷𝛹 . (5) By applying the transformation, Eq. (1) is reduced to an ODE, as

When 𝜛 < 0, the general solution of Eq. (3) is − 𝑐𝐾 ′ − 𝐾 ′′ − 𝜇(𝐾 − 𝐾 3 ) = 0. (17)

√ √ 𝛾 Balancing principle yields 𝑠 = 1, so
𝐺 = 𝑃1 sinh −𝜛 𝜒 + 𝑃2 cosh −𝜛 𝜒 + (6)
𝜛
𝐾 = 𝛼0 + 𝛼1 𝛷 + 𝛽1 𝛹 , (18)
and
𝜛 where 𝛽1 , 𝛼1 , and 𝛼0 are constants here.
𝛹2 = − [𝜙2 − 2𝛾𝛹 + 𝜛], (7) Case 1: If 𝜛 < 0, then the hyperbolic function solutions are determined
𝜛 2 𝜎1 + 𝛾 2
as follows:
where 𝜎1 = 𝑃12 − 𝑃22 and 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 are arbitrary constants. Result 1
When 𝜛 > 0, the general solution of Eq. (3) is √
√ √ 1 𝜄 𝛾 2 + 𝜛 2 𝜎1 √
𝛾 𝛼0 = − , 𝛼1 = − √ , 𝛽1 = − , 𝑐 = 3𝜄 𝜛, 𝜇 = −2𝜛.
𝐺 = 𝑃1 sin 𝜛 𝜒 + 𝑃2 cos 𝜛 𝜒 + (8) 2 2𝜛
𝜛 2 𝜛
and (19)
𝜛
𝛹2 = [𝜙2 − 2𝛾𝛹 + 𝜛], (9) Putting Eq. (19) into Eq. (18) and utilizing Eq. (4) and (6), the solution
𝜛 2 𝜎1 − 𝛾 2
of Eq. (1) is retrieved, as follows:
where 𝜎1 = 𝑃12 + 𝑃22 . [
√ √
When 𝜛 = 0, the general solution of Eq. (3) is 𝑘(𝑥, 𝑡) = − (𝑃2 𝜛 + 𝜄𝑃1 −𝜛) cosh( −𝜛 𝜒)
1 2 √ √
𝐺= 𝛾𝜒 + 𝑃1 𝜒 + 𝑃2 (10) +(𝑃1 𝜛 + 𝜄𝑃2 −𝜛) sinh( −𝜛 𝜒) + 𝛾
2 √ ] [ ( √
and + 𝛾 2 + 𝜛 2 𝜎1 2 𝛾 + 𝑃2 𝜛 cosh( −𝜛 𝜒)
1 √ )]−1
𝛹2 = [𝛷2 − 2𝛾𝛹 ]. (11)
𝑃12 − 2𝛾𝑃2 +𝑃1 𝜛 sinh( −𝜛 𝜒) . (20)

Following is the main mathematical procedure of the ( 𝐺 , 𝐺′ 1

)-expansion Specifically, if 𝛾 = 0, 𝑃1 = 0, and 𝑃2 > 0 in Eq. (20), the solution takes
𝐺 the form
method. The NLEE is considered, as follows: √ √ √
𝜛 + 𝜛 2 𝜎1 sech( −𝜛 𝜒) − 𝜄𝜛 tanh( −𝜛 𝜒)
𝐻(𝑘, 𝑘𝑥 , 𝑘𝑦 , 𝑘𝑡 , 𝑘𝑥𝑥 , 𝑘𝑥𝑡 , 𝑘𝑦𝑦 , 𝑘𝑥𝑦 , 𝑘𝑡𝑡 , …) = 0, (12) 𝑘(𝑥, 𝑡) = − , (21)
2𝜛

2
M. Sadaf et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107097

Fig. 1. Graphs of solution given by Eq. (22), at 𝜛 = −1, 𝜎1 = 1, which is kink wave structure (a) 3D plot, (b) line graph at 𝑡 = 1, 2, 3, and (c) density plot.

whereas for 𝛾 = 0, 𝑃2 = 0, and 𝑃1 > 0 Solutions of (2 + 1)-D CI equation

√ √ √
𝜛 + 𝜛 2 𝜎1 csch( −𝜛 𝜒) − 𝜄𝜛 coth( −𝜛 𝜒)
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑡) = − , (22) The traveling wave is considered, as
2𝜛
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = 𝐾(𝜒), 𝜒 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡. (27)
where 𝜒 = 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡.
Result 2 Eq. (2) is reduces down to the following ODE.

1 𝜄 √ − 𝑐𝐾 ′′ − 𝐾 ′′′ + 3𝐿𝐾 2 𝐾 ′ − 𝐿𝐾 ′ + 𝜎𝐾 ′′ = 0. (28)

𝛼0 = , 𝛼1 = √ , 𝛽1 = 0, 𝛾 = 0, 𝑐 = 6𝜄 𝜛, 𝜇 = −8𝜛. (23)
2 2 𝜛 Since the balancing principle yields 𝑠 = 1, therefore
The solution is obtained, as
𝐾 = 𝛼0 + 𝛼1 𝛷(𝜒) + 𝛽1 𝛹 (𝜒). (29)
( √ √ )
−𝜄𝜛 𝑃1 cosh( −𝜛 𝜒) + 𝑃2 sinh( −𝜛 𝜒) Case 1: If 𝜛 < 0, then the hyperbolic function solutions are determined
1
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑡) = + ( ). (24)
2 2 𝑃 𝜛 cosh(√−𝜛 𝜒) + 𝑃 𝜛 sinh(√−𝜛 𝜒) as follows:
2 1
Result 1
√ √
For 𝑃1 = 0 and 𝑃2 > 0 in Eq. (20) 𝜛
1 + 2𝐿 𝛾 2 +𝜛 2 𝜎
− 𝐿 1
1
√ √ 𝑎0 = − √ , 𝛼 1 = − √ √ , 𝛽1 = − √ , 𝐿=𝐿
1 𝜄 −𝜛 tanh( −𝜛 𝜒) 3 2 𝐿 2𝜛
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑡) = + . (25) (√ )
2 2𝜛 √ √ 3𝜛 𝜎
𝑐=− 2 𝐿 3+ −√ . (30)
If 𝑃2 = 0 and 𝑃1 > 0, then the solution takes the form 2𝐿 2𝐿
√ √
1 𝜄 −𝜛 coth( −𝜛 𝜒) From Eq. (6), Eqs. (29) and (30), the following exact solution is
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑡) = + , (26) retrieved.
2 2𝜛
where 𝜒 = 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡. 𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)
√
⎛ √ 𝛾 2 +𝜛 2 𝜎
1 ⎜ 3𝜛 3 − 𝐿 1
Remark. For 𝜛 > 0, no solution can be found because 𝑐 become = √ ⎜− 6 + −√ ( √ √ )
3 2⎜ 𝐿 𝜛 𝜛𝛾 + 𝑃2 cosh( −𝜛 𝜒) + 𝑃1 sinh( −𝜛 𝜒)
imaginary. ⎝

3
M. Sadaf et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107097

Fig. 2. Graphs of solution given by Eq. (26), at 𝜛 = −1, 𝜎1 = 1, which is singular kink structure (a) 3D, (b) line graph at 𝑡 = 1, 2, 3, and (c) density plot.

( √ √ √ √ )
⎞ The exact solution to Eq. (2) is obtained, as
3 𝑃1 −𝜛 cosh( −𝜛 𝜒) + 𝑃2 −𝜛 sinh −𝜛 𝜒 ⎟
− √ ( √ √ ) ⎟. (31) 𝜄
𝐿 𝜛𝛾 + 𝑃2 cosh( −𝜛 𝜒) + 𝑃1 sinh( −𝜛 𝜒) ⎟ 𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = √
⎠ 𝜛 −𝛾 2 + 2𝜛 2 𝜎1
( )
For 𝛾 = 0, 𝑃1 = 0, and 𝑃2 > 0 the solitary wave solution is obtained, as 2(𝛾 2 + 𝜛 2 𝜎1 )
× 𝛾 √ √ − 𝜛𝛾 . (35)
√ + 𝑃2 cosh( −𝜛 𝜒) + 𝑃1 sinh( −𝜛 𝜒)
⎛ −𝜛 2 𝜎1 √ √ √ 𝜛
1 ⎜ 3 𝐿
sech( −𝜛 𝜒) 3 −𝜛 tanh 𝜛 𝜒 If 𝛾 = 0, 𝑃1 = 0, and 𝑃2 > 0, then
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = √ ⎜− √ − √
3 2⎜ 𝐿 𝐿 √ √
⎝ 𝜄 2 𝜛 𝜎1 sech( −𝜛 𝜒)
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = √ (36)
√ ⎞ 𝜛 2 𝜎1
3𝜛 ⎟
(32)
𝐿 ⎟⎟
− 6+ . and if 𝛾 = 0, 𝑃1 > 0, and 𝑃2 = 0, then solitary solution becomes
⎠ √ √
𝜄 2𝜛 𝜎1 csch( −𝜛 𝜒)
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = √ . (37)
For 𝛾 = 0, 𝑃2 = 0, and 𝑃1 > 0 the solitary wave solution is obtained, as 𝜛 2 𝜎1
( √ √ √
1 3𝜛 3 −𝜛 coth( −𝜛 𝜒) Result 3
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = √ − 6+ − √ √
𝐿 𝜛
3 2 𝐿 1 + 2𝐿
√ 1
𝜛 2 𝜎1 √ ⎞ 𝛼0 = √ , 𝛼1 = √ √ , 𝛽1 = 0, 𝛾 = 0, 𝐿 = 4𝐿,
3 − 𝐿 csch( −𝜛 𝜒) ⎟ 3 2 𝐿
− √ ⎟. (33) √ √ √ 𝜛
𝜛 ⎟ 𝑐 = −2 6 𝐿 1 + + 𝜎. (38)
⎠ (2𝐿)
The exact solution is determined, as follows:
Result 2
√ ( √ √ )
𝜛
𝜄𝛾 2𝜄(𝛾 2 + 𝜛 2 𝜎1 ) 1 + 2𝐿 𝑃1 cosh( −𝜛 𝜒) + 𝑃2 sinh( −𝜛 𝜒)
𝛼0 = − √ , 𝛼1 = 0, 𝛽1 = √ , 𝑐 = 𝜎, 𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = √ +√ ( ).
−𝛾 2 + 2𝜛 2 𝜎1 𝜛 −𝛾 2 + 2𝜛 2 𝜎1 √ √
3 2𝐿 𝑃2 cosh( −𝜛 𝜒) + 𝑃1 𝜛 sinh( −𝜛 𝜒)
3𝜛𝛾 2
𝐿 = 𝜛− . (34) (39)
2(𝛾 2 + 𝜛 2 𝜎1 )

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M. Sadaf et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107097

Fig. 3. Graphs of solution given by Eq. (36), at 𝜛 = 𝜎1 = −1, which is bright soliton (a) 3D, (b) line graphs at 𝑡 = 1, 2, 3, and (c) density plot.

If 𝑃1 = 0 and 𝑃2 > 0, then hyperbolic solution is obtained, as

√
𝜛 √ √ Particularly, if 𝑃1 = 0, 𝑃2 > 0, and 𝛾 = 0 in Eq. (43), then the periodic
2𝐿 −𝜛 tanh( −𝜛 𝜒)
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = √ + √ (40) solution is obtained, as
3 2𝐿 √ √ (√ √ )
and if 𝑃1 > 0 and 𝑃2 = 0, then solution becomes hyperbolic, as 2+ 𝜛 𝐿
𝑠𝑒𝑐( 𝜛 𝜒) 𝜄 −𝜛 2 𝜎1 − 𝜛 sin( 𝜛 𝜒)
√ 𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = √ + √ , (44)
2+ 𝜛 √ √ 6 2𝜛𝐿
𝐿 −𝜛 coth( −𝜛 𝜒)
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = √ + √ . (41) and if 𝑃1 > 0, 𝑃2 = 0, and 𝛾 = 0 in Eq. (43), then
6 2𝐿 √ √ (√ √ ) √
Case 2: For 𝜛 > 0, the trigonometric function solution are determined 2+ 𝜛 𝐿
𝜛 𝜄 𝜎1 + cos( 𝜛 𝜒) (csc( 𝜛 𝜒))
as follows: 𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = √ + √ . (45)
6 2𝐿
A polynomial in 𝛹 and 𝛷 is secured by substituting Eq. (29) into
Eq. (28) and using Eqs. (5) and (9). Result 2
√
Result 1
√ 1+ 2𝜛
√
2
√ √ 2𝜛
√
𝜛 √ 𝛼0 = √ 𝐿 , 𝛼1 = √ , 𝛽1 = 0, 𝑐 = − 6𝐿 1 + + 𝜎 2,
1 + 2𝐿 3 𝐿 𝐿 (46)
1 𝜄 𝛾 2 − 𝜛 2 𝜎1
𝛼0 = − √ , 𝛼1 = √ √ , 𝛽1 = √ , 𝐿 = 𝐿.
3 2 𝐿 2𝜛𝐿
(√ ) The solitary wave solution in this case is determined as follows:
√ 3𝜛 𝜎
𝑐 = 2𝐿 3+ +√ , 𝐿 = 𝐿. (42) √ √ ( √ √ )
2𝐿 2𝐿 1 + 2𝜛
𝐿
2𝜛 3∕2 𝑃1 cos( 𝜛 𝜒) − 𝑃2 sin( 𝜛 𝜒)
From Eq. (8), Eqs. (29) and (42), the solution of Eq. (2) can be found 𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = √ +√ ( √ √ ).
3 𝐿 𝛾 + 𝑃2 𝜛 cos( 𝜛 𝜒) + 𝑃1 𝜛 sin( 𝜛 𝜒)
as follows:
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) (47)
√ √ (√ √ √ )
2+ 𝜛
𝐿
𝜛 𝜄 𝛾 2 − 𝜛 2 𝜎 + 𝑃 cos( 𝜛 𝜒) − 𝑃 sin( 𝜛 𝜒)
1 1 2
For 𝛾 = 0, 𝑃1 = 0 and 𝑃2 > 0 in Eq. (47), the solution is obtained, as
=− √ + √ √ ( √ √ ) . √ √ √
6 2 𝐿 𝛾 + 𝑃2 𝜛 cos( 𝜛 𝜒) + 𝑃1 𝜛 sin( 𝜛 𝜒) 1 + 2𝜛
𝐿 2𝜛 tan( 𝜛 𝜒)
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = √ − √ , (48)
(43) 3 𝐿

5
M. Sadaf et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107097

Fig. 4. Graphs of solution given by Eq. (37), at 𝜛 = −1, 𝜎1 = 1, which is singular bright soliton (a) 3D, (b) line graphs at 𝑡 = 1, 2, 3, and (c) density plot.

√ √
and for 𝛾 = 0, 𝑃1 > 0, 𝑃2 = 0, the periodic solution is obtained, as 2 + 𝜛𝜎1 csc( 𝜛 𝜒)
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = √ , (53)
√ √ 𝜛 2 𝜎1
2𝜛 √
1+ 𝐿 2𝜛 cot( 𝜛 𝜒)
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = √ + √ , (49) where 𝜒 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡.
3 𝐿 Case 3: If 𝜛 = 0, then the Rational function solution are determined as
follows:
where 𝜒 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡.
Result 1
Result 3 √
1 1 𝑃
𝛼0 = − √ , 𝛼1 = √ , 𝛽1 = − √ 1 , 𝜎 = 𝑐 − 6𝐿. (54)
𝛾 2(𝛾 2 − 𝜛 2 𝜎1 ) 3 2𝐿 2𝐿
𝛼0 = √ , 𝛼1 = 0, 𝛽1 = − √ , 𝑐 = 𝜎,
𝛾 2 + 2𝜛 2 𝜎1 𝜛 𝛾 2 + 2𝜛 2 𝜎1 The exact solution is found, as
3𝜛𝛾 2 √
𝐿=𝜛+ . (50) 1 2(𝛾𝜒)
−2𝛾 2 + 2𝜛 2 𝜎1 𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = − √ + √ . (55)
3 𝐿(𝛾𝜒 2 + 2𝜒𝑃1 + 2𝑃2 )
From Eq. (8), Eqs. (29) and (50), the solitary wave solution can be
obtained, as If 𝑃1 = 0 and 𝑃2 > 0, then solution becomes
√
√ √ 1 2(𝛾𝜒)
−𝛾 2 + 2𝜛 2 𝜎1 + 𝑃2 𝜛𝛾 cos( 𝜛 𝜒) + 𝑃1 𝜛𝛾 sin( 𝜛 𝜒) 𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = − √ + √ (56)
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = √ ( √ √ ). 3 𝐿(𝛾𝜒 2 + 2)
𝛾 2 + 2𝜛 2 𝜎1 𝛾 + 𝑃2 𝜛 cos( 𝜛 𝜒) + 𝑃1 𝜛 sin( 𝜛 𝜒)
and if 𝑃1 > 0 and 𝑃2 = 0, then
(51) √
1 2(𝛾𝜒)
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = − √ + √ . (57)
For 𝛾 = 0, 𝑃1 = 0, and 𝑃2 > 0, periodic solution takes the form 3 𝐿(𝛾𝜒 2 + 2𝜒)
√ √ Result 2
2 + 𝜛𝜎1 sec( 𝜛 𝜒)
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = √ , (52)
𝜛 2 𝜎1 1 2(𝑃12 − 2𝛾𝑃2 ) 3𝛾 2
𝛼0 = − √ , 𝛼1 = 0, 𝛽1 = − √ , 𝜎 = 𝑐, 𝐿 = .
2
2(𝑃1 − 2𝛾𝑃2 )
and if 𝛾 = 0, 𝑃1 > 0, and 𝑃2 = 0 in Eq. (51), then periodic solution is 3 3
determined, as (58)

6
M. Sadaf et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107097

Fig. 5. Graphs of solution given by Eq. (44), at 𝜛 = 1, 𝐿 = 4, which is periodic wave structure (a) 3D, (b) line graphs at 𝑡 = 1, 2, 3, and (c) density plot.

The solution of Eq. (4) can be found, as graph and the density plot are shown in 2(𝑎), 2(𝑏) and 2(𝑐) respectively.
Fig. 3 represents the graphs of solution expressed by Eq. (36) for the
1 2(𝑃12 − 2𝛾𝑃2 )
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = − √ − . (59) parametric values 𝜛 = −1, 𝜎 = −1. The surface plot, the corresponding
𝛾𝜒 2
3 ( 2 + 𝜒𝑃1 + 𝑃2 ) two-dimensional line graph and the density plot are shown in 3(𝑎), 3(𝑏),
and 3(𝑐) respectively. Fig. 4 represents the graphs of solution expressed
If 𝑃1 = 0, 𝑃2 > 0, then
by Eq. (37) for the parametric values 𝜛 = −1, 𝜎 = −1. The surface plot,
1 2(2𝛾𝑃2 ) the corresponding two-dimensional line graph and the density plot are
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = − √ + 2
. (60)
3 (1 + 𝛾𝜒 ) shown in 4(𝑎), 4(𝑏), and 4(𝑐) respectively. Fig. 5 represents the graphs
2
of solution expressed by Eq. (44) for the parametric values 𝜛 = −1, 𝜎 =
and if 𝑃1 > 0, 𝑃2 = 0, then −1. The surface plot, the corresponding two-dimensional line graph and
1 2 the density plot are shown in 5(𝑎), 5(𝑏), and 5(𝑐) respectively.
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = − √ − √ , (61)
𝛾𝜒 2
3 3𝛾( 2 + 𝜒)
Conclusion
where 𝜒 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡.
In this work, (1 + 1)-D and (2 + 1)-D forms of the Chaffee–Infante
Graphical analysis of solutions equation are examined to investigate the dynamical behavior of the
considered equations by finding the exact traveling wave solutions.
This section involves description of the graphs constructed for ob- A variety of traveling wave solutions are determined by applying
′
tained exact traveling wave solutions to observe the dynamical behav- the ( 𝐺𝐺 , 𝐺1 )-expansion method. The earned solutions involve rational,
ior of the considered equations. Fig. 1 exhibits the kink wave structure trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. A traveling wave transfor-
expressed by Eq. (22) for 𝜛 = −1, 𝛾 = 0, and rest of constants = 1. The mation is used to convert the considered equations to corresponding
significant attribute of kink graphs lies in their capability to propagate nonlinear ODEs. The solutions of the reduced ODEs are determined in
′
through a medium without dispersing and retaining their shape. The terms of a polynomial in ( 𝐺𝐺 ) and ( 𝐺1 ) by employing the homogeneous
surface plot and the corresponding two-dimensional plots are shown balance method. The resulting algebraic system of equations yields
in 1(𝑎) and 1(𝑏), respectively. The density plot is presented in 1(𝑐). the unknown values of parameters involved in the technique which
Fig. 2 represents the graphs of solution given by Eq. (26). The plots are utilized to determine the accurate closed form traveling wave
are presented for the parametric values 𝜛 = −1, 𝛾 = 1, 𝜎1 = −1, rest of solutions. Graphical illustrations of the obtained results are presented to
constants = 1. The surface plot, the corresponding two dimensional line observe the dynamical behavior of the physical systems underlying the

7
M. Sadaf et al.
governing equations. The earned solutions exhibited different traveling
patterns. Some of them are already available in the literature verifying
the validity of the method. Some are new ones especially bright soliton
obtained for solution expressed by Eq. (36). The presented work shows
′
that the ( 𝐺𝐺 , 𝐺1 )-expansion method is a beneficial, convenient, and
compact method to find traveling wave solutions of Chaffee–Infante
equation.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Maasoomah Sadaf: Writing – original draft, Validation, Software,
Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Saima
Arshed: Writing – review & editing, Validation, Software, Method-
ology, Formal analysis, Conceptualization. Ghazala Akram: Writing
– review & editing, Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Software,
Project administration, Formal analysis, Conceptualization. Mohamed
R. Ali: Visualization, Validation, Software, Formal analysis, Data cu-
ration. Iffat Bano: Writing – original draft, Validation, Software, Data
curation.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.
Acknowledgment
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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